Abstract not available

Zugl.: Bern, Univ., Diss., 2007

Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T23:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gouveia_VeraLuciaReisde_D.pdf: 3830222 bytes, checksum: 41e2cf7f0901948710226a6037c7ed76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os processos biotecnológicos ou Bioprocessos necessitam de maiores cuidados do que a maioria dos processos químicos comuns devido, principalmente, à sensibilidade a variações nos estados do sistema como, por exemplo, temperatura e concentração. O crescente aumento da importância dos Bioprocessos e a maior dificuldade em seu controle e simulação resultaram na procura e utilização de novas ferramentas como a Inteligência Artificial (IA). Inteligência Artificial é uma parte da ciência da computação relacionada ao projeto de sistemas computacionais inteligentes. Nos últimos anos houve um aumento substancial do uso de ferramentas de IA tais como Redes Neurais Artificiais (R.N.A), Sistemas Especialistas e Lógica Fuzzy no controle e simulação de Bioprocessos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um software que atue como um assistente, auxiliando na simulação de Bioprocessos. O Bio-PSA (BioProcess Simulation Assistant) possui quatro módulos: Módulo 1: Simulação de Bioprocessos, incluindo funcionalidades para simulação de produção de etanol e dextrana, ambos com modelagem normal e híbrida. Módulo 2: Simulação de processos para purificação de proteínas, incluindo a modelagem de processos baseados no modelo CARE (Continuous Affinity Recycle Extraction). ?Módulo 3: Sistema Especialista e uma base de conhecimento que auxilia o usuário no design de processos biotecnológicos. Módulo 4: Software para treinamento de R.N.A / Abstract: The biotechnical processes or Bioprocesses require larger cares than common chemical processes due, mainly, the states of the system variations sensibility, for example, temperature and concentrations. The increasing raise of the Bioprocess importance and the largest difficulty in its control and simulation resulted in the search and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. Artificial Intelligence is a part of the computer science related to the project of intelligent computational systems. In the last years there was a substantial increase in the use of AI tools such as Artificial Neural Networks (A.N.N), Expert Systems and Fuzzy Logic in the Bioprocess control and simulation. This work had the objective of the development of software that acts as an assistant, aiding in the Bioprocess simulation. The Bio-PSA (BioProcess Simulation Assistant) has four modules: Module 1: Bioprocess simulation, including applications for simulation of ethanol and dextran production, both with normal and hybrid modeling. Module 2: Simulation of proteins purification processes, including processes modeling based in the CARE (Continuous Affinity Recycle Extraction) model. Module 3: Expert System and a knowledge base that aids the user in the Bioprocesses design.?Module 4: Software for A.N.N training / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

