Orientador: João Eduardo de Morais Pinto Furtado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Gocências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_GuilhermedeOliveira_M.pdf: 1338913 bytes, checksum: 121c420e733e47a50c8f4eb741a8082e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O advento da chamada bioeconomia está vinculado a um crescente interesse por processos e produtos ambientalmente mais amigáveis, que sejam capazes de suficientemente preservar as condições de vida em nosso planeta. Este advento implica na necessidade de uma redução quantitativa na utilização dos atuais insumos produtivos e uma alteração qualitativa nesta matriz de insumos. Pela sua grande dotação de insumos produtivos renováveis e pela experiência no uso industrial dos mesmos, o Brasil pode ocupar papel central neste contexto. Na indústria química, é exemplo deste advento a emergência das chamadas novas rotas biotecnológicas, pautadas no uso de recursos renováveis, em especial de biomassa, em contraposição ao modelo pautado no uso de recursos fósseis que, relativamente ao potencial desse método alternativo, é altamente poluente. O modelo capitaneado pelo uso de biotecnologias é representado pelas biorrefinarias, conceito paralelo ao de refinarias tradicionais que operam a base de recursos fósseis. Neste trabalho, é utilizado o termo biotecnologia branca para designar a aplicação deste tipo de tecnologia a produtos químicos, materiais e combustíveis. O advento da biotecnologia, nos termos colocados, por se constituir em um evento de ruptura com relação ao atual modelo produtivo, pode se constituir em uma oportunidade para que firmas que possuam relativamente um menor comprometimento com o modelo tradicional venham a assumir uma posição inovativa e de mercado de maior proeminência. No entanto, a existência de oportunidades desta natureza deve ser vista com ressalvas, já que alguns ativos e competências constituídos no modelo anterior continuam possuem grande valor para realização de atividades inovativas e de produção em biotecnologia branca. Este trabalho buscou analisar, em grande medida apoiado em indicadores derivados de patentes, o posicionamento estratégico de firmas brasileiras - Braskem e Petrobras - para aproveitamento destas oportunidades, frente ao de grandes concorrentes internacionais. A renovação do portfólio de competências e ativos, em consonância com o conceito de estratégias de exploration, é um dos principais meios pelos quais os líderes incumbentes podem consolidar suas posições, mesmo em face de um evento de ruptura que solape algumas de suas vantagens competitivas. Como conclusão, a análise dos indicadores construídos revelou que as firmas brasileiras encontram-se mal posicionadas para aproveitamento das oportunidades derivadas do avento da biotecnologia branca, apesar de que a simples existência de patentes desta natureza de propriedade destas firmas revela a construção, mesmo que incipiente, de capacidades dinâmicas. As firmas brasileiras ocupam uma posição marginal na hierarquia inovativa relacionada a estas tecnologias, de modo que, apesar da existência da janela de oportunidades, o baixo acúmulo de ativos e competências impossibilita que estas firmas a aproveitem de forma mais robusta / Abstract: The advent of so-called bio-economy is linked to a growing interest in processes and products more environmentally friendly, which are able to sufficiently preserve the conditions of life on our planet. This advent implies the need of a quantitative reduction and a qualitative change in the use of production inputs. For its large endowment of renewable productive inputs and its experience in industrial use of them, Brazil may occupy a central role in this context. In the chemical industry, it is example of this advent the emergency of the new biotechnological routes, which are governed by the use of renewable resources, especially biomass, that is less polluting of the model based on the use of fossil resources. The model captained by the use of biotechnology is represented by biorefineries, that is a parallel concept of the traditional refineries that operating based on fossil resources. In this paper, we use the term white biotechnology to describe the application of this technology to chemicals products, materials and fuels. The advent of biotechnology, as it constitutes an event of breaking up with the current production model, can serve as an opportunity for firms that have relatively less commitment to the traditional model to assume an innovative and market position of greater prominence. However, the existence of such opportunities must be look with caution, since some assets and competencies established in the previous model still have great value for development of innovative activity and production in white biotechnology. This study sought to analyze, largely supported by indicators derived from patents, the strategic positioning of firms in Brazil - Braskem and Petrobras - to take advantage of these opportunities, compared to large international competitors. The renewal of the portfolio of skills and assets, in line with the concept of exploration strategies, is a major means by which incumbent leaders can consolidate their positions, even in the face of a rupture event that will possible undermine some of its competitive advantages. In conclusion, the analysis of indicators constructed revealed that Brazilian firms are poorly placed to take advantage of opportunities created by white biotechnology advent, despite the mere existence of such patent ownership