Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Background: Satisfaction with the care mothers receive during child-birth is known to have a very strong influence on their future use of facility-based care during child-birth. Women and children continue to die from complications associated with pregnancy and child-birth and the majority of the causes that lead to mortality are related to labour and delivery. For this reason it is imperative for mothers to access facility-based child-birth care to receive skilled birth care. Mothers report dissatisfaction with facility-based child-birth care as one of the reasons for home births without skilled attendants. The presence of the skilled birth attendants is known to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rates because of their ability to diagnose any early complications, and to intervene appropriately. Aim: The aim of the current study was to develop an in-service training programme for midwives to provide patient-centred child-birth care that would increase client satisfaction with child-birth care. Method and findings: The intervention research model by Rothman and Thomas (1994) – Design and development (D & D) – was used as the research framework. Only the first four of the six phases of the D & D model were applied in this study. In the first phase, a situational analysis was done using a qualitative study. The expectations, experiences, and satisfaction with child-birth care of antenatal and postnatal mothers, were explored. The research was conducted in four health institutions within the Kumasi Metropolis. Between 12 and 15 participants were purposively sampled in each hospital. Data were collected by means of individual in-depth interviews using an interview guide and data were analysed using content analysis. The study found that mothers expected to receive respectful care and safe care. Mothers had encouraging experiences and discouraging experiences during their child-birth care. The discouraging experiences did not align with their expectations of care, leading to dissatisfaction with child-birth care. In the second phase of the study an integrative literature review was conducted to identify evidence-based best practices to deal with client dissatisfaction with health care. The integrative literature review indicated that in-service training was commonly used as best-practice to improve health professionals' knowledge, skills and attitudes towards work and consequently to improve health outcomes for patients, including client satisfaction. In the third phase of the study, the in-service training programme to enhance patient-centred care was developed using Chinn and Kramer (2005) guidelines for programme development and steps to programme development by Management Sciences for Health (2012). The fourth phase entailed an assessment of feasibility and usability of the in-service training programme using 6 midwives in a district Hospital. The procedure was guided by the I-Tech Technical Implementation guide (2010). The outcomes of the assessment was used to refine and revise the developed in-service training programme. Conclusion: This study sought to develop an intervention to increase client satisfaction with child-birth care service by engaging the following processes in phases: • Assessing the expectations and experiences of mothers about child-birth care services. • An integrative literature review for evidence-based best practice to tackle client dissatisfaction with health care. • Designing a patient-centred care in-service training programme together with experts in the field of maternal and child health. • As assessment of feasibility and usability of the in-service training programme by means of a pilot test to refine the programme. Recommendations: It was recommended among others that, the study is carried out on a national scale to cover all administrative regions of Ghana. It is further recommended that the study findings and the programme developed form part of the continuous professional assessment course requirement for nurses and midwives.

