The locomotion robots have wheeled, biped, quadruped and so on. Walking robot may not move faster or more popular than wheeled robot. But walking robot is a good assistant to pass through the rough roadway and to explore unknown landforms. The advantages of walking robot have: mobility, walking in danger environment, across obstacles, up stairs and down stairs and nimbleness. These difficulties environment are the obstacles for the wheeled robot. Today, many robots are designed to make up for human body and ability. Application in explore the outer space, to relieve the victims of a disaster, to move work, to offer greater convenience to the people, housekeeper, to substitute for handicapped limbs and so on. In the thesis, we analyze the gait of biped robot. Biped robot arrive a destination rapidly in the limit environment. Biped can use turning motion gait to bypass obstacles. We purpose to maintain motion velocity of biped robot and come out the speed and stride distance of the biped robot. The studies have: biped robot turning design, planning humanoid motion gait and experiment motion gait.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo simplificado dos membros inferiores de um robô bípede, composto basicamente por uma cintura, dois fêmures, duas tíbias e dois pés. A estrutura mecânica do modelo em questão, possui seis graus de liberdade e tem as dimensões aproximadas de um ser humano de estrutura mediana. Seu sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias é desenvolvido utilizando funcionalidades disponíveis no Robot Operating System (ROS), porém ao contrário da maioria dos controladores existentes no ROS, este projeto propõe implementar um pacote contendo um controlador multivariável (multi-input, multi-output (MIMO)), utilizando a técnica de controle por torque calculado. Para a geração de trajetórias das pernas do robô, implementam-se três tipos diferentes de geração, a interpolação linear, cubica e de quinto grau. Para os testes de validação do sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias utiliza-se o simulador Gazebo. / This work presents the development of a simplified model of a biped robot’s lower limbs, composed basically by the waist, two femurs, two tibia and two feet. The model’s mechanical structure has six degree of freedom and its dimensions are comparable to a human being’s body. Its control and trajectory generation systems are developed making use of some features available in the Robot Operation System (ROS) tool. However, contrary to most of the controllers offered by ROS, this project suggests the implementation of a new package, including a MIMO (multi-input multi-output) controller, making use of the calculated torque technique. As for the trajectory generation system, three different methodologies are applied of the interpolation: linear, cubic and polynomial quintic. To validate both control and trajectory generation systems, the Gazebo simulator is used.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo simplificado dos membros inferiores de um robô bípede, composto basicamente por uma cintura, dois fêmures, duas tíbias e dois pés. A estrutura mecânica do modelo em questão, possui seis graus de liberdade e tem as dimensões aproximadas de um ser humano de estrutura mediana. Seu sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias é desenvolvido utilizando funcionalidades disponíveis no Robot Operating System (ROS), porém ao contrário da maioria dos controladores existentes no ROS, este projeto propõe implementar um pacote contendo um controlador multivariável (multi-input, multi-output (MIMO)), utilizando a técnica de controle por torque calculado. Para a geração de trajetórias das pernas do robô, implementam-se três tipos diferentes de geração, a interpolação linear, cubica e de quinto grau. Para os testes de validação do sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias utiliza-se o simulador Gazebo. / This work presents the development of a simplified model of a biped robot’s lower limbs, composed basically by the waist, two femurs, two tibia and two feet. The model’s mechanical structure has six degree of freedom and its dimensions are comparable to a human being’s body. Its control and trajectory generation systems are developed making use of some features available in the Robot Operation System (ROS) tool. However, contrary to most of the controllers offered by ROS, this project suggests the implementation of a new package, including a MIMO (multi-input multi-output) controller, making use of the calculated torque technique. As for the trajectory generation system, three different methodologies are applied of the interpolation: linear, cubic and polynomial quintic. To validate both control and trajectory generation systems, the Gazebo simulator is used.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo simplificado dos membros inferiores de um robô bípede, composto basicamente por uma cintura, dois fêmures, duas tíbias e dois pés. A estrutura mecânica do modelo em questão, possui seis graus de liberdade e tem as dimensões aproximadas de um ser humano de estrutura mediana. Seu sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias é desenvolvido utilizando funcionalidades disponíveis no Robot Operating System (ROS), porém ao contrário da maioria dos controladores existentes no ROS, este projeto propõe implementar um pacote contendo um controlador multivariável (multi-input, multi-output (MIMO)), utilizando a técnica de controle por torque calculado. Para a geração de trajetórias das pernas do robô, implementam-se três tipos diferentes de geração, a interpolação linear, cubica e de quinto grau. Para os testes de validação do sistema de controle e de geração de trajetórias utiliza-se o simulador Gazebo. / This work presents the development of a simplified model of a biped robot’s lower limbs, composed basically by the waist, two femurs, two tibia and two feet. The model’s mechanical structure has six degree of freedom and its dimensions are comparable to a human being’s body. Its control and trajectory generation systems are developed making use of some features available in the Robot Operation System (ROS) tool. However, contrary to most of the controllers offered by ROS, this project suggests the implementation of a new package, including a MIMO (multi-input multi-output) controller, making use of the calculated torque technique. As for the trajectory generation system, three different methodologies are applied of the interpolation: linear, cubic and polynomial quintic. To validate both control and trajectory generation systems, the Gazebo simulator is used.