O sistema de patentes como hoje está estruturado enfrenta enormes desafios para atingir metas de acesso ao conhecimento, inovação tecnológica e desenvolvimento sustentável tanto no âmbito nacional quanto internacional. Este estudo propõe uma revisão jurídica do sistema de patentes na perspectiva de países em desenvolvimento. As áreas farmacêutica e biotecnológica serão priorizadas por meio da análise de patentes de invenção a fim de verificar suas imperfeições e falhas sob o ponto de vista jurídico. Justifica-se a escolha dessas áreas pelos impactos que causam a temas como: acesso a medicamentos e novas terapias médicas, direitos humanos e desenvolvimento. Instrumentos jurídicos tradicionais para a proteção da propriedade intelectual devem ser analisados e conformados aos novos instrumentos que surgem como resposta à crise de acesso ao conhecimento e à redução do domínio público, portanto, como propostas para uma nova era de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Desse modo, o diálogo entre os diversos sistemas jurídicos compõe um plano maior de desenvolvimento sustentável e demonstra a interdisciplinaridade do tema. A análise sistêmica e jurídica considera, ainda, o papel dos diversos atores Estados, universidades, empresas, organizações internacionais, ONGs e indivíduos , bem como possibilita a adoção de modelos diferenciados de negócios, primando pela cooperação internacional e nacional como forma de obter melhores resultados, diminuir riscos e ampliar o acesso ao conhecimento. Sugere-se uma abordagem criativa e voltada ao desenvolvimento e acesso ao conhecimento para a construção de uma nova era dos direitos imateriais. A análise será realizada a partir da perspectiva de países em desenvolvimento, especificamente países inovativos em desenvolvimento Brasil, China, Índia e África do Sul para que reformas jurídicas e estruturais possam garantir as necessidades locais, por meio de um modelo de propriedade intelectual voltado ao desenvolvimento e não apenas ao mercado e reafirmar o posicionamento estratégico desses países na economia global. Destarte, priorizar o foro multilateral do comércio internacional sob a égide da OMC e do Acordo TRIPS, em detrimento do bilateral que distorce as regras comerciais internacionais e prejudica países em desenvolvimento é fundamental. Complementarmente, promover uma governança global entre as organizações internacionais é essencial para a criação de um sistema de patentes equilibrado e que atenda aos interesses públicos e privados. Também, a exportação de altos padrões de proteção e a permissividade quanto aos critérios de patenteabilidade devem ser vistas com cautela por países em desenvolvimento. É necessário promover o diálogo entre direitos imateriais e direito ao desenvolvimento, direitos humanos e direito da inovação para garantir que direitos imateriais sejam uma ferramenta para atingir objetivos de acesso ao conhecimento, desenvolvimento e inovação. Propõe-se uma abordagem funcionalista e não proprietária da propriedade intelectual e o estudo crítico de direitos imateriais, desde a adequação do vocábulo propriedade até suas justificativas, funções e natureza. / The patent system as currently structured is facing enormous challenges to achieve goals of access to knowledge, technological innovation and sustainable development both nationally and internationally. This study proposes a legal review of the patent system from the perspective of developing countries. The pharmaceutical and biotechnological areas will be prioritized through the analysis of patents in order to verify their imperfections and failures under a legal perspective. The choice for these areas is justified by the impacts caused in issues such as: access to medicines and new medical therapies, human rights and development. Former legal instruments for the protection of intellectual property must be reviewed and conformed to the new instruments that arise as a response to the crisis of access to knowledge and the public domain reduction, so as proposals for a new era of intellectual property rights. Thus, the dialogue among different legal systems makes up a larger plan for sustainable development and demonstrates the interdisciplinarity of this subject. The systemic and legal analysis also considers the role of various actors - states, universities, industries, international organizations, NGOs and individuals - and enables the adoption of different business models, striving for national and international cooperation as a way to get better results, reduce risks and increase access to knowledge. It is suggested a creative approach and focused on development and access to knowledge issues for the construction of a new era of intellectual property rights The study will be performed from the perspective of developing countries, particularly innovative developing countries Brazil, China, India and South Africa in order to ensure that the legal and structural reforms may guarantee local needs based in an intellectual property model driven to development and not only to the market, reaffirming the strategic positioning of these countries in the global economy. Thus, prioritizing the multilateral international trade forum under the aegis of WTO and TRIPS Agreement, in detriment of bilateral rules that distorts the international trade rules and damages developing countries are fundamental strategies. In addition, to promote a global governance of international organizations is essential to create a patent system that is balanced and meets the public and private interests. Also the exportation of high protection standards and the permissiveness regarding patentability criteria must be viewed with caution by developing countries. It is necessary to promote a dialogue among intellectual property rights and right to development, human rights and innovation rights in order to ensure that immaterial rights are a tool to achieve the goals of access to knowledge, development and innovation. It is proposed an \"instrumentalist\" approach and not \"proprietarian\" approach of intellectual property and the critical study of immaterial rights, since from the adequacy of the term \"property\" to their justifications, functions and nature.

