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Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1997.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1997.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2003. / Advisor: Dr. David Balkwill, Florida State University, School of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Oceanography. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 7, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 1997. / Includes vita. Bibliography: leaves 203-219.

In this dissertation a computer-aided automation design methodology for biotechnology applications is proposed that leads to several design guidelines. Because of the biological nature of the samples that propagate in the automation line, a very specific set of environmental and maximum allowed shelf time conditions have to be followed to obtain good yield. In addition all biotechnology protocols require precise sequence of steps, the samples are scarce and the reagents are costly, so no waste can be afforded. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

L’Inde est le deuxième producteur mondial de coton ; après la Chine, avec environ 12,1 millions d’hectares en 2011, soit le quart de la superficie cotonnière mondiale. Après l’avènement des biotechnologies agricoles, le gouvernement indien, sous l’égide du premier ministre Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a encouragé l’utilisation de coton génétiquement modifié, dénommé coton Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Les variétés de coton Bt permettent de lutter contre les pertes de rendement causées par les parasites lépidoptères. Toutefois, leur implantation n’a pas été sans difficulté (la résistance des insectes, la pollution des sols, l’utilisation massive d’eau et d’engrais, le déséquilibre de l’écosystème et l’appauvrissement des fermiers). Aujourd’hui, l’Inde connaît un débat majeur autour de son expérience en matière d’adoption de coton transgénique, débat où plusieurs arguments d’impacts sur le bien-être des petits agriculteurs sont avancés. Depuis sa commercialisation en 2002, le coton Bt a provoqué les mécontentements et les suicides des fermiers appauvris. En moyenne un paysan se donne la mort toutes les 30 minutes. Les victimes sont principalement les petits fermiers qui cultivaient les semences génétiquement modifiés dans les Etats indiens : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh et Maharashtra. Ces agriculteurs étaient pour la plupart endettés auprès de la compagnie semencière Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech (MMB), qui leur fournissait à crédit les semences Bt ainsi que les pesticides. Faut-il y déceler une corrélation entre le coton génétiquement modifié et ces suicides atypiques ? Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer, tant sur le plan théorique qu’empirique, la relation entre l’utilisation du coton Bt et le suicide des agriculteurs en Inde... / India is the world’s second largest producer of cotton, after China. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, accounting for approximately one fourth of the world’s total cotton area. After the advent of agricultural biotechnology, the Indian government, under the former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, has encouraged the use of genetically modified cotton, called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton. The Bt cotton varieties can provide control against crop loss caused by lepidopteran pests. However, the process of introduction of Bt cotton has not been without difficulty (insect resistance to Bt crop, soil pollution, the excessive use of water and fertilizer, an imbalance of the ecosystem and impoverishment of farmers). Since its first commercialization in India, Bt cotton has caused a considerable discontent and suicides of impoverished cotton farmers. On average, one farmer commits suicide every 30 minutes in India. The victims are mainly small farmer who grow genetically modified cotton seeds in certain states in India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra). Most of these farmers are deeply indebted to the Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (MMB) Company, which provided them access to credits for buying Bt cotton seeds and pesticides. Is there a correlation between the genetically modified cotton and these suicides? Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to theoretically and empirically explore the causal relationship between Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India...

La Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB, 1992) a établi pour la première fois en droit international un système d’accès aux ressources génétiques (RG) et du partage des avantages qui découlent de leur utilisation (système d’APA). Ce système se base sur la reconnaissance de la souveraineté des États sur leurs ressources naturelles, censée leur permettre d’en contrôler l’utilisation et bénéficier des avantages qui en découlent. La Convention se présentait alors comme un acquis pour les pays du Sud, principaux fournisseurs des RG et par conséquent principaux bénéficiaires de ce système. Deux ans après la conclusion de la CDB, l’Accord sur les aspects de la propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (l’Accord) a été conclu sous l’égide de l'OMC. Sous l’influence des pays du Nord, cet Accord étend le champ de la brevetabilité à toutes technologies, y compris celles qui étaient auparavant exclues de ce champ par de nombreux pays, notamment du Sud. Les biotechnologies sont les principales technologies visées par cette obligation. À cet égard les pays du Sud ont exprimé leur réticence en considérant que l’ADPIC n’est pas adapté aux exigences du système d’APA de la CDB puisqu’il permet la brevetabilité des RG qui sont à la base des biotechnologies sans prendre en considération ces exigences. Ces pays ont en outre estimé que l’Accord risque de compromettre la mise œuvre de ce système. Dès lors les deux textes se sont retrouvés au centre d’un réel débat, entre les pays du Sud et les pays du Nord que ce soit pour condamner leur incompatibilité ou pour défendre leur synergie. Un débat qui révèle un réel clivage Nord/Sud autour de nombreuses questions. / The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), concluded in 1992, has established for the first time in international law a genetic resources (GR) regime on access and benefits sharing arising from their use (ABS system). This system is based on the recognition of the sovereignty of States over their natural resources, supposed allow them the control of their use and reaping the associated benefits. Therefore, the Convention was presented as a gain for South’s countries, the main suppliers of GR and therefore the main beneficiaries of this system. Two years after the conclusion of the CBD, the Agreement on Trade Related aspect of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was concluded under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO.) Under the influence of North’s countries concerned to shape the international patent system on their own model, this Agreement extend the patentability scope to all technologies, including those which were excluded from this scope by many countries, especially in South. Biotechnologies are the most concerned by this obligation. In this regard, South’s countries have expressed reluctance, considering that TRIPS is not adapted to the requirements of the ABS system of CBD since it allows the patentability of GR which are the base of biotechnologies without regard to these requirements. These countries, moreover, considered that the Agreement could compromise the implementation of this system. Therefore, the two texts found themselves at the center of a real debate between the South and the North whether to denounce their incompatibility or support their synergy. A debate that exposes a real North/South division on numerous question.

The major advances in the identification of the human genome that took place from the early 1990s onwards triggered a significant increase in the number of patent applications concerning newly discovered human gene sequences that nevertheless failed to disclose the function of the isolated material, and thus did not meet the patent law requirement of industrial application. In order to address this issue the 1998 Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions (Biotech Directive) 1 required patent applicants to disclose the industrial applicability of inventions covering human gene sequences and related proteins at the time of the patent application. Furthermore, the Biotech Directive established functionality-related protection for all types of genetic inventions, thus restricting the scope of protection granted to human genetic inventions to their ability to perform the industrial application disclosed by the applicant. This thesis analyses the implications of the Biotech Directive's approach towards the industrial application of human genes and fragments thereof in respect of three issues: the assessment of the industrial applicability of inventions concerning sequences or partial sequences of human genes; the distinction between discoveries and patentable inventions when the claimed subject matter is human genetic material; and the determination of the scope of protection awarded to patents over genetic information. The thesis argues that the requirement of industrial application can act as an efficient checkpoint for preventing the grant of patents over human genetic discoveries of no practical benefit to society, but also for impeding the issuance of overly broad patents in this field. At the same time, a strict interpretation of this requirement does not imply that patent authorities will systematically overlook the interests of private firms, but it is intended to set a realistic standard that serves to avoid the rise of undue barriers in the pursuit of research and innovation in this industry.

Este trabalho analisa os requisitos para o estabelecimento de um Sistema de Inovação Orientado para a Sustentabilidade com base na inovação biotecnológica e avalia as condições para aplicá-la no estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul. A biotecnologia tem o potencial de fornecer soluções sustentáveis para alguns dos maiores desafios que a humanidade enfrentará nas próximas décadas, tais como a escassez de alimentos, acesso à energia de fontes renováveis, degradação ambiental, a saúde de uma população cada vez mais numerosa e o agravamento das mudanças climáticas. Em âmbito nacional e estadual, este trabalho apresenta a estrutura para promoção da inovação biotecnológica, incluindo aspectos como o ambiente legal e regulatório, a formação de recursos humanos, desenvolvimento de ciência e tecnologia, bem como os cenários e oportunidades de financiamento. Ao fazê-lo, permite avaliar as condições existentes que podem estimular ou dificultar o estabelecimento de um Sistema de Inovação Orientado para a Sustentabilidade (SIOS) e aponta gargalos a serem resolvidos com vistas à implantação de um SIOS efetivamente operacional. / This assay analyzes the requirements for the establishment of a Sustainability-oriented Innovation System, based on biotechnological innovation and assesses the conditions for applying it in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Biotechnology has the potential to provide sustainable solutions to some of the greatest issues humanity will be facing in the coming decades, such as food shortages, environmental degradation, energy sources, population health, and climate-related changes. The assay presents the framework, at the level of country and state, to foster biotechnological innovation, such as legal and regulatory environment, training of human resources, science and technology scenarios, and funding opportunities. In doing so, this work evaluates the existing conditions that may stimulate or hinder the establishment of a Sustainability-oriented Innovation System (SoIS) and points to the bottlenecks which need to be addressed in order to establish an effective and operational SoIS.