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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T11:56:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 biancacarvalhodasilva.pdf: 1674027 bytes, checksum: c5eec1256778b071c02c01d37079c6bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-18T13:39:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biancacarvalhodasilva.pdf: 1674027 bytes, checksum: c5eec1256778b071c02c01d37079c6bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T13:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 biancacarvalhodasilva.pdf: 1674027 bytes, checksum: c5eec1256778b071c02c01d37079c6bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Musca domestica é um importante vetor mecânico de diversos patógenos para humanos e animais de criação, sendo essencial o estudo de novas alternativas de controle mais eficientes e seguras para este díptero. A busca por novas alternativas de inseticidas envolve experimentos que geralmente necessitam do uso de solventes que não interfiram nos resultados da substância testada. Assim, o presente estudo compreendeu duas etapas: investigar a sensibilidade de larvas e pupas de M. domestica aos solventes acetona, etanol, metanol e dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) e ao surfactante Tween 80 em diferentes tempos de volatilização; e avaliar a toxicidade dos fenilpropanoides eugenol e (E)-cinamaldeído sobre os mesmo estágios deste díptero. Para ambos os experimentos utilizou-se o teste de contato, com 10 repetições (n=10) para cada solvente/surfactante e concentração das substâncias sobre cada estágio. No primeiro experimento foram testados acetona, etanol e metanol em pureza analítica e DMSO e Tween 80 na concentração de 5%. Os tempos avaliados foram zero, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos (23±2°C e 60±10% UR). Os resultados mostraram que o tempo de volatilização produz diferença significativa na mortalidade larval (ML) para os três primeiros solventes testados, e acetona mostrou-se semelhante ao controle após cinco minutos de volatilização (p>0,05). Metanol e etanol mostraram-se semelhantes ao controle após 15 minutos de volatilização (p>0,05). DMSO não apresentou ML significativa (p>0,05), no entanto apresentou percenbtual de mortalidade acumulada (PMA) superiores a 14% (p<0,05). Tween 80 não apresentou diferença na toxicidade sobre as larvas relacionada ao tempo. Para o teste com pupas somente etanol produziu diferença significativa entre os tempos de volatilização, enquanto acetona e metanol diferiram do controle em todos os tratamentos (p<0,05). DMSO e Tween 80 não diferiram significativamente do controle em nenhum tempo (p˃0,05). O surfactante Tween 80 foi o único que não apresentou toxicidade para ambos os estágios na concentração testada, porém acetona foi o solvente que volatilizou mais rapidamente, mostrando menor toxicidade entre aqueles testados em pureza analítica. Para o segundo experimento, foram utilizadas oito concentrações de cada substância para a determinação das concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90). Eugenol apresentou os menores valores de CL50 e CL90, para a eficácia do tratamento larval (ETL) (1,5 e 3,75 mg/mL, respectivamente) enquanto (E)-cinamaldeido apresentou os menores valores de CL50 e CL90 para a eficácia do tratamento pupal (ETP) (18,08 e 78,83 mg/mL, respectivamente). Ambas as substâncias apresentaram atividade larvicida a partir de 2,5 mg/mL e ETL de 100% a partir de 5 mg/mL. Para o tratamento pupal (E)-cinamaldeído diferiu do controle a partir da 13 concentração de 10mg/mL (p<0,05) e ambos os fenilpropanoides causaram má formação em adultos a partir de 10 mg/mL, e maior ETP na concentração de 30 mg/mL, sendo 67,2% para (E)-cinamaldeído e 32% para eugenol. Os produtos testados nesse estudo apresentaram elevado potencial larvicida, além de ambos apresentarem efeitos pupicida e causarem má formação nos adultros provenientes de pupas tratadas. Ainda, é possível sugerir a utilização conjunta de ambas substância para um controle mais eficiente, visto que (E)-cinamaldeído apresentou melhor atividade larvicida, enquanto eugenol teve melhor atividade pupicida. Desta forma, esses fenilpropanoides mostrando-se promissores para o uso no desenvolvimento de formulações mais seguras para a saúde e meio ambiente, sendo possível sua utilização em estratégias de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. / Musca domestica is an important mechanical vector of several pathogens to humans and domestic animals, being essential to study new alternatives to eficiente and safe control against this Diptera. The search for new insecticides alternative involves experiments that generally require the use of solvents that should not interfere in the results of the test substance. Thus, this study involved two stages: to investigate the sensitivity of M. domestica larvae and pupae to the solvents acetone, ethanol, methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the surfactant Tween 80 at different times of volatilization; and evaluating toxicity of phenylpropanoid eugenol and (E)-cinnamaldehyde against the same stages of this Diptera. For both experiments were used the patch test with 10 repetitions (n=10) for each solvent/surfactant and concentration of substances against each stage. In the first experiment acetone, ethanol and methanol were tested in analytical purity while DMSO and Tween 80 at the concentration of 5%. The times evaluated were zero, five, 10 and 15 minutes (23±2°C and 60±10% RH). The results showed that the volatilization time produces significant difference in larval mortality (LM) for the first three solvents tested, and acetone was similar to the control after five minutes volatilization (p>0.05). Methanol and ethanol were similar to the control after 15 minutes of evaporation (p>0.05). DMSO showed no significant LM (p> 0.05), but its accumulated mortality percenbtual (AMP) was over 14% (p<0.05). Tween 80 showed no difference in toxicity