O aprofundamento da especialização produtiva em cada porção do espaço geográfico e a integração territorial de todo o sistema econômico, produtos do capitalismo contemporâneo, traz a possibilidade da unificação de setores industriais mediante o uso de redes de transporte, comercialização e acesso instantâneo a informações. Sob esse aspecto, discutiu-se o circuito espacial produtivo das vacinas no Brasil e seus respectivos círculos de cooperação; especificamente, a indústria de base química e biotecnológica produtoras e dispersoras dos vários tipos de vacinas para uso humano, cuja concepção, pesquisa, produção, comercialização e distribuição são realizadas por vários tipos de instituições: públicas, privadas, organizações não governamentais, Estados e instituições como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (parte dos sistemas da Organização dos Estados Americanos e da Organização das Nações Unidas) e, de acordo com as peculiaridades de cada agente, cada qual foi responsável pela elaboração de normas e políticas que precederam as técnicas e a organização do circuito espacial produtivo. A vacina contra a Influenza A H1N1 foi escolhida para problematizar e aprofundar a análise da dinâmica do circuito espacial produtivo, por ser um evento inédito no que tange a sua concepção e ação de vacinação global para combater a primeira pandemia do século XXI. / The current corporate capitalism bases the deepening production specialization in each portion of geographical space and territorial integration of the entire economic system. Then there is the concrete possibility of unification of industrial sectors, through the use of transport networks, commercialization networks and access to information instantly. According to this dynamic, we present this research results on fixed health vaccine producers in Brazil and around the globe, more specifically the basic chemical and biotechnology industry producers and dispersers of several and distinct types of vaccines, setting real productive spatial circuits of this product with their circles of cooperation consisting of public and private institutions.

The potential for private sector healthcare business in Africa has been forecasted to reach $35 billion by 2016, with South Africa being regarded as the most industrially advanced country on the continent. South Africa’s entry to modern biotechnology is fairly recent, though, with companies in the private sector still in a developmental phase, and most having limited bioproduct ranges. While considerable research has been conducted in the past to attempt to define the biotechnology environment of South Africa, as yet, a concise overview is lacking. In particular, a synopsis of the biomedical or commercial health technology environment has not been forthcoming for entrepreneurs to refer to as a ‘roadmap’. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive study on the attributes that should be met for a successful, sustainable health technology venture (HTV) to be started in South Africa; while identifying the opportunities and threats that have existed in the South African market; thereby, affecting their success and sustainability to date. In this study, two phases of research were conducted. The first was a small-sampled mixed-methods (both qualitative and quantitative) study involving 21 medical devices, biogenerics, diagnostics, and contract services companies. The second was a quantitative study, involving 107 vaccines, biogenerics, therapeutics, nutraceuticals, reagents, diagnostics, medical devices, biotools, contract services and public services companies. Inferential statistical tests were conducted on the data, including Pearson’s Chi-Square, ANOVA, bivariate correlation, linear regression, logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression. From the study, the overall proportion of business sustainability for HTVs was found to be 66.7%, and at least 30% were unsustainable (or not yet at a level of sustainability). Variations were observed in the overall rate of sustainability for companies, based on their core functional classification, location, production type, size and start-up or R&D spending. By converting the observed frequencies of activity level, as an indication of sustainability, into a probability, it was possible to observe the company type that was most, and least likely to succeed in South Africa. Based on the statistical observations in this study, the HTV type most likely to succeed in South Africa, with a 63.7% probability of reaching sustainability, is a ‘vaccines’, ‘biotools’ or ‘public services’ company from Johannesburg with at least 20 employees; that has developed its goods or services internally, but manufactured externally and spent between R20 million–and–R30 million on its R&D or start-up. Conversely, least likely to succeed (3.2% probability) is a nutraceutical company from Cape Town with between six and 20 employees, that has developed and produced internally, and which has spent between R1 million–and–R10million on its start-up. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.Sc (Life Sciences)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-288). / This dissertation addresses the problems and synergies of integrating paid work with other meaningful parts of life, and avoiding pernicious choices between work and family. To do so, I examine the very structure of work organization for professional and technical employees in small and medium-sized companies in a new, knowledge-based sector of the US economy. The research questions are: What dynamics at work, related to time, boundaries, and control of schedules and work process, influence satisfaction at work and home, commitment to the work organization, well-being and gender equity? Under what conditions are supportive "work-family" practices by firms, as experienced in a day-to-day context, associated with positive outcomes at home and work? The dissertation builds on relevant aspects of industrial relations, human resources, and work process research, and scholarship concerning families, gender, and work-family boundaries. Work scholarship is incomplete without a lens that incorporates the holistic lives and concerns of the people doing the work, and family scholarship is incomplete without serious consideration of the work structures that shape family schedules, resources, conflicts, and availability for caregiving. This dissertation uses both qualitative data from 80 interviews to get an in-depth picture of respondents' lives, and a broader quantitative analysis based on an original survey with 463 professional scientists and managers. These were gathered from biopharmaceutical employees in Massachusetts during 1996-99. From the interviews I find that flexibility at work, support at home, and control at work are the key factors that contribute to satisfaction outcomes given similar levels of demands. But these are not distributed evenly by gender, company, or level of job. The survey data show that it is not only the presence of workplace policies on work-family, but the employee's day-to-day experience of whether she is free to use the policies, that contributes to positive outcomes. I introduce a concept o "perceived usability" and use multivariate regression analysis to show it is linked to control of time, pace, and place of work, to organizational commitment and "integrated satisfaction." I find that gender is the strongest stress predictor in this sample. I find that biotechnology offers unusual opportunities for gender equity at work, but a combination of traditional managerial attitudes and inequity at home erects barriers to realizing this potential. In conclusion, I argue that we cannot effectively understand organizational life and work design without considering mutually interactive effects of home and family concerns. / by Susan Catherine Eaton. / Ph.D.