As transformações no modelo de assistência ao parto e nascimento e a criação de Centros de Parto Normal (CPN) no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) remetem à importância de explorar a assistência ao parto neste contexto. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de compreender e descrever as crenças e os valores que norteiam as práticas dos profissionais em um CPN. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa e o método etnográfico em um CPN de uma maternidade pública localizada na cidade de Osasco, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio do processo de observação participante e de entrevistas etnográficas. Foram entrevistados todos os membros da equipe profissional, composta por enfermeiro obstetra, técnico de enfermagem, médico obstetra e médico neonatologista, que estavam diretamente envolvidos na assistência ao parto, e os gestores da instituição. A análise indutiva e interpretativa dos dados resultou em quatro subtemas culturais, que correspondem a cada uma das categorias profissionais: Enfermeira obstetra: Este CPN não é como deveria ser: inúmeros obstáculos dificultam a prestação da assistência humanizada ao parto; Técnicas de enfermagem: Fazendo o que é possível: satisfação com a assistência que é prestada mediante superação de muitas dificuldades; Médico obstetra: Um árduo cotidiano que impede o desenvolvimento da assistência desejada; Médico neonatologista: Dificuldades existem porque são comuns no serviço público, mas há satisfação em relação à assistência prestada no CPN. Destes subtemas culturais emergiu o tema cultural Entre o idealizado e o possível: os limites na assistência humanizada ao parto, que representa o cotidiano da assistência ao parto no CPN que foi foco desta pesquisa. As limitações para o desenvolvimento da assistência humanizada ao parto estavam relacionadas, não somente aos problemas relativos à precariedade da estrutura física e de recursos humanos ou aos déficits provocados pelo financiamento insuficiente da assistência ao parto. Estavam envolvidos também as crenças e os valores dos profissionais e o seu grau de envolvimento com a filosofia de humanização da assistência ao parto. Contatou-se que a efetivação da assistência humanizada ao parto, como preconizada pelos organismos nacionais e internacionais, depende da superação das inúmeras dificuldades descritas neste estudo. Um grande desafio deste âmbito está representado pela necessidade de articulação entre a grade curricular dos cursos da área da saúde com os fundamentos da Medicina Baseada em Evidências Científicas. Portanto, é de fundamental importância a existência de serviços exemplares, que prestam assistência humanizada ao parto, para os estudantes de graduação e para os profissionais. / The transformation in the model of childbirth assistance and the creation of Birth Centers within the Brazilian Unified Health System referred to the importance of exploring the delivery assistance. This study aimed to understand and describe the beliefs and values that guide the practice of professionals in a Birth Center. We used a qualitative research approach and ethnographic method was developed in a Birth Center in a public hospital at the city of Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were obtained through the process of participant observation and ethnographic interviews. We interviewed all members of the professional team consisting of nurse midwife, technical nurse assistant, obstetrician and neonatologist physician, who were directly involved in delivery care and management of the institution. The inductive analysis and interpretation of data resulted in four sub-cultural themes, which correspond to each of the professions: nurse midwife: \"The Birth Center is not as it should be, many obstacles interfere on a humanized assistance of a childbirth; Technical nurse assistant: \"Doing what is possible: satisfaction with the giving assistance throught overcoming many difficulties\"; Obstetrician Doctor: \"A hard routine restrains the development of a good assistance; Medical neonatologist:\" Difficulties exist because they are common in the public service, but there is a satisfaction in relation to the assistance provided at the Birth Center. \" From sub-cultural themes emerged a cultural theme \"Between the idealized and the possible: the limits in the humanized delivery care\", which represents the everyday care delivery in the Birth Center that was the focus of this research. The limitations for the development of humanized childbirth were related not only to problems related to the precarious physical infrastructure and human resources or deficits caused by insufficient funding of childbirth care. They were also involved in the beliefs and values of professionals and their degree of involvement with the philosophy of humanization of childbirth care. It was noted that the effectiveness of humanized delivery care, as recommended by national and international organizations, depends on overcoming the several difficulties described in this study. A major challenge in this context is represented by the need to articulate the courses academic subjects in the health field with the fundamentals of Scientific Evidence-Based Medicine. Therefore it is very importante to the existence of exemplary service to the graduate students and professionals.

