A esterilização de materiais odontológicos é realizada através de autoclaves ou estufas. Para a utilização desses equipamentos, deve-se seguir diversas orientações estabelecidas pelos órgãos de saúde competentes. Pelo fato das leis não serem uniformes para todos os órgãos de saúde, ocorrem divergências com relação à monitoração dos aparelhos de esterilização. Considerando diversos problemas relatados na literatura e na utilização dos equipamentos, foi desenvolvida uma rotina de monitoração física, química e biológica para que os cirurgiõesdentistas possam obter uma maior garantia de que suas autoclaves e estufas estão operando corretamente e verificar se elas estão sendo eficazes na esterilização dos materiais odontológicos, atendendo o que estabelece o Ministério da Saúde. Para implementar a rotina, de acordo com as diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde foram efetuadas monitorações em 12 equipamentos de esterilização (6 autoclaves e 6 estufas), totalizando sete consultórios da cidade de Curitiba. Os resultados das monitorações mostraram que houve falhas no processo de esterilização em todos os 12 instrumentos avaliados. A aplicação da rotina mostrou que a realização das monitorações é fundamental para detectar possíveis falhas de esterilização, possibilitando um maior controle sobre os materiais odontológicos, reduzindo assim os riscos de infecção para o paciente e o cirurgião-dentista. / Dental instruments can be sterilized by means of autoclave (steam) or kiln (dry heat). In order to utilize these equipment, several directives established by health care governmental organizations must be followed. Since the instructions are not common for all the involved health care organizations, there are some differences considering the monitoring of these equipment. Thus, taking into account several problems found in the literature and in the practical use of the equipment, a monitoring routine covering physical, chemical and biological tests was developed in order to assure that dentists can have their equipment working properly and that they are complying with the directives of the Health Ministry. To implement the routine, 12 sterilization equipment (6 autoclaves and 6 kilns) of 7 dental offices from Curitiba city were monitorized, following the guidelines of the Health Ministry.The results obtained have shown that there were some kind of failure on all 12 tested equipment. Finally, the application of the routine showed that monitoring is critical to detect failures in the sterilization process, therefore the monitoring allows a greater control over dental instruments and reduces the risk of infections for patients and dentists.

Throughout the world, systems of life science governance carry historical, cultural, and political legacies, which now confront the revolutionary and pervasive advances of twenty-first century biotechnology. Nations' adaptability to the twin challenges of attempting to secure the benefits while reducing the risks and threats is a large and still burgeoning governance challenge. The legacy of the Soviet Union is particularly important in this regard, since its history of prolonged authoritarian rule and intense development of biological weapons in combination with the continuing scientific and technological prowess of Russia is a governance challenge, unprecedented in its nature and scale. The aim of the dissertation therefore is to examine to what extent and by what means it is possible for Russia to reconcile its on-going expansion in biotechnology with the institutional and normative inertia arising from its Soviet past. The first part of the dissertation (Chapters 1-4) seeks to uncover and analyse both the growth and consolidation of the governance of biotechnology and the multifaceted governance challenges brought about by the rapid advancement of the life sciences in the twenty-first century. The second part (Chapters 5-8) examines the extent to which the Soviet institutional and infrastructural legacies in the culture of life science research still persist in Russia and impact the governance of biotechnology in that country. The concluding chapter offers an assessment of the current state of the governance of biotechnology in Russia and outlines a scope for further research. / Wellcome Trust