A análise da marcha humana é um dos principais recursos que podem ser utilizados no estudo e tratamento de patologias que envolvem o aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho visa o projeto e a construção de um robô bípede antropomórfico para ser, juntamente com um laboratório de marcha, uma ferramenta de auxílio aos profissionais da saúde na análise da marcha humana. O robô construído é capaz de reproduzir, de uma forma assistida, padrões de marcha reais, cujos dados são previamente adquiridos por um laboratório de marcha. As características dimensionais e cinemáticas desse robô são semelhantes às de um corpo humano. Dessa forma, a escolha das dimensões dos membros do robô e das faixas de movimentação de suas articulações foi baseada em dados provenientes de corpos humanos. Além disso, para garantir uma semelhança ainda maior com o corpo humano, um mecanismo paralelo foi selecionado para ser o responsável pelos movimentos das articulações do tornozelo e do quadril. Um sistema de sensoriamento barato, baseado em sensores de inclinação e de contato, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a reprodução da marcha humana por parte do robô. Agora, para acionar o robô, servo motores controlados por sinais PWM foram utilizados. Esse trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo dinâmico tridimensional do robô que considera a sua interação com o solo. / The analysis of the human gait is one of the main resources that can be used in studies and treatment of pathologies which involve the locomotor system. The goal of this research is to design and to build an anthropomorphic biped robot to be used as a tool that could help health professionals to study the human gait. Once built, the robot can reproduce in an assisted way, real gait patterns based on datas that were previously acquired by a gait laboratory. The dimensionals and kinematics traits of this robot are alike to the human body. Therefore the choice of the limb dimensions from the robot and the bustle ranges of its articulations were based on datas originated in human bodies. Beyond this and to guarantee a great similarity to the human body a parallel mechanism was selected to be the responsible for the articulations movements of the ankle and hip. A cheap sensor system based on tilt and contact sensors was developed to evaluate the reproduction of the human gait by the robot. To operate the robot servo-motors controlled by PWM signals were used. This study also presents the development of a three-dimensional dynamic model of the robot that considers its interaction with the ground.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18946号 / 工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1614 / 31897 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 泉田 啓, 教授 藤本 健治, 教授 松野 文俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

A análise da marcha humana é um dos principais recursos que podem ser utilizados no estudo e tratamento de patologias que envolvem o aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho visa o projeto e a construção de um robô bípede antropomórfico para ser, juntamente com um laboratório de marcha, uma ferramenta de auxílio aos profissionais da saúde na análise da marcha humana. O robô construído é capaz de reproduzir, de uma forma assistida, padrões de marcha reais, cujos dados são previamente adquiridos por um laboratório de marcha. As características dimensionais e cinemáticas desse robô são semelhantes às de um corpo humano. Dessa forma, a escolha das dimensões dos membros do robô e das faixas de movimentação de suas articulações foi baseada em dados provenientes de corpos humanos. Além disso, para garantir uma semelhança ainda maior com o corpo humano, um mecanismo paralelo foi selecionado para ser o responsável pelos movimentos das articulações do tornozelo e do quadril. Um sistema de sensoriamento barato, baseado em sensores de inclinação e de contato, foi desenvolvido para avaliar a reprodução da marcha humana por parte do robô. Agora, para acionar o robô, servo motores controlados por sinais PWM foram utilizados. Esse trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo dinâmico tridimensional do robô que considera a sua interação com o solo. / The analysis of the human gait is one of the main resources that can be used in studies and treatment of pathologies which involve the locomotor system. The goal of this research is to design and to build an anthropomorphic biped robot to be used as a tool that could help health professionals to study the human gait. Once built, the robot can reproduce in an assisted way, real gait patterns based on datas that were previously acquired by a gait laboratory. The dimensionals and kinematics traits of this robot are alike to the human body. Therefore the choice of the limb dimensions from the robot and the bustle ranges of its articulations were based on datas originated in human bodies. Beyond this and to guarantee a great similarity to the human body a parallel mechanism was selected to be the responsible for the articulations movements of the ankle and hip. A cheap sensor system based on tilt and contact sensors was developed to evaluate the reproduction of the human gait by the robot. To operate the robot servo-motors controlled by PWM signals were used. This study also presents the development of a three-dimensional dynamic model of the robot that considers its interaction with the ground.