againts larvae related to time. For the pupae test only ethanol produced significant difference between the evaporation time, while acetone and methanol differed from the control in all treatments (p<0.05). DMSO and Tween 80 did not differ significantly from control at any time (p>0.05). The surfactant Tween 80 was the only one that showed no toxicity for both stages at the concentration tested, however the solvent acetone was volatilized more quickly, showing lower toxicity among those tested in analytical purity. For the second experiment, we used eight concentrations of each substance for the determination of lethal doses (LC50 and LC90). Eugenol showed the lowest values of LC50 and LC90 for the effectiveness of larval treatment (ELT) (1.5 and 3.75 mg/mL, respectively) while (E)-cinnamaldehyde had the lowest values of LC50 and LC90 for effectiveness of pupal treatment (EPT) (18.08 and 78.83 mg/mL, respectively). Both substances exhibited larvicidal activity from 2.5 mg/mL and ELT of 100% from 5 mg/mL. For pupal treatment (E)cinnamaldehyde differed from the control from the concentration of 10mg/mL (p <0.05) and both phenylpropanoid caused malformation in adults from 10 mg/mL. The greater EPT was from concentration of 30 mg/mL, being 67.2% for (E)-cinnamaldehyde and 32% for eugenol. 15 The products tested in this study had high potential larvicide, and both present pupicida effects and cause malformation in adultros from treated pupae. Still, it is possible to suggest the combined use of both substance for more efficient control, as (E)-cinamaldeído showed better larvicidal activity, while eugenol had better pupicida activity. Thus, using these phenylpropanoids show promise in the development of safer formulations for health and the environment, and these could be used in Integrated Pest Management strategies.

Dans un contexte où les inquiétudes environnementales dues à la pollution sont grandissantes à l’échelle globale, la surveillance de la pollution environnementale constitue un enjeu majeur de recherche afin de préserver au mieux un environnement sain et durable. En effet, la surveillance responsable et continue de l’environnement accompagnée par le développement d’alternatives de lutte « verte » contre les nuisibles, pourrait certainement ralentir voir inhiber la propagation de polluants néfastes pour l’ensemble de la biosphère. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs principaux de cette thèse visent d’une part à caractériser la qualité de l’air par une approche basée sur le biomonitoring, et d’autre part à développer un biopesticide d’origine algale permettant la protection des agrumes en post-récolte comme un exemple d’alternative à l’usage des traitements chimiques classiques. Pour répondre au premier objectif, des méthodes d’extraction multi résidus ont dû être développées. Ces méthodes ont été soit spécifiques d’une famille de pesticides tel que les dithiocarbamates, soit plus large et plus générale en considérant de nombreux polluants comme des pesticides, des HAPs et des PCBs. Ces dernières ont été basées soit sur l’ASE-SPE-SPME, soit sur le QuEChERS-SPME, et ont formé le socle des études de biosurveillance environnementale entreprises. Ces études de surveillance ont permis l’évaluation des modifications spatio-temporelles de la qualité de l’air grâce à des espèces naturelles ayant un rôle de capteurs biologique de la pollution environnementale et permettant par la suite l’estimation de la pollution dans des zones bien définies. Pour répondre au second objectif, des extraits aqueux d’algues vertes, Ulva linza et Ulva lactuca, ont été préparés et testés comme antifongiques in vivo et in vitro afin d’étudier leur aptitude à inhiber le développement de Penicillium digitatum sur des agrumes en post récolte. Un potentiel de protection des agrumes en poste-récolte contre ce champignon a été mis en évidence, donnant effectivement l’espoir à la fiabilité de cette approche comme alternative biologique pour le remplacement des pesticides chimiques potentiellement toxiques. / In a context where environmental concerns due to pollution are growing on a global scale, monitoring of environmental pollution is a major research challenge in order to preserve as much as possible a healthy and sustainable environment. Indeed, the responsible and continuous monitoring of the environment escorted by the development of "green" pest control alternatives could certainly decelerate or even inhibit the spread of harmful pollutants into the entire biosphere. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are intended firstly to characterize air quality by a biomonitoring-based approach and, secondly, to develop a biopesticide of algal origin, that allows the protection of post-harvested citrus fruit, as an alternative to the use of conventional chemical treatments. In order to answer the first objective, multi-residues extraction methods were developed. These methods were either specific to a family of pesticides such as dithiocarbamates or wider and more general regarding numerous pollutants such as pesticides, PAHs and PCBs. The latter were based either on the ASE-SPE-SPME, or on the QuEChERS-SPME, and formed the base of environmental biomonitoring studies undertaken. These monitoring studies allowed the assessment of spatial and temporal changes in air quality through natural species acting as biological sensors of environmental pollution and subsequently allowing the estimation of pollution in well-defined areas. To answer the second objective aqueous extracts of green algae, Ulva linza and Ulva lactuca, were prepared and tested as in vivo and in vitro antifungal agents, in order to study their ability to inhibit the development of Penicillium digitatum on post-harvested citrus fruits. A potential of post-harvested citrus fruits’ protection against this fungus was proved, giving hope to the reliability of this approach as a biological alternative for the replacement of potentially toxic chemical pesticides.