by these firms reveals the building, even if incipient, of dynamic capabilities. Brazilian firms occupy a marginal position in the innovative hierarchy with respect to these technologies when measured by the strength of their patent portfolio, so that, despite the existence of a window of opportunity, they seem to be poorly prepared for their catch / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Orientador: Maria Conceição da Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osada_NeideMayumi_D.pdf: 3916060 bytes, checksum: 312401d6784e75b7ae0293de5a3f97c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A biologia molecular contribuiu decisivamente para os avanços na produção do conhecimento em genética humana, possibilitando aos cientistas e pesquisadores conhecer e manipular o corpo humano e as doenças genéticas sob a inédita perspectiva biomolecular. Esse conjunto de mudanças tecnocientíficas não se limitou ao campo da pesquisa, repercutindo na economia com a criação de uma indústria de biotecnologia, nas políticas de saúde, na produção e distribuição do novo conhecimento e na mobilização de pacientes. A partir da segunda metade dos anos 1980, analistas dos ESCT preocupados com as mudanças em torno da saúde, denominaram esse conjunto de mudanças de biomedicalização. Inspirado nessa abordagem, o objetivo deste trabalho será analisar o lugar dos laboratórios públicos de pesquisa na constituição desse processo, sinalizando para as singularidades do fenômeno no Brasil e avaliando a percepção de pacientes e familiares diante dessas mudanças. A metodologia de pesquisa apoiou-se principalmente nas observações de laboratório, realizada em quatro laboratórios do Centro de Genética Humana (CGH), entrevistas semiestruturadas com pesquisadores do Centro, acompanhamento de sessões de atendimentos aos pacientes do CGH e visitas a centros de atendimento a crianças especiais. A pesquisa acompanhou parte da descrição de uma nova doença genética denominada síndrome S. e o cotidiano de atividades de dois laboratórios dedicados aos estudos da síndrome da distrofia muscular e à elaboração de terapias para a doença. Na elaboração da síndrome S., analisei a participação dos diversos atores envolvidos no processo de descrição, na comprovação da doença por meio das ferramentas da biologia molecular e nos efeitos produzidos sobre os pacientes a partir do discurso de cientistas sobre genes doentes e formas de transmissão da doença. As duas doenças estudadas indicam que os laboratórios públicos de pesquisa ocupam um lugar privilegiado no processo de biomedicalização. Indicam também que esses laboratórios são fundamentais na distribuição desse conhecimento aos pacientes, seja pela área de atendimentos aos pacientes do CGH, seja pela distribuição do conhecimento (teste diagnóstico, terapia ou protocolos de aconselhamento genético, por exemplo) pela rede do sistema público de saúde. Percebeu-se também que as pesquisas realizadas nesses recintos estão incentivando pacientes a compreender a noção de risco e a assumir responsabilidades. Ao conhecer o risco genético, que pacientes e familiares carregam em seus corpos, pacientes e pesquisadores se alinharam combinando interesses e compartilhando experiências individuais / Abstract: Molecular Biology has contributed to the advance of knowledge production in human genetics, thus enabling scientists and researchers to learn about and manipulate the human body and genetic diseases from a biomolecular perspective. These technoscientific changes - which have not been limited to the research field- are producing transformations in the economy (largely due to the biotechnology industry), in the public health arena, the production and distribution of scientific knowledge, and in the public perception about those changes in health. In order to understand this new intellectual environment (that took root in the late 1980s), STS scholars have named this process "biomedicalization." Inspired by this process, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the roles played by the public laboratories in the process of biomedicalization, to look for the singularities of this process in Brazil, and to understand patient and family perspectives on this issue. The research methodology for this work consisted of a combination of laboratory participant observations, semi-structured interviews with researchers from the Center for Human Genetics (CHG), observations of the medical and genetic care at CHG, and visits to care centers for children with special needs, hospitals, and human genetics laboratories. This research focused on the development of Muscular Dystrophy therapies, as well as the nature of a new genetic disease named Syndrome S. During the study of these two disorders, I became interested in analyzing the social meanings produced by those diseases in the fields of genetic and molecular biology in the production of therapies for muscular dystrophy and related diseases, and in the various places occupied by patients in this process of change. In the construction of syndrome S., I have analyzed the participation of different actors, the process of description and confirmation of this new disease through molecular biological tools, the perceptions assumed by scientists and patients when the gene locus was identified, and the relations formulated among patients and researchers. The analysis of these two diseases suggests that public laboratories occupy a privileged place in the process of biomedicalization, suggesting that a large part of the process has been boosted with public resources by the State. The studies conducted also suggest that patients are becoming more aware of their genetic risks and responsibilities. One of the effects about this idea has been the mobilization of patients and families in creating and engaging in patients' associations. It seems that individual experience of illness are provoking a movement to align interests from scientists and patients, to the disease collectivity, and to generate new strategies for dealing with the disease / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica

D.Comm. / The mission of the research is to design a South African biotechnology business model that could be widely embraced by various biotechnology enterprises. The business model advises biotechnology enterprises on the applicable strategy to follow and addresses both internal and external factors important to biotechnology enterprises. Contrary to common beliefs, biotechnology has been utilised for thousands of years. The biotechnology markets in the United States, Europe, Canada and Asia/Pacific are increasingly moving operations beyond country borders to achieve business efficiency. A South African biotechnology strategy has been drafted and various organisations have been established to assist with the development of the industry. Aligning the information technology and knowledge management strategy to the overall business and operational strategies is crucial. The model information technology infrastructure will integrate key administrative, clinical and financial data and make it available to all researchers during the life-cycle, but in such a way that the speed-to-market for the new products being developed is much faster. Information technology outsourcing and grid computing have emerged as key solutions to solve shortage of information technology skills and generate vast capacity in the industry. Knowledge management forms the foundation of biotechnology organisations. The biotech culture must foster knowledge transfer and sharing. Employees in return must foster the behaviour created by the culture, and must importantly work in groups such as communities of practice to achieve applicable goals. Technology is the enabler of the knowledge management process and the corresponding architecture must allow the people to follow the culture of a knowledge sharing and transfer culture. The strategic management process of a biotechnology organisation is critical. Collaboration activities in the biotechnology industry have increased substantially over recent years to represent a contemporary management issue that needs to be managed by the strategic management process. Innovative biotechnology organisations will stay ahead by introducing new products prior to their rivals and consolidate a strong market position by adopting corporate and collaborative growth strategies. The aim of the empirical research is to identify the respondents' views on a number of strategic factors crucial to a biotechnology organisation and how it will influence the business model. Externally, market conditions, biotech categories and regulatory conditions influence the market outlook for South African biotech enterprises. Internally, information technology, knowledge management, human resources, enterprise structure, customers, productivity and growth strategies influence the shape of the enterprise. Based on all of these factors, recommendations are made to the industry on the external and internal factors of a business model and on specific areas that require further research.

The core of biotechnological industry is biomedical products which are related to health and life and need clinical trial. Laboratory data are collected during different stages of clinical trial. Laboratory data are provided by laboratories which are accreditated internationally. Most of medical laboratories in Taiwan are not accreditated. This exploratory research is to understand the change of healthcare envirovement and the stratege of accreditation to be taken when we develop the biotechnological industry which needs to be accreditated. We used questionare as a tool and mailed 616 and received 152. The statistical methods are descriptive and nonparametrical statistics. The results show as following: 94.7% of the responders agreed to have Taiwanese own medical laboratory accreditation system which should be approved by the Department of Health. The surveyors of hospital accreditation are appraised. Most of the responders (89.5%) did not agree the replacement of professional peer review by physicians without clinical laboratory training. The quality and quantity of CNLA surveyors need to be improved. Continous quality improvement gets concensus of the responders. The certification of accreditation shall connect to the payment system of national health insurance but does not equal to good clinical laboratory. Most of the responders (88.8%) recognized that implementing medical laboratory accreditation system is a part of organization learning. ISO 15189 medical laboratory accreditation is the first choice of the responders (50.7%) and CAP-LAP is the second (28.3%). The reasons for implementing and not implementing medical laboratory accreditation system are improving quality and the change of hospital accreditation, and just applying hospital accreditation and not required by law. Key words¡Ghospital accreditation, ISO 15189:2003, CAP-LAP, program for improving biotechnology industries, contract research organization, business strategy, organization learning.