O presente estudo teve como objetivos observar a influência de programas de limpeza e desinfecção sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e na microbiologia das instalações. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com 960 pintos de corte criadosaté 42 dias. No primeiro experimento o piso foi forrado com maravalha nova. No segundo a cama foi reutilizada, proveniente do primeiro experimento. Os tratamentos foram: comum: retirada da matéria orgânica e lavagem da instalação com água; europeu: remoção seca da matéria orgânica, lavagem com água sob pressão, aplicação do detergente alcalino, enxague, secagem, e aplicação de dois desinfetantes(glutaraldeído+formaldeído e paraclorometacresol). Os dados de desempenho avaliados foram consumo de ração, ganho de peso, peso final, conversão alimentar, viabilidade e índice de eficiência produtiva. As análises microbiológicas realizadas foram contagem total de microrganismos, quantificação de Clostridium Spp., E. Coli, Salmonella Spp. e Aspergillus Spp. através de suabes de piso, parede, comedouros, bebedouros e cortinas. Foram ainda coletadas amostras de cama, ração e água para avaliação microbiológica. As analises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo teste F para desempenho e teste de Kruskal-Wallis para microbiologia ambos com índice de significância (p>0,05)através do procedimento GLM do programa SAS . No primeiro experimento não houve diferença estatística significativa para desempenho e avaliações microbiológicas. No segundo experimento notou-se melhor desempenho dos animais do tratamento Europeu e redução da carga microbiológica. A limpeza e desinfecção possuem influências positivas no desempenho de frangos de corte. / Thisstudy aimed toobserve the influenceof programsof cleaning and disinfecting in performanceof broilersand microbiologyof the facilities. Two experiments were conducted, both with960 chicksof one dayraised from until42 days. In thefirst experiment, thefloor wascovered withnew woodshavings. Inthesecondthe litter wasreused. The treatments were:Common: removal of organic matterand washingplant;European: removal of dry organic matter, wash with water under pressure, application ofalkaline detergent,rinsing,drying,and application oftwo disinfectants. The performance parameters werefeed intake, weight gain, finalweight, feed conversion,feasibilityand scoreproductiveefficiency. Microbiological analyzesweretotal count ofmicroorganisms, quantification ofClostridiumspp., E.Coli, Salmonellaspp. and Aspergillusspp.through suabesfloor, wall, feeders, drinkers andcurtains. Were alsocollectedsamples oflitter,feed andwater formicrobiological evaluation. Thestatistical analyzeswereperformedby the F testfor performance andKruskal- Wallis test for microbiologyboth witha significance level (p>0.05)using thecomputer programSASPROCGLM. In the first experimentthere was nostatistically significanteffectsfor performanceand microbiological analyzes. In the second experimentit was notedbetter poultry performance ofEuropeantreatmentand reduction ofmicrobialload. The cleaningand disinfectionhavepositive influenceson performanceof broilers.

Microrganismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs), obtidos através das técnicas de biologia molecular são amplamente utilizados para as mais diversas finalidades, atingindo o ambiente, solo, águas, animais e até mesmo o Homem. Contudo, o comportamento e o destino destes microrganismos no ambiente, depois que sua função tenha sido completada, e onde estes não podem ser controlados, tem sido objeto de preocupação. Para diminuir os riscos potenciais associados à liberação (acidental ou intencional) dos OGMs no ambiente pesquisadores desenvolveram sistemas de contenção de microrganismos geneticamente engenheirados, baseados na clonagem de genes que codificam proteínas tóxicas, sob regulação de promotores indutíveis (para revisão ver Molin et aI., 1993). Estes sistemas permitem o controle da morte celular em tempo pré-determinado, com a indução do promotor que regula o gene que codifica a proteína tóxica. Contudo, embora as leveduras sejam tão importantes e úteis quanto as bactérias, não existem sistemas suicidas usados para contenção destes microrganismos. No presente trabalho, construímos um sistema suicida para a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae o qual apresenta o gene da nuclease de Serratia marcescens clonado sob controle do promotor ADH2GAPDH, que é reprimido por glicose. Desde que a nuclease é capaz de destruir DNA e RNA, tal sistema não permitirá que o material genético do OGM em questão, seja transferido para outros microrganismos, após a morte celular. A atividade da nuclease foi detectada in vivo, através da diminuição da viabilidade dos transformantes de levedura, após o consumo da glicose. Quando leveduras mutantes rad52 foram usadas como células hospedeiras, o efeito letal do plasmídeo foi dramaticamente aumentado. Por outro lado, a atividade da nuclease produzida nos tranformantes de levedura foi analisada in vitro, através da incubação de extratos celulares com DNA plasmidiano mostrando a completa degradação deste em gel de agarose. Além disso, em ensaio de microcosmos, a viabilidade das leveduras portadoras do plasmídeo suicida no ambiente diminuiu drasticamente quando comparada com células controles. Estes resultados mostram que a