Elektronová spinová rezonance (ESR) je neinvazivní spektroskopická technika založená na magnetické rezonanci. Používá se v mnoha vědních oborech jako biologie, chemie a fyzika pro zkoumání systémů s nepárovými elektrony. Tato dizertační práce se věnuje spektroskopii vysokofrekvenční rezonance spinů elektronů (HF-ESR) a jejímu použití na paramagnetické koordinační sloučeniny. V první části je představen teoretický základ s rešerší literatury v této oblasti a jsou představeny aplikace HF-ESR. Dále jsou představeny metody použité ke studování těchto systémů. Zde jsou popsány doplňující metody (XPS, RS, UV-VIS, AFM, SEM) pro zkoumání vzorků a je představen návrh nové sublimační komory vysokého vakua, která byla sestavena pro tvorbu tenkých vrstech koordinačních sloučenin na površích. Následují výsledky dosažené pomocí HF-ESR na molekulárních kvantových bitech [Cu(dbm)2], jednomolekulárních magnetech [CoX2(dppf)], [Co(4MeO-L)2Cl2] a je nastíněna vize bolometrů na bázi grafenu pro detekci této třídy sloučenin. Výsledky jsou diskutovány a jejich implikace jsou shrnuty v závěru. Reference a autorské výstupy pak uzavírají celou tuto práci.

Detecting failures in tricone drill bits is crucial in the mining industry due to their potential consequences, including operational losses, safety hazards, and delays in drilling operations. Timely identification of failures allows for proactive maintenance and necessary measures to ensure smooth drilling processes and minimize associated risks. Accurate failure detection helps mining operations avoid financial losses by preventing unplanned breakdowns, costly repairs, and extended downtime. Moreover, it optimizes operational efficiency by enabling timely maintenance interventions, extending the lifespan of drill bits, and minimizing disruptions. Failure detection also plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment involved in drilling operations. Traditionally, failure detection in tricone drill bits relies on manual inspection, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Incorporating artificial intelligence-based approaches can significantly enhance efficiency and accuracy. This thesis uses machine learning methods for failure inference in tricone drill bits. A classic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification method was initially explored, but its performance was insufficient due to the small dataset size and imbalanced data. The problem was reformulated as an object detection task to overcome these limitations, and a post-processing operation was incorporated. Data augmentation techniques enhanced the training and evaluation datasets, improving failure detection accuracy. Experimental results highlighted the need for revising the initial CNN classification method, given the limitations of the small and imbalanced dataset. However, You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithms such as YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models exhibited improved performance. The post-processing operation further refined the results obtained from the YOLO algorithm, specifically YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 models. While YOLO provides bounding box coordinates and class labels, the post-processing step enhanced drill bit failure detection through various techniques such as confidence thresholding, etc. By effectively leveraging the YOLO-based models and incorporating post-processing, this research advances failure detection in tricone drill bits. These intelligent methods enable more precise and efficient detection, preventing operational losses and optimizing maintenance processes. The findings underscore the potential of machine learning techniques in the mining industry, particularly in mechanical drilling, driving progress and enhancing overall operational efficiency

Sustainably realizing applications of the future with high performance demands requires that energy efficiency becomes a central design criterion for the entire system. For example, the power consumption of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can become a major factor when transmitting at large bandwidths and carrier frequencies, e.g., for ultra-short range high data rate communication. The consumed energy per conversion step increases with the sampling rate such that high resolution ADCs become unfeasible in the sub-THz regime at the very high sampling rates required. This makes signaling schemes adapted to 1-bit quantizers a promising alternative. We therefore quantify the performance of bandlimited 1-bit quantized wireless communication channels using techniques like oversampling and faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling to compensate for the loss of achievable rate. As a limiting case, we provide bounds on the mutual information rate of the hard bandlimited 1-bit quantized