In the past century, the scope of patentable objects has greatly expanded. Patents are now being granted on living organisms, human biological material and genes. What are the consequences of such practices for scientific research and health care? One of the fundamental philosophical questions behind this issue is the following: are we justified in patenting human genetic material? An examination of the traditional philosophical justification of intellectual property will allow us to critically explore whether or not this practice is ethically justifiable. It will be argued that the consequentialist justification of intellectual property requires, in this present case, that we modify the patent regimes in order to maximise social benefits and minimize public burdens.

No description available.

The following dissertation is a series of three essays in behavioral/experimental and labor economics: (1) Information Asymmetry in Job Search, (2) Minority Turnout and Representation under Cumulative Voting. An Experiment, and (3) Networks and Labor Mobility: A Study of LinkedIn Profiles in the Biotechnology Sector. Standard models of rational job search assume agents know the distribution of offered wages when deciding which jobs to accept. In Chapter 1, coauthored with Kai Zen, I test if incorrect beliefs about wages affect real-world job search behavior in a field experiment with 1100 senior-year undergraduate students in the graduating Class of 2023 at the University of California, Berkeley. Partnering with the Career Center, we present personalized information graphics on school-and-major-specific salary distributions to students in the treatment group. We first document novel evidence that even prior to labor market entry, errors exist in wage beliefs – some students overestimate the available distribution, while others underestimate the available distribution. Post-treatment, we find that students treated with correct information update their beliefs towards the truth, and this is reflected in changes in reservation wages. At the end of the school year, we find that in comparison to the control group, students who increased their reservation wage after treatment had higher total and base salaries conditional on employment, a result significant at the 5% level. However, these same students had a lower, but imprecisely estimated likelihood of being employed by June post-graduation. An opposite but symmetric effect occurred for students who decreased their reservation wage. Our results are consistent with job search models where workers with more optimistic expectations wait longer to accept a job, but accept higher wages. We compare our experimental estimates to simulated moments from the model and find that the mean experimental effect is close to the model in magnitude under reasonable parameters. Our paper suggests an economically important role for errors in beliefs about labor market conditions and shows the effectiveness of a light-touch information intervention on employment and earnings for first-time job seekers. Chapter 2, coauthored with Alessandra Casella and Jeffrey Guo, asks how an alternative voting system can increase the voter turnout and representation of minorities. Under majoritarian election systems, securing the participation and representation of minorities remains an open problem, made salient in the US by its history of voter suppression. One remedy recommended by the courts is the adoption of Cumulative Voting (CV) in multi-member districts: each voter has as many votes as open positions but can cumulate votes on as few candidates as desired. Historical experiences are promising but also reflect episodes of minority activism. We present the results of a controlled lab experiment that isolates the role of the voting rule from other confounds. Although each voter is treated equally, theory predicts that CV should increase the minority's turnout relative to the majority and the minority's share of seats won. Our experimental results strongly support both theoretical predictions. In Chapter 3, using LinkedIn profiles data on the biotechnology sector, it is possible to construct a measure of individuals' networks based on coworkers within the same firm and location. Exploiting such a measure, I intend to test the impact of network size on future employment in the biotechnology sector, which has frequent employee turnover due to unanticipated clinical trial failures. In doing so, I seek to answer the following question: Do larger or higher-quality networks cushion against negative employment shocks? According to preliminary evidence, connections help workers find jobs more quickly. Currently, the network measure is imperfect, the data set on which the preliminary results are based is small, and the assumptions underlying the statistical analysis can be questioned. However, all three limitations can be overcome. I highlight in this chapter the steps to be taken to do so.