Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (pnascimento@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-26T11:51:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana-de-santos-almeida.pdf: 1492447 bytes, checksum: fb4ac7dc61ce8aa49ecd3124c10c4ec4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-26T11:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luciana-de-santos-almeida.pdf: 1492447 bytes, checksum: fb4ac7dc61ce8aa49ecd3124c10c4ec4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / A Era da Engenharia Genética ou Biotecnologia Moderna, que teve início nos anos 1970, encontra diversas aplicações em vários segmentos de atividades, dentre eles a saúde e alimentos. Na área de saúde têm -se o destaque para a indústria de biofármacos, que tem tido um crescimento acelerado nos últimos anos, pelo fato desses novos medicamentos serem voltados para a terapêutica de doenças que aflige uma parcela considerável da população mundial. Como exemplo pode-se citar o interferon alfa 2b humano recombinante, que faz parte do Programa de Medicamentos de Dispensação Excepcional do Ministério da Saúde, e está incluído no Protocolo Clínico para Hepatite C. Como forma de atender à demanda da população brasileira quanto às necessidades desse biofármaco, Bio-Manguinhos assinou em 2004 um Contrato de Transferência de Tecnologia como o Centro de Engenharia Genética e Biotecnologia de Cuba (CIGB), com o propósito de nacionalizar a produção do referido medicamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma pesquisa qualitativa para elencar os Requerimentos Fundamentais para Transferência, Registro Sanitário, Estabelecimento e Parâmetros de Estabilidade de Bancos de Células de E. coli que expressa o interferon alfa 2b humano recombinante. Foi elaborado um questionário, que serviu como fonte de coleta de dados, que foi enviado por e-mail a diversas Agências Regulatórias e pesquisadores da academia científica. Esse questionário teve como objetivo elencar os principais testes/requisitos que os Bancos de Células devem apresentar. O índice geral de retorno dos questionários foi igual a 39,3%, sendo que o índice de respostas dos pesquisadores foi igual a 62,5% e das Agências Regulatórias igual a 8,3%. O índice de marcação dos itens ficou em torno de 80% e ficou estabelecido que aqueles itens que tiveram um índice maior que 50% seriam os requerimentos indispensáveis a serem descritos. Não foi possível validar o trabalho pelo índice de retorno dos questionários por parte das Agências Regulatórias. Porém, acredita-se que aquilo que foi descrito pode servir como um passo inicial na elaboração de uma norma específica relativa ao Controle de Banco de Células de procariotos, pois representa a opinião de experientes pesquisadores da comunidade científica. E ainda contribuir nos requisitos específicos que serão futuramente estabelecidos pela ANVISA, relativos ao registro de um produto biogenérico/biossimilar. / The Age of Genetic Engineering and Modern Biotechnology, which began in the 1970s, has had several applications in various business activities, among of which are health and food. In health area the emphasis has been on the biopharmaceutical industry that has had a rapid growth in recent years, because these new drugs are aimed towards the therapy of diseases that afflict a significant part of the world’s population. As an example, it can be mentioned the recombinant human interferon-alpha 2b, which is part of the Drugs of Exceptional Dispensation Program of the Ministry of Health, also is it in the Clinical Protocol for Hepatitis C. In order to meet the demand of the Brazilian population for this drug, in 2004, Bio-Manguinhos signed an Agreement on Technology Transfer with the Center for Genetic and Biotechnology Engineering of Cuba (CIGB), so that this medicine could be produced at national level. This study aimed at doing a qualitative research to list the Fundamental Requirements for Transfer, Registration, Establishment and Stability Parameters of Banks of E. coli Cells expressing recombinant human interferon-alpha 2b. A questionnaire was compiled for data collection. It was sent by e-mail to a number of regulatory agencies and researchers of the scientific academy. This questionnaire aimed at listing the main tests / requirements that banks must submit Cells. The overall rate of return of questionnaires was 39.3%, and the rate of responses from researchers was 62.5% and from regulatory agencies was 8.3 %. The rate of items marked was around 80%, then it was agreed that those items that had a rate higher than 50% would be the essential requirements to be described. The work was not validated due to the low rate of return of questionnaires from the Regulatory Agencies. However, it is believed that what was described can serve as the first step in developing a specific standard relating to control the Banks of Prokaryotes Cells, since it represents the expertise opinion of researchers in the scientific community. Yet, it contributes to the specific requirements that shall eventually be established by ANVISA for the registration of a biogeneric / biosimilar product.