continuous-time – i.e., infinitely oversampled – additive white Gaussian noise channel in the mid-to-high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. We derive analytic expressions using runlength encoded input signals. For real signals the maximum value of the lower bound on the spectral efficiency in the high-SNR limit was found to be approximately 1.63 bit/s/Hz. Since in practical scenarios the oversampling ratio remains finite, we derive bounds on the achievable rate of the bandlimited oversampled discrete-time channel. These bounds match the results of the continuous-time channel remarkably well. We observe spectral efficiencies up to 1.53 bit/s/Hz in the high-SNR limit given hard bandlimitation. When excess bandwidth is tolerable, spectral efficiencies above 2 bit/s/Hz per domain are achievable w.r.t. the 95 %-power containment bandwidth. Applying the obtained bounds to a bandlimited oversampled 1-bit quantized multiple-input multiple-output channel, we show the benefits when using appropriate power allocation schemes. As a constant envelope modulation scheme, continuous phase modulation is considered in order to relieve linearity requirements on the power amplifier. Noise-free performance limits are investigated for phase shift keying (PSK) and continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) using higher-order modulation alphabets and intermediate frequencies. Adapted waveforms are designed that can be described as FTN-CPFSK. With the same spectral efficiency in the high-SNR limit as PSK and CPFSK, these waveforms provide a significantly improved bit error rate (BER) performance. The gain in SNR required for achieving a certain BER can be up to 20 dB. / Die nachhaltige Realisierung von zukünftigen Übertragungssystemen mit hohen Leistungsanforderungen erfordert, dass die Energieeffizienz zu einem zentralen Designkriterium für das gesamte System wird. Zum Beispiel kann die Leistungsaufnahme des Analog-Digital-Wandlers (ADC) zu einem wichtigen Faktor bei der Übertragung mit großen Bandbreiten und Trägerfrequenzen werden, z. B. für die Kommunikation mit hohen Datenraten über sehr kurze Entfernungen. Die verbrauchte Energie des ADCs steigt mit der Abtastrate, so dass hochauflösende ADCs im Sub-THz-Bereich bei den erforderlichen sehr hohen Abtastraten schwer einsetzbar sind. Dies macht Signalisierungsschemata, die an 1-Bit-Quantisierer angepasst sind, zu einer vielversprechenden Alternative. Wir quantifizieren daher die Leistungsfähigkeit von bandbegrenzten 1-Bit-quantisierten drahtlosen Kommunikationssystemen, wobei Techniken wie Oversampling und Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) Signalisierung eingesetzt werden, um den durch Quantisierung verursachten Verlust der erreichbaren Rate auszugleichen. Wir geben Grenzen für die Transinformationsrate des Extremfalls eines strikt bandbegrenzten 1-Bit quantisierten zeitkontinuierlichen – d.h. unendlich überabgetasteten – Kanals mit additivem weißen Gauß’schen Rauschen bei mittlerem bis hohem Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) an. Wir leiten analytische Ausdrücke basierend auf lauflängencodierten Eingangssignalen ab. Für reelle Signale ist der maximale Wert der unteren Grenze der spektralen Effizienz im Hoch-SNR-Bereich etwa 1,63 Bit/s/Hz. Da die Überabtastrate in praktischen Szenarien endlich bleibt, geben wir Grenzen für die erreichbare Rate eines bandbegrenzten, überabgetasteten zeitdiskreten Kanals an. Diese Grenzen stimmen mit den Ergebnissen des zeitkontinuierlichen Kanals bemerkenswert gut überein. Im Hoch-SNR-Bereich sind spektrale Effizienzen bis zu 1,53 Bit/s/Hz bei strikter Bandbegrenzung möglich. Wenn Energieanteile außerhalb des Frequenzbandes tolerierbar sind, können spektrale Effizienzen über 2 Bit/s/Hz pro Domäne – bezogen auf die Bandbreite, die 95 % der Energie enthält – erreichbar sein. Durch die Anwendung der erhaltenen Grenzen auf einen bandbegrenzten überabgetasteten 1-Bit quantisierten Multiple-Input Multiple-Output-Kanal zeigen wir Vorteile durch die Verwendung geeigneter Leistungsverteilungsschemata. Als Modulationsverfahren mit konstanter Hüllkurve betrachten wir kontinuierliche Phasenmodulation, um die Anforderungen an die Linearität des Leistungsverstärkers zu verringern. Beschränkungen für die erreichbare Datenrate bei rauschfreier Übertragung auf Zwischenfrequenzen mit Modulationsalphabeten höherer Ordnung werden für Phase-shift keying (PSK) and Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) untersucht. Weiterhin werden angepasste Signalformen entworfen, die als FTN-CPFSK beschrieben werden können. Mit der gleichen spektralen Effizienz im Hoch-SNR-Bereich wie PSK und CPFSK bieten diese Signalformen eine deutlich verbesserte Bitfehlerrate (BER). Die Verringerung des erforderlichen SNRs zur Erreichung einer bestimmten BER kann bis zu 20 dB betragen.