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the efforts of stakeholders in a regional innovation system (RIS) to reconstruct the system to enable the development of the nascent biotechnology industry in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Various institutions and organisations played a crucial role in effecting these changes. One of the most important changes involved legislation that altered the role that universities play in bridging the gap between research outputs and reaping commercial benefits from such outputs. Following the logic of the regional innovation system, the study focused on the institutional changes, the mechanisms employed to bridge this gap (from creating spin-off firms, and licensing technologies based on university research, to designing programmes to support the development of bio-entrepreneurs). For a comparative perspective from another region that arrived on the biotechnology scene relatively late, the study includes a section on university spin-offs in biotechnology from Hong Kong universities. Since all the efforts to effect the changes to the RIS that would enhance the growth of this promising industry are relatively new, the study faced the usual problems associated with pioneering developments, such as small samples, a complete lack of databases, etc. For this reason, the questionnaire survey and case study methods were used throughout the study. Starting from the general to the specific, the thesis is divided into four complementary parts. Part I comprises the general literature survey and rationale for the study, while Part II narrows the focus to the organisations and mechanisms that connect knowledge creation and knowledge exploitation in the regional context in the Western Cape, South Africa and Hong Kong, China. Part III evaluates early efforts at building a bridge from science to business in the form of bio-entrepreneurship programmes. Part IV takes a micro view, tracking the evolution of biotechnology spin-offs from Western Cape universities, and highlighting the role that institutional changes played in the genesis, growth and, unfortunately, demise of some biotechnology spin-offs. The last section concludes. Throughout the study a familiar refrain repeated itself with respect to the challenges faced by new spin-offs, namely the perennial culprits of a lack of appropriate skills, and funding. From our study, bearing in mind the small scale and the danger of generalisations, it would seem as if the reconstruction of the RIS and related changes in the national innovation system (NIS1) did not generate the results that the strategy hoped for (at least in the Western Cape, the focus of our study). A beam of light is the relative success achieved with the development and implementation of a bio-entrepreneurship training programme, which laid the foundation to build a more sustainable bridge between the science of biotechnology and the commercial world where the wealth creation opportunities reside.

O aprofundamento da especialização produtiva em cada porção do espaço geográfico e a integração territorial de todo o sistema econômico, produtos do capitalismo contemporâneo, traz a possibilidade da unificação de setores industriais mediante o uso de redes de transporte, comercialização e acesso instantâneo a informações. Sob esse aspecto, discutiu-se o circuito espacial produtivo das vacinas no Brasil e seus respectivos círculos de cooperação; especificamente, a indústria de base química e biotecnológica produtoras e dispersoras dos vários tipos de vacinas para uso humano, cuja concepção, pesquisa, produção, comercialização e distribuição são realizadas por vários tipos de instituições: públicas, privadas, organizações não governamentais, Estados e instituições como a Organização Mundial da Saúde (parte dos sistemas da Organização dos Estados Americanos e da Organização das Nações Unidas) e, de acordo com as peculiaridades de cada agente, cada qual foi responsável pela elaboração de normas e políticas que precederam as técnicas e a organização do circuito espacial produtivo. A vacina contra a Influenza A H1N1 foi escolhida para problematizar e aprofundar a análise da dinâmica do circuito espacial produtivo, por ser um evento inédito no que tange a sua concepção e ação de vacinação global para combater a primeira pandemia do século XXI. / The current corporate capitalism bases the deepening production specialization in each portion of geographical space and territorial integration of the entire economic system. Then there is the concrete possibility of unification of industrial sectors, through the use of transport networks, commercialization networks and access to information instantly. According to this dynamic, we present this research results on fixed health vaccine producers in Brazil and around the globe, more specifically the basic chemical and biotechnology industry producers and dispersers of several and distinct types of vaccines, setting real productive spatial circuits of this product with their circles of cooperation consisting of public and private institutions.