The increasing demands for biopharmaceuticals to treat different diseases have raised concerns about controlling the quality and efficacy of such pharmaceuticals. The design and formulation of a stable protein or peptide based biopharmaceutical runs into the limitation that at high concentrations (> 100 mg/ml) or during long storage process the drug undergoes aggregation. During synthesis, purification, storage or packaging of these drugs different kinds of stresses like chemical, oxidative, thermal, shear, etc. are encountered. These stresses promote the non-native aggregation of protein and peptide based drugs. Injection or administration of such drugs if contaminated with aggregates causes patient discomfort or development of an antibody which can adversely affect patient’s conditions. This brings out the necessity of finding a way so that such aggregation is avoided. Nanoparticles have been used as vehicles for drug delivery and diagnostic agents in biology for a while. The surface of the nanoparticles is known to adsorb small as well as large molecules with different kinetics and energetics of interaction. I have used nanoparticles to adsorb proteins to protect them against aggregation when they are subjected to denaturing conditions. The effectiveness of the nanoparticles in stopping protein aggregation, recovery of the proteins and reversibility of the adsorption process, the catalytic activity of the proteins before and after adsorption on the surface have all been studied in details. The work described here has been divided in 8 chapters and the contents of each chapter are described below. In Chapter 1 I have provided a brief introduction to the protein aggregation problem. The motivation and scope of the current work has been presented in this chapter. Materials and methods have been described in Chapter 2. Synthesis of gold and silica nanoparticles, their characterization and stability under experimental conditions have been illustrated in this chapter. The spectroscopic assays and techniques which I have used to study the effect of gold and silica nanoparticles on protein aggregation have been discussed at lengths in this chapter. In Chapter 3 I have demonstrated the effect of gold nanoparticles on thermal aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The size of the nanoparticle was varied in the range of 15-60 nm and the effect was measured by various spectroscopic assays and techniques. I have observed that gold nanoparticles prevent thermal aggregation of ADH and the efficiency is high. Gold nanoparticles in nanomolar or even picomolar concentrations are capable of preventing the aggregation of ADH at micromolar concentrations. In Chapter 4 the role of gold nanoparticles as suppressor of protein aggregation was extended to another protein, insulin. Chemically induced aggregation of insulin using dithiothreitol (DTT) in the presence of gold nanoparticles was studied in the same manner as was done for ADH. Similar prevention property of gold nanoparticles was established by making the observation independent of the method of denaturation or the type of protein used in the prevention experiments. In Chapter 5 huge second harmonic light scattering (SHS) signal from pure gold nanoparticles has been used to measure the free energy of interaction of ADH and insulin with nanoparticles in solution, for the first time. The change in the second harmonic scattered signal was monitored which decreased steadily as a function of added protein concentration to the aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles. The fitting of the second harmonic signal decay was done with a modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm to extract the free energy change in the interaction and the number of protein molecules adsorbed on the surface. In Chapter 6 I have demonstrated a way to recover the adsorbed ADH and insulin from the gold nanoparticle surface and tested the activity of ADH by an assay. The structure of the proteins in the adsorbed state has been probed by CD spectroscopy and described in this chapter. It is found that ADH retains its activity in the adsorbed state. Both the proteins retain the native secondary structures in their adsorbed state. However, the structures change drastically under denaturing conditions. In Chapter 7 the effect silica nanoparticles which are known to have hydrophilic surface has been examined on the aggregation of ADH and insulin in pretty much the same way as was done with gold nanoparticles. The efficiency of silica nanoparticle was found to be lower compared to gold nanoparticles. In addition, the size dependency of prevention efficiency of silica and gold nanoparticles was found to be completely opposite to each other. In Chapter 8 I have presented the overall summary and possible future directions of this work