This dissertation is the compilation of three separate works of research revolving around the theme of regulation of biomedical technologies that are either emerging or that have undergone significant developments over the past decade or so. Each of these three research works examines a legal response to a technological development in the areas of biotechnology and/or medicine and addresses one or more challenges - ethical, constitutional, legal or one that is related to public policy - created by that response. The first work of research, which was published in the Administrative Law Review in March 2008, examines the legality of the restrictions imposed by the administration of President George W. Bush on the funding of research involving human embryonic stem cells. Reaching the conclusion that the Bush Administration's actions were outright illegal in more than one way, the research highlights existing tensions in the division of decision-making power between the President and executive agencies and between Congress and the President. The second work of research, which was published in the Columbia Science and Technology Law Review in August 2010, reviews the regulation of genetic screening and testing of donated reproductive tissue in the United States. Analyzing the regulation in the federal, state and industry level, the research highlights significant shortcomings of the regulation of this area and, drawing on the experience of other countries, advocates the regulation of this area by the FDA. The third and last work of research of which this dissertation consists is dedicated to the examination of the newly created regime of statutory exclusivities afforded to biological pharmaceuticals under the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) as it compares to the protection afforded to such products under patent law. The research concludes that allowing biological pharmaceuticals to benefits from parallel protection under both patent law and the statutory exclusivities regime established under BPCIA does not contribute to incentivizing innovation and might have undesirable ramifications from a public policy perspective. Hence, the research proposes limiting the protection afforded to biological pharmaceutical products, namely to the protection under either patent law or BPCIA, by suspending the ability to enforce patents covering biological pharmaceuticals against generic applicants under BPCIA. In addition, the research examines the proposition that under some circumstances it would be possible to substitute patent protection for statutory exclusivities.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

¡@¡@At present, the essence situation of biotechnology industries in Taiwan lacks a market-oriented innovation system as sturdy as in advanced countries such as U.S.A., Canada, European Union, and Japan, et cetera. In the technology innovation processes including different gradations such as basic science, application research, technologies development and commercialization, all the R&D of biotechnology industries in Taiwan, ready for a innovation system, many strategies and projects with relation to R&D. However, in the commercialization gradation, having an unremarkable and approximate gap among biotechnology industries, venture capitals, authorities, academia, research institutes and corporations, with reciprocal effects to each other, that are inferior to these advanced countries. ¡@¡@The thesis research in estimating for the R&D performances of biotechnology industries in Taiwan, it makes use of the SPSS l0.0 and AMOS 5.0 for Windows to compute all raw data of sampling survey, after analyzing to demonstrate the structural equation modeling of estimating at the R&D performances of biotechnology industries of Taiwan, that the final result make sure of perfect goodness of fit for the model. The model could be transform into different structures to estimating at the R&D performances of all circles of biotechnology, to make up the gap between anticipated success and unexpected failure. ¡@¡@The conclusion reveals a special significance of business management, means that the R&D innovation system of biotechnology industries of Taiwan, should be operated in coordination with specific strategies and policies of the authorities, then certainty executing all science and technology projects to obtain the R&D performances in essence. In other words, the R&D innovation system of biotech industries of Taiwan still has many demands for investing more human resource, venture capital in R&D, having a well-arranged application for system resources, supplying the market with many well-appropriated laws and regulations, to communicating with international science and technology innovation systems in the world, et cetera. After accomplishing all as above, the R&D prospect of Taiwan¡¦s biotechnology industries will be well in the future.