nuclease de Serratía marcescens é expressa de forma ativa em S. cerevísíae sendo capaz de evitar a permanência dos transformantes de leveduras no ambiente, em laboratório, ou em condições simulando o ambiente, sem a necessidade de um indutor adicional. / Genetic Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs), obtained by molecular biology techniques, are becoming of widespread use for different purposes thus reaching the environment, including soil, water, plants, animais and Man. However, the behavior and fate of these microorganisms after their function has been completed in environments where they cannot be physically contained is a matter of concern. To minimize the potential risks associated with the release (deliberate or accidental) of GEMs in the environment, researchers have developed biological containment systems for bacteria which are based on the cloning of genes coding for toxic proteins, under the regulation of regulatable promoters (for review, see Molin et al., 1993). Such suicide systems allow the predetermined control of cell death from the moment the promoter of the killer gene is switched on. However, even if yeasts are as useful and important in biotechnological processes as bacteria, there is no suicide system described so far for the containment of these microorganisms. In the present work, we constructed a suicide system for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, consisting of the Serratia marcescens nuclease gene, cloned under the control of the yeast AOH2GAPOH promoter, which is repressed by glucose. Since this nuclease is able to destroy DNA and RNA, such suicide system does not allow the genetic material of the GEM to be transferred to other microorganisms upon cell death. The nuclease activity in S. cerevisiae was detected in vivo, through the decrease in cell viability of the yeast transformants, upon glucose consumption. When yeast rad52 mutants were used as the host cells, the lethal effect of the suicide plasmid was dramatically increased. On the other hand, the activity of the nuclease produced in yeast transformants was analyzed in vitro, by incubation of cell-free extracts with plasmid DNA, showing complete degradation on agarose gels. Furthermore, in microcosmos assays, the viability of the yeast cells carrying the suicide plasmid decreased drastically when compared to control cells. These results showed that the S. marcescens nuclease is expressed in an active form in S. cerevisiae, being able to avoid the maintenance of the yeast transformants, either in the laboratory, or in conditions simulating the environment, without the need of adding any inducer.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos observar a influência de programas de limpeza e desinfecção sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e na microbiologia das instalações. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos com 960 pintos de corte criadosaté 42 dias. No primeiro experimento o piso foi forrado com maravalha nova. No segundo a cama foi reutilizada, proveniente do primeiro experimento. Os tratamentos foram: comum: retirada da matéria orgânica e lavagem da instalação com água; europeu: remoção seca da matéria orgânica, lavagem com água sob pressão, aplicação do detergente alcalino, enxague, secagem, e aplicação de dois desinfetantes(glutaraldeído+formaldeído e paraclorometacresol). Os dados de desempenho avaliados foram consumo de ração, ganho de peso, peso final, conversão alimentar, viabilidade e índice de eficiência produtiva. As análises microbiológicas realizadas foram contagem total de microrganismos, quantificação de Clostridium Spp., E. Coli, Salmonella Spp. e Aspergillus Spp. através de suabes de piso, parede, comedouros, bebedouros e cortinas. Foram ainda coletadas amostras de cama, ração e água para avaliação microbiológica. As analises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo teste F para desempenho e teste de Kruskal-Wallis para microbiologia ambos com índice de significância (p>0,05)através do procedimento GLM do programa SAS . No primeiro experimento não houve diferença estatística significativa para desempenho e avaliações microbiológicas. No segundo experimento notou-se melhor desempenho dos animais do tratamento Europeu e redução da carga microbiológica. A limpeza e desinfecção possuem influências positivas no desempenho de frangos de corte. / Thisstudy aimed toobserve the influenceof programsof cleaning and disinfecting in performanceof broilersand microbiologyof the facilities. Two experiments were conducted, both with960 chicksof one dayraised from until42 days. In thefirst experiment, thefloor wascovered withnew woodshavings. Inthesecondthe litter wasreused. The treatments were:Common: removal of organic matterand washingplant;European: removal of dry organic matter, wash with