[pt] Durante a perfuração de poços de petróleo, a coluna de perfuração apresenta um comportamento dinâmico complexo, esta tese foca no estudo experimental e na modelagem matemática deste comportamento. Neste trabalho, destaca-se as vibrações autoexcitadas axiais, laterais e torcionais, que podem levar a efeitos como o bit bouncing, o whirling e stick-slip torcional. A primeira contribuição desta tese é a análise experimental de um bancada de testes, que fornece informações sobre a dinâmica de sistemas torcionais. A influência dos parâmetros de controle não lineares na resposta do sistema é investigada, identificando as condições sob as quais o fenômeno stick-slip ocorre. Em segundo lugar, a tese propõe estratégias de identificação de sistemas para sistemas não lineares, utilizando a mesma bancada de testes supracitada. Uma abordagem híbrida para a identificação é proposta, onde técnicas de modelagem de caixa cinza e caixa preta são combinadas para calibrar os parâmetros do sistema, particularmente aqueles associados ao atrito. Essa abordagem aumenta a precisão das estimativas em comparação com os métodos tradicionais de caixa cinza, mantendo a interpretabilidade. Além disso, a pesquisa emprega physics-informed deep learning para estimar os parâmetros mecânicos e de atrito do modelo de dois graus de liberdade. A calibração usando dados experimentais obtidos de uma bancada de testes fornece informações sobre o comportamento de sistemas de perfuração. Finalmente, a tese apresenta investigações experimentais sobre o acoplamento entre oscilações torcionais e axiais utilizando uma bancada experimental de perfuração em escala de laboratório modificada e adaptada equipada com brocas e amostras de rocha reais. Em resumo, esta tese aumenta a compreensão da dinâmica de colunas de perfuração e apresenta aplicações úteis para técnicas de identificação de sistemas na análise de oscilações torcionais e axiais. / [en] During drilling for oil extraction purposes, the drill string experiences complex dynamic behavior, and this work delves into the experimental study and the mathematical modeling of such behavior. Self-excited vibrations, such as axial, lateral, and torsional vibrations, which can lead to detrimental effects such as bit bouncing, whirling, and torsional stick-slip are highlighted in this thesis. Distinct aspects of drilling dynamics are considered in this investigation to enhance the understanding of various phenomena. Initially, an experimental analysis of a lab-scale rig is conducted, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of such systems. And the influence of control parameters on the system’s response is examined, particularly in identifying the conditions under which the stick-slip phenomenon is likely to occur. Secondly, the thesis proposes system identification strategies for nonlinear systems, specifically focusing on the same laboratory test rig. An innovative ensemble approach is proposed, which combines gray and black-box modeling techniques to effectively calibrate the parameters of a dynamical system, particularly those associated with friction. This approach improves prediction accuracy compared to traditional gray-box methods while maintaining interpretability in the dynamic responses. Furthermore, the research employs physics-informed deep learning to estimate the low-dimensional model mechanical and friction parameters. Calibration using experimental data obtained from a specialized setup provides insights into the drill-string system s behavior. Finally, the thesis involves experimental investigations on the coupling between torsional and axial oscillations using a modified and adapted lab-scale drilling rig equipped with real drill bits and rock samples. In summary, this thesis advances our understanding of drill-string dynamics and presents helpful applications for system identification techniques.