Rhythmic motion is ubiquitous in nature and technology. Various motions of organisms like the heart beating and walking require stable periodic execution. The stability of the rhythmic execution of human movement can be altered by neurological or orthopedic impairment. In robotics, successful development of legged robots heavily depends on the stability of the controlled limit-cycle. An accurate measure of the stability of rhythmic execution is critical to the diagnosis of several performed tasks like walking in human locomotion. Floquet multipliers have been widely used to assess the stability of a periodic motion. The conventional approach to extract the Floquet multipliers from actual data depends on the least squares method. We devise a new way to measure the Floquet multipliers with reduced bias and estimate orbital stability more accurately. We show that the conventional measure of the orbital stability has bias in the presence of noise, which is inevitable in every experiment and observation. Compared with previous method, the new method substantially reduces the bias, providing acceptable estimate of the orbital stability with fewer cycles even with different noise distributions or higher or lower noise levels. The new method can provide an unbiased estimate of orbital stability within a reasonably small number of cycles. This is important for experiments with human subjects or clinical evaluation of patients that require effective assessment of locomotor stability in planning rehabilitation programs. / Graduate / 2018-11-22

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18946号 / 工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1614(附属図書館) / 31897 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 泉田 啓, 教授 藤本 健治, 教授 松野 文俊 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cette thèse porte sur le développement de lois de commande pour la marche desrobots bipèdes. Le sous actionnement engendré par le basculement, volontaire ouinvolontaire, du pied en appui sur le sol représente une difficulté majeure. Nousabordons ce problème par l’étude de robots plans avec pieds ponctuels.La première partie de la thèse est une compilation des informations issuesde la littérature que nous avons jugées intéressantes. Nous traitons dans unpremier temps de la modélisation adoptée, puis effectuons une revue des différentesméthodes existantes, et présentons la mise en oeuvre expérimentale de l’une d’entre elle : la méthode HZD.Dans une deuxième partie, nous procédons à une étude de la dissipation relativede l’énergie cinétique du robot lorsque le pied impacte le sol. Nous utilisons les résultats issus de cette étude pour planifier des trajectoires de marche dissipant peu d’énergie. De telles trajectoires ont a priori le mérite de préserver la structure du robot et de générer moins de bruit. A contrario, des trajectoires dissipant la majorité de l’énergie du robot sont utilisées pour un arrêt rapide. Une étude numérique a montré que ces résultats sont robustes à des incertitudes de modèle.Enfin, dans une dernière partie, afin de compenser les difficultés liées au sousactionnement, nous proposons d’utiliser le degré de liberté supplémentaire offert par un changement de l’échelle de temps dans les équations de la dynamique (Time Scaling) pour la classe de robots considérée. En utilisant par ailleurs un changement de coordonnées et de feedback, nous dérivons de nouvelles formes normales exactes et approximatives. / This thesis addresses the general problem of the walking control of biped robots. The foot of the robot in contact with the ground may tip over and cause the robot to be undercatuated. This is a major difficulty in term of control. This problem is addressed by considering planar biped robots with point feet.In a first part, we present a standard way of modeling such systems, a litterature review of the existing methods, and then report experimental results of the walking control of a biped robot using the HZD method.In a second part, we perform an analytic and numeric study of the relativekinetic energy dissipation when the foot of the robot impacts the ground. Usingthis study, we design trajectories with low energy dissipation at impact, which a priori result in gaits preserving the hardware of the robot and causing less noise. On the contrary, trajectories dissipating almost all the kinetic energy are used to quickly stop the robot.Finally, in an attempt to alleviate the burden due to underactuation, we proposeto investigate the additional degree of freedom provided, in the control design, by a change of time scale in the dynamic equations (Time-Scaling) for the considered class of biped robots. Using feedback transformations, we derive new exact and approximative normal forms.