water under pressure, application ofalkaline detergent,rinsing,drying,and application oftwo disinfectants. The performance parameters werefeed intake, weight gain, finalweight, feed conversion,feasibilityand scoreproductiveefficiency. Microbiological analyzesweretotal count ofmicroorganisms, quantification ofClostridiumspp., E.Coli, Salmonellaspp. and Aspergillusspp.through suabesfloor, wall, feeders, drinkers andcurtains. Were alsocollectedsamples oflitter,feed andwater formicrobiological evaluation. Thestatistical analyzeswereperformedby the F testfor performance andKruskal- Wallis test for microbiologyboth witha significance level (p>0.05)using thecomputer programSASPROCGLM. In the first experimentthere was nostatistically significanteffectsfor performanceand microbiological analyzes. In the second experimentit was notedbetter poultry performance ofEuropeantreatmentand reduction ofmicrobialload. The cleaningand disinfectionhavepositive influenceson performanceof broilers.

Poultry transport coops are rarely washed and demonstrate to be a major point of broiler carcass contamination. Our laboratory hypothesized that foaming disinfectants and cleaners commonly used within processing plants may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transport coops. The objective of this study was to evaluate treatments consisting of a low-pressure water rinse (LPWR), a foaming additive alone, foaming cleaner or peroxyacetic acid with a foaming additive to reduce bacteria on broiler transport coops. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) applied prior to and following treatments was also evaluated. Homogenized feces was evenly applied to the floors of pre-cleaned transport coops and allowed to dry. The first study used fresh layer feces and evaluated the treatments ability to reduce aerobic bacteria from the manure. The second study added a HPWR step to determine whether this technique would reduce bacteria. In the third study, Salmonella Typhimurium was added to the homogenized fecal slurry to evaluate how effectively these methods reduce aerobic bacteria and Salmonella on coop surfaces. The field study utilized laboratory treatments proven to be most effective on freshly soiled broiler integrator coops. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (CAFS) using a 1 inch fire hose. Ten minutes post-treatment, all surfaces were rinsed with a LPWR for 30 seconds to remove residual disinfectant. Samples were collected from the transport coops prior to and following treatments utilizing a flame sterilized 5 x 5 cm stainless steel template and a gauze swab pre-applied with buffered peptone water. All samples were stomached, serially diluted, spread plated onto agar plates, incubated for 24 h at 37° C and enumerated. The foam cleaner and peroxyacetic acid with a foam additive significantly reduced (P < 0.05) aerobic bacteria up to 4.84 to 5.17 logs, respectively when compared to the LPWR. The addition of a HPWR following product application significantly reduced bacteria on integrator coops, in the field study, but didn’t improve efficacy of our treatments in laboratory trials. These data suggest that a CAFS may be used in combination with disinfectants and cleaners to reduce bacteria on poultry transport coops.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-71). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2010. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-231). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Alison Paige Adams / Avian influenza (AI) is a zoonotic disease that has garnered much attention in recent years due to its detrimental effects on poultry, producers and potentially human health. This disease can be extremely fatal to domestic poultry, killing as high as 90-100% of the flock. This virus has the potential to cause devastation to and loss of entire flocks. AI is typically spread between wild fowl and domestic poultry with a zoonotic potential to also affect human health as well as other animals. Its spread also has a massive economic impact due to the decreased amounts of available poultry products to consumers around the world. This report will examine the worldwide history and epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). In the last ninety-two years, there have been five recorded outbreaks of HPAI in the United States (US). Globally, notable outbreaks have occurred in Italy (1997-2001), the Dutch region of Europe (2003), Canada (2004), and more recently, in Asia. Preventative measures will be examined in this report. In particular, biosecurity, quarantine, surveillance, and eradication are some of the most widely recognized and accepted ways to help prevent and control HPAI outbreaks. However, none of these methods are failsafe strategies to completely prevent or control the spread of HPAI. This