O sistema de patentes como hoje está estruturado enfrenta enormes desafios para atingir metas de acesso ao conhecimento, inovação tecnológica e desenvolvimento sustentável tanto no âmbito nacional quanto internacional. Este estudo propõe uma revisão jurídica do sistema de patentes na perspectiva de países em desenvolvimento. As áreas farmacêutica e biotecnológica serão priorizadas por meio da análise de patentes de invenção a fim de verificar suas imperfeições e falhas sob o ponto de vista jurídico. Justifica-se a escolha dessas áreas pelos impactos que causam a temas como: acesso a medicamentos e novas terapias médicas, direitos humanos e desenvolvimento. Instrumentos jurídicos tradicionais para a proteção da propriedade intelectual devem ser analisados e conformados aos novos instrumentos que surgem como resposta à crise de acesso ao conhecimento e à redução do domínio público, portanto, como propostas para uma nova era de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Desse modo, o diálogo entre os diversos sistemas jurídicos compõe um plano maior de desenvolvimento sustentável e demonstra a interdisciplinaridade do tema. A análise sistêmica e jurídica considera, ainda, o papel dos diversos atores Estados, universidades, empresas, organizações internacionais, ONGs e indivíduos , bem como possibilita a adoção de modelos diferenciados de negócios, primando pela cooperação internacional e nacional como forma de obter melhores resultados, diminuir riscos e ampliar o acesso ao conhecimento. Sugere-se uma abordagem criativa e voltada ao desenvolvimento e acesso ao conhecimento para a construção de uma nova era dos direitos imateriais. A análise será realizada a partir da perspectiva de países em desenvolvimento, especificamente países inovativos em desenvolvimento Brasil, China, Índia e África do Sul para que reformas jurídicas e estruturais possam garantir as necessidades locais, por meio de um modelo de propriedade intelectual voltado ao desenvolvimento e não apenas ao mercado e reafirmar o posicionamento estratégico desses países na economia global. Destarte, priorizar o foro multilateral do comércio internacional sob a égide da OMC e do Acordo TRIPS, em detrimento do bilateral que distorce as regras comerciais internacionais e prejudica países em desenvolvimento é fundamental. Complementarmente, promover uma governança global entre as organizações internacionais é essencial para a criação de um sistema de patentes equilibrado e que atenda aos interesses públicos e privados. Também, a exportação de altos padrões de proteção e a permissividade quanto aos critérios de patenteabilidade devem ser vistas com cautela por países em desenvolvimento. É necessário promover o diálogo entre direitos imateriais e direito ao desenvolvimento, direitos humanos e direito da inovação para garantir que direitos imateriais sejam uma ferramenta para atingir objetivos de acesso ao conhecimento, desenvolvimento e inovação. Propõe-se uma abordagem funcionalista e não proprietária da propriedade intelectual e o estudo crítico de direitos imateriais, desde a adequação do vocábulo propriedade até suas justificativas, funções e natureza. / The patent system as currently structured is facing enormous challenges to achieve goals of access to knowledge, technological innovation and sustainable development both nationally and internationally. This study proposes a legal review of the patent system from the perspective of developing countries. The pharmaceutical and biotechnological areas will be prioritized through the analysis of patents in order to verify their imperfections and failures under a legal perspective. The choice for these areas is justified by the impacts caused in issues such as: access to medicines and new medical therapies, human rights and development. Former legal instruments for the protection of intellectual property must be reviewed and conformed to the new instruments that arise as a response to the crisis of access to knowledge and the public domain reduction, so as proposals for a new era of intellectual property rights. Thus, the dialogue among different legal systems makes up a larger plan for sustainable development and demonstrates the interdisciplinarity of this subject. The systemic and legal analysis also considers the role of various actors - states, universities, industries, international organizations, NGOs and individuals - and enables the adoption of different business models, striving for national and international cooperation as a way to get better results, reduce risks and increase access to knowledge. It is suggested a creative approach and focused on development and access to knowledge issues for the construction of a new era of intellectual property rights The study will be performed from the perspective of developing countries, particularly innovative developing countries Brazil, China, India and South Africa in order to ensure that the legal and structural reforms may guarantee local needs based in an intellectual property model driven to development and not only to the market, reaffirming the strategic positioning of these countries in the global economy. Thus, prioritizing the multilateral international trade forum under the aegis of WTO and TRIPS Agreement, in detriment of bilateral rules that distorts the international trade rules and damages developing countries are fundamental strategies. In addition, to promote a global governance of international organizations is essential to create a patent system that is balanced and meets the public and private interests. Also the exportation of high protection standards and the permissiveness regarding patentability criteria must be viewed with caution by developing countries. It is necessary to promote a dialogue among intellectual property rights and right to development, human rights and innovation rights in order to ensure that immaterial rights are a tool to achieve the goals of access to knowledge, development and innovation. It is proposed an \"instrumentalist\" approach and not \"proprietarian\" approach of intellectual property and the critical study of immaterial rights, since from the adequacy of the term \"property\" to their justifications, functions and nature.