Uttrycket Internet of Things växer sig större och större och världen är på väg att ha 50miljarder uppkopplade enheter till 2020. IoT-enheter är beroende av att ha en låg effektförbrukningoch därför är en processor med låg effektförbrukning viktigt att ha. Denna studieutför tester på två strömsnåla processorer för att komma fram till vilken processor somär mest lämplig till vilken IoT-produkt. Testningen utgick från tre applikationer som i sintur baseras på verkliga IoT-situationer. De tre applikationerna har olika intesitetsnivåer. Iden första applikationen arbetar processorerna inte särskilt hårt, I den andra applikationenfår processorena arbeta mer och i den tredje applikationen får processorerna jobba somhårdast. Effektförbrukningen mäts med hjälp av Atmel Power debugger. Resultatet visaratt IoT-enheter som inte är särskilt aktiva har en lägre effektförbrukning med en 8-bitarsprocessor men en IoT-enhet som är mer aktiv har lägre effektförbrukning med Cortex-M0+baserad 32-bitars processor. / The term Internet of Things grows bigger and bigger and the world is about to have 50 billionconnected devices. IoT devices are dependent on low power consumption and thereforea low power processor is important to have. This study performs tests on two power-savingprocessors to determine which processor is most suitable for an IoT product. The test wasbased on three applications, which in turn are based on actual IoT situations. The threeapplications have different levels of intency. In the first application, the processors do notwork very hard. In the second application, the processors get more work and in the thirdapplication, the processors get the hardest work. Power consumption is measured usingAtmel Power debugger The result shows that low-active IoT devices have a lower powerconsumption with an 8-bit processor, but an IoT device that is more active has lower powerconsumption with a Cortex-M0 + based 32-bit processor.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / After years of tracing the evolution and solutions to finding the best data, I learned that it isn’t best source selection that we all want. What we need is best data selection.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The impact of frequency selective multipath fading on the bit error rate performance of ARTM Tier-1 waveforms (FQPSK and SOQPSK) is derived and analyzed. In the presence of a strong specular reflection with relative magnitude |Γ1|, the ARTM Tier-1 waveforms suffer a loss in performance of (1 - |Γ1)^(-4√(|Γ1|)) for |Γ1| < 0:5 and a relatively high error floor at approximately 10^(-2) for |Γ1| ≥ 0.5. The ARTM Tier-1 waveforms possess twice the spectral efficiency of PCM/FM, but exhibit a greater loss and higher error floors than PCM/FM for the same multipath conditions and signal-to-noise ratio.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Feher Keying (FK) signals are clock shaped baseband waveforms with the potential to attain very high spectral efficiencies. Two FK signals which have different level rectangular waveforms (named as FK-1) or sinusoidal waveforms (named as FK-2) for two binary symbols are considered in this paper. These signals have periodic components in the time domain. Therefore they have cyclostationary properties. This means that spectral correlation exists in the frequency domain. For each type of waveforms, spectral correlation has been investigated. FK signals can be expressed mathematically into two parts in the frequency domain – discrete part and continuous part. The discrete part has one or more discrete impulse(s) in their spectra and the continuous part has periodically the same shape of harmonics in their spectra. The correlations of their spectra have been obtained mathematically and by simulation. It is shown that FK signals have high correlation related to the symbol rate. Finally, some suggestions how these properties can be used to improve their performance by devising better demodulators are discussed. These properties can be used for interference rejection at the receiver, which results in low bit error rate performance.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper describes the use of orthogonal space-time block codes to overcome the performance and complexity difficulties associated with the use of Shaped Offset QPSK (SOQPSK) modulation, a ternary continuous phase modulation (CPM), in multiple-input multiple-output telemetry systems. The orthogonal space-time block code is applied to SOQPSK waveforms in the same way it would be applied to symbols. The procedure allows the receiver to orthogonalize the link. The main benefits of this orthogonalization are the easy realization of the transmit diversity for the offset-featured SQOSPK, and the removal of the noise correlation at the input to the space-time decoder and the elimination of I/Q interference when space time orthogonalization is applied to the symbol level.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / A Synthetic Beamforming antenna was built for Airborne Telemetry. Low-Noise Block-converters translated RF to IF suitable for direct analog-to-digital conversion. Then all telemetry functions were performed digitally via parallel FPGAs for 10 independent sources. Monopulse tracking and optimal diversity combination was performed using 4 antenna quadrants at two orthogonal polarizations. Novel estimation approaches drove digital demodulation, symbol- and bit- synchronization. Final telemetry outputs include: digital, analog (video), and analog IF (e.g., for downlink relay). This program has incubated several concepts that we believe have the combined potential to significantly improve the future of telemetry.