report will focus on an additional preventative measure - currently available and potential future vaccination programs. There is a global shift toward procuring poultry that are AI-free as well as unvaccinated for AI. This is, in part, due to the limitations of currently available vaccines in completely ridding poultry of this disease. Vaccinations may reduce the amount of virus in infected birds, but this does not prevent birds from becoming infected. When addressing the control and eradication of HPAI, some future challenges include viral mutations, intermingling of domesticated and wild birds, and vaccine development. Because of the current limitations of vaccines and future challenges in controlling the spread of infection, there is no one single solution to this problem. It will require a multi-faceted approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sibut_rer_me_botfm.pdf: 718335 bytes, checksum: 3fed66d59981f5b2fd0fb7c6e6c0caa0 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual de Maringa / Com o objetivo de analisar a prevalência da imunização contra a hepatite B entre os servidores municipais que atuam em ambiente de risco de transmissão ocupacional na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) de Maringá, foi utilizado um questionário semi-estruturado autoexplicativo, com questões pertinentes à situação do esquema de vacinação e ao conhecimento e aplicação das condutas de biossegurança pelos servidores da área da saúde, em seu ambiente de trabalho. Participaram desta pesquisa 152 servidores das equipes de enfermagem, odontologia, análises clínicas e médica. O software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 12.0) foi utilizado para análise estatística. Quanto aos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que 99,3% dos servidores da amostra receberam a vacina contra a hepatite B, o que é considerado um resultado significativo, visto que o profissional de saúde faz parte do grupo de risco e o PNI Programa Nacional de Imunização do Ministério da Saúde recomenda a vacinação de todos que compõem esse grupo. Verificamos que 63,2% dos servidores desenvolvem suas atividades profissionais somente na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) de Maringá. Dentre os profissionais com atividades de risco de transmissão ocupacional desenvolvidas fora da SMS de Maringá observamos que 15,1% desses servidores pertencem à equipe médica, 13,8% à equipe de enfermagem, 7,2% à equipe de odontologia e somente um profissional (0,7%) à equipe de análises clínicas. Em relação à orientação recebida para se vacinar contra a hepatite B, 93,4% dos servidores referiram tê-la recebido. A maioria dos servidores (98,7%) relataram ter conhecimento das medidas de prevenção contra risco de transmissão ocupacional e 92,8% dos servidores identificam risco de contato com sangue durante o desenvolvimento de suas atividades profissionais... / This study aimed to analyzing the prevalence of hepatitis B immunization of among the city workers that work in environments with risk for occupational transmission in the City Health Care Secretary (CHCS) of Maringá. So, It was used a self-explaining and semi-structured questionnaire, with questions related to the situation of vaccination system and to the knowledge and application of biosecurity attitudes by health field professionals, in their workplace. Workers, in an amount of 152 individuals, took part in this survey and they were from nursing, odontology, clinic and medical analysis teams. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 12.0- version software was used for the statistical analysis. Concerning the obtained results, it was possible to verify that 99.3% of the sample workers received the hepatitis B vaccine, what is considered a meaningful result, since the health professional is part of the risk group and the NIP- National Immunization Program of the Health Ministry recommends the vaccination of every member from such group. We could verify that 63.2% of the workers perform their professional activities only in the City Health Care Secretary (CHCS) of Maringá. We could also observe that among the professionals with activities of risk for occupational transmission accomplished out of the CHCS of Maringá, 15.1% of these employees belong to the medical team, 13.8% are from the nursing one, 7.2% from the odontology group and only one professional (0.7%) is from the clinic analysis team. Concerning the received orientation to be vaccinated against hepatitis B, 93.4% of the employees said they had received it. Most of them (98.7%) said they knew the prevention measures against risk for occupational transmission and 92.8% of the workers identified contact risk with blood during the performance of their professional activities... ( Complete abstract, click eletronic address below)