O fator VIII de coagulação (FVIII), recombinante ou purificado de plasma, é o biofármaco necessário para o tratamento da hemofília A, a doença hemorrágica mais freqüente em humanos. O método tradicional para a purificação de FVIII parte de crioprecipitado de plasma e precipitação alcoólica. No Instituto Butantan, foi proposto um método alternativo, utilizando somente cromatografia para esta purificação. Este projeto teve por objetivo comparar dois métodos cromatográficos de purificação do FVIII: 1 - gel filtração direta do plasma e 2 - pré-purificação de FVIII do plasma por cromatografia de troca aniônica, seguida de gel filtração. A purificação foi analisada por dosagens de atividade específica de FVIII e presença de outras proteínas da cascata de coagulação nas frações de cromatografia. Foram realizadas clonagem de fragmentos gênicos de FVIII e expressão de fragmentos protéicos para imunização de animais. Os soros com anticorpos policlonais anti-FVIII foram usados em ensaios de \"western blot\" para detectar as cadeias de FVIII ou degradação. / Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), recombinant or purified from plasma, is the biopharmaceutical used for treatment of haemophilia A, the most frequent human hemorrhagic disorder. The traditional method used for purification of FVIII starts from plasma cryoprecipitate and alcoholic precipitation. The Instituto Butantan proposed an alternative methodology using only chromatography for FVIII purification. The main objective of this project was to compare two chromatographic methods for FVIII purification: 1 - direct plasma gel filtration and 2 - pre-purification of FVIII by anion exchange chromatography, followed by gel filtration. The purification process was analyzed by determination of FVIII specific activity and detection of other coagulation factors co eluting in chromatographic fractions. Fragments of FVIII gene were cloned and protein fragments were expressed for animal immunization. Sera with polyclonal antibodies anti-FVIII were used in western blots assays to detect FVIII chains or its degradation.

No description available.

This dissertation has focused on studying the effect of four glycine derivatives on the solid state properties of mannitol, glycine, and sucrose when freeze dried into blended mixtures. The primary goal was to assess their value for use in the stabilisation of vaccines in the solid state, by examining key physical and chemical characteristics, which have been documented to be beneficial to the stabilisation of biopharmaceutical formulations. The novel excipients; dimethyl glycine, and trimethyl glycine, were shown to retard the crystallisation and increase the overall glass transition temperature, of mannitol, when freeze dried as evidenced by DSC and Powder X-ray diffraction. Mannitol’s glass transition temperature increased from 100C to 12.650C and 13.610C when mixed with methyl-glycine and dimethyl glycine respectively. The glycine derivatives did not show the same effect on sucrose which remained amorphous regardless of the concentration of the other excipient. The different behaviour with the sucrose system was thought to be due to relatively high glass transition temperature of sucrose. Conversely glycine remained highly crystalline due it’s relatively low glass transition temperature. The novel excipient formulations were also assessed for their effect on the aggregation of the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide when freeze dried by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).The formulations containing the glycine derivatives all caused a decrease in the aggregation size of the adjuvant from ~26 μm, to 185 nm in the presence of methyl glycine. The effects of lysozyme and viral antigen on the adjuvants were also examined showing that the addition of the virus did not affect the size of the aggregates formed, however lysozyme showed significant decreases in the aggregates formed. Examination of the freezing method were also made showing that faster freezing rates produced smaller aggregates of the adjuvant. When investigating the rate at which the excipients lost water during secondary drying there was evidence of the formation of hydrates of glycine, trimethyl glycine, and mannitol has shown that the glycine derivatives have attributes which would be beneficial in stabilising vaccines in the solid state when freeze dried.

This dissertation has focused on studying the effect of four glycine derivatives on the solid state properties of mannitol, glycine, and sucrose when freeze dried into blended mixtures. The primary goal was to assess their value for use in the stabilisation of vaccines in the solid state, by examining key physical and chemical characteristics, which have been documented to be beneficial to the stabilisation of biopharmaceutical formulations. The novel excipients; dimethyl glycine, and trimethyl glycine, were shown to retard the crystallisation and increase the overall glass transition temperature, of mannitol, when freeze dried as evidenced by DSC and Powder X-ray diffraction. Mannitol’s glass transition temperature increased from 100C to 12.650C and 13.610C when mixed with methyl-glycine and dimethyl glycine respectively. The glycine derivatives did not show the same effect on sucrose which remained amorphous regardless of the concentration of the other excipient. The different behaviour with the sucrose system was thought to be due to relatively high glass transition temperature of sucrose. Conversely glycine remained highly crystalline due it’s relatively low glass transition temperature. The novel excipient formulations were also assessed for their effect on the aggregation of the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide when freeze dried by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).The formulations containing the glycine derivatives all caused a decrease in the aggregation size of the adjuvant from ~26 μm, to 185 nm in the presence of methyl glycine. The effects of lysozyme and viral antigen on the adjuvants were also examined showing that the addition of the virus did not affect the size of the aggregates formed, however lysozyme showed significant decreases in the aggregates formed. Examination of the freezing method were also made showing that faster freezing rates produced smaller aggregates of the adjuvant. When investigating the rate at which the excipients lost water during secondary drying there was evidence of the formation of hydrates of glycine, trimethyl glycine, and mannitol has shown that the glycine derivatives have attributes which would be beneficial in stabilising vaccines in the solid state when freeze dried. / Stabilitech Ltd. and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).