As transformações no modelo de assistência ao parto e nascimento e a criação de Centros de Parto Normal (CPN) no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) remetem à importância de explorar a assistência ao parto neste contexto. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de compreender e descrever as crenças e os valores que norteiam as práticas dos profissionais em um CPN. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa e o método etnográfico em um CPN de uma maternidade pública localizada na cidade de Osasco, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio do processo de observação participante e de entrevistas etnográficas. Foram entrevistados todos os membros da equipe profissional, composta por enfermeiro obstetra, técnico de enfermagem, médico obstetra e médico neonatologista, que estavam diretamente envolvidos na assistência ao parto, e os gestores da instituição. A análise indutiva e interpretativa dos dados resultou em quatro subtemas culturais, que correspondem a cada uma das categorias profissionais: Enfermeira obstetra: Este CPN não é como deveria ser: inúmeros obstáculos dificultam a prestação da assistência humanizada ao parto; Técnicas de enfermagem: Fazendo o que é possível: satisfação com a assistência que é prestada mediante superação de muitas dificuldades; Médico obstetra: Um árduo cotidiano que impede o desenvolvimento da assistência desejada; Médico neonatologista: Dificuldades existem porque são comuns no serviço público, mas há satisfação em relação à assistência prestada no CPN. Destes subtemas culturais emergiu o tema cultural Entre o idealizado e o possível: os limites na assistência humanizada ao parto, que representa o cotidiano da assistência ao parto no CPN que foi foco desta pesquisa. As limitações para o desenvolvimento da assistência humanizada ao parto estavam relacionadas, não somente aos problemas relativos à precariedade da estrutura física e de recursos humanos ou aos déficits provocados pelo financiamento insuficiente da assistência ao parto. Estavam envolvidos também as crenças e os valores dos profissionais e o seu grau de envolvimento com a filosofia de humanização da assistência ao parto. Contatou-se que a efetivação da assistência humanizada ao parto, como preconizada pelos organismos nacionais e internacionais, depende da superação das inúmeras dificuldades descritas neste estudo. Um grande desafio deste âmbito está representado pela necessidade de articulação entre a grade curricular dos cursos da área da saúde com os fundamentos da Medicina Baseada em Evidências Científicas. Portanto, é de fundamental importância a existência de serviços exemplares, que prestam assistência humanizada ao parto, para os estudantes de graduação e para os profissionais. / The transformation in the model of childbirth assistance and the creation of Birth Centers within the Brazilian Unified Health System referred to the importance of exploring the delivery assistance. This study aimed to understand and describe the beliefs and values that guide the practice of professionals in a Birth Center. We used a qualitative research approach and ethnographic method was developed in a Birth Center in a public hospital at the city of Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were obtained through the process of participant observation and ethnographic interviews. We interviewed all members of the professional team consisting of nurse midwife, technical nurse assistant, obstetrician and neonatologist physician, who were directly involved in delivery care and management of the institution. The inductive analysis and interpretation of data resulted in four sub-cultural themes, which correspond to each of the professions: nurse midwife: \"The Birth Center is not as it should be, many obstacles interfere on a humanized assistance of a childbirth; Technical nurse assistant: \"Doing what is possible: satisfaction with the giving assistance throught overcoming many difficulties\"; Obstetrician Doctor: \"A hard routine restrains the development of a good assistance; Medical neonatologist:\" Difficulties exist because they are common in the public service, but there is a satisfaction in relation to the assistance provided at the Birth Center. \" From sub-cultural themes emerged a cultural theme \"Between the idealized and the possible: the limits in the humanized delivery care\", which represents the everyday care delivery in the Birth Center that was the focus of this research. The limitations for the development of humanized childbirth were related not only to problems related to the precarious physical infrastructure and human resources or deficits caused by insufficient funding of childbirth care. They were also involved in the beliefs and values of professionals and their degree of involvement with the philosophy of humanization of childbirth care. It was noted that the effectiveness of humanized delivery care, as recommended by national and international organizations, depends on overcoming the several difficulties described in this study. A major challenge in this context is represented by the need to articulate the courses academic subjects in the health field with the fundamentals of Scientific Evidence-Based Medicine. Therefore it is very importante to the existence of exemplary service to the graduate students and professionals.

I focus on the nature of the discourses of the birth themselves and on the form of their controversies, which are tied to their confrontations in Czech web articles. I examine the discourses and their strife in the articles of active participants of the dispute and on the most popular website in the articles dedicated to (future) parents. The discourse of the actively medically controlled delivery, perceives a birth as an inscrutable risky phenomenon which is medically necessary to keep always in a hospital with a staffing and material background to deal with possible complications. This discourse criticizes the births that are led outside hospitals. The discourse of the natural birth sees a birth as a natural part of life, during which usually no complications occur, if there is present a trained expert, who does not interfere in the natural process of labor, except any required medical reasons. A natural birth can be taken place in home. The reader are warned by this discourse on the improper routine care in Czech hospitals, which is inconsistent with the needs of the mother and the child, and on complications of a birth caused by the active medical leading of labor. The articles on the popular website are mainly influenced by the discourse of the actively medically controlled birth. These...