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Abstract Aerosol-cloud and aerosol-radiation interactions depend on several factors such as the physico-chemical properties, geographical and temporal variability, and vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols. Of particular importance are cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and black carbon (BC) particles as a subset of the atmospheric aerosol population. CCN are a prerequisite for cloud droplet formation, and variations in CCN loading can modify cloud properties. BC can efficiently absorb solar radiation, induce local heating and inhibit cloud formation. In order to determine the effects of CCN and BC on clouds, precipitation, radiation and the Earth’s energy budget, atmospheric loading and spatio-temporal distribution of aerosols are highly relevant. Thus this dissertation addresses and helps to elucidate the spatio-temporal variation and co-variability of CCN and BC with extensive field measurement data from aircraft and ground-based measurements. The data analyses focus on anthropogenic pollution, wildfire emissions and volcanic aerosols. In the Anthropocene, the distribution and abundance of atmospheric aerosols have changed drastically. Major sources of anthropogenic particulate pollution are the combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels as well as emissions from open biomass burning. The ubiquitous presence of anthropogenic air pollution, especially over continental regions in the Northern Hemisphere, hampers the assessment of anthropogenic influence on aerosol and climate due to a lack of unperturbed reference measurements. The abrupt reduction in human activities during the first COVID-19 lockdown created unprecedented atmospheric conditions that allowed us to investigate and quantify changes in the tropospheric composition in response to changes in anthropogenic emissions. The results reflect a strong and immediate influence of human activities on air quality, the role of BC as a major air pollutant in the Anthropocene, and close links between the atmospheric burdens of CCN and BC. Measurement data from five aircraft missions in polluted environments reveal characteristic relationships between CCN and BC in urban haze from Europe and East Asia, highly aged biomass burning smoke over the tropical Atlantic and the Amazon rainforest, and lightly aged biomass burning smoke over Europe, Brazil, and Asia. Over Europe and Asia, the vertical distribution of CCN in the lower troposphere up to altitudes about 5 km is highly sensitive to regional anthropogenic emissions. Over the tropical Atlantic ocean, the vertical distribution is strongly influenced by the longrange transport of mineral dust and biomass burning smoke, but volcanic eruptions also contribute to the aerosol load.

[pt] O crescimento populacional vem acarretando um incremento no consumo de combustíveis fósseis e na queima de biomassa e, como conseqüência, um aumento na fonte de partículas de carbono negro (ou black carbon - BC) em ambientes costeiros e estuarinos. Este material orgânico refratário vem sendo estudado nos últimos 30 anos e é considerado um importante reservatório geoquímico. Todavia, sua função no ciclo do carbono ainda não é totalmente caracterizada. O BC desempenha um papel de causador de problemas ambientais (como aquecimento global) e também de atenuador dos riscos representados pelos contaminantes orgânicos devido ao seu efetivo poder sorvente. Este trabalho apresenta de forma inédita a distribuição de BC em sedimentos e sua relação com compostos HPAs de uma região estuarina do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Baía de Guanabara (ambiente conhecidamente afetado por poluição crônica de diversos compostos). Para realização da pesquisa, foi realizado primeiramente uma validação e escolha metodológica entre 2 protocolos de determinação de BC encontrados na literatura: oxidação química com dicromato/ácido sulfúrico e oxidação térmica a 375 oC, em que este último apresentou maiores vantagens e foi selecionado para determinar BC nas amostras de sedimento. Os teores de BC foram determinados por um analisador elementar Carlo Erba EA1110. Os teores de BC nos sedimentos superficiais (0-2 cm) de 25 estações da região interna da baía foram de 0,19 %p.s. . +- 0,07 %p.s. ., variando entre 0,03 %p.s. . e 0,31 %p.s. . A distribuição na baía de Guanabara sugere a presença de um gradiente decrescente de partículas pirogênicas da região de fundo da baía em direção à zona costeira. Determinações de carbono orgânico total (TOC), razões molares C/N e distribuições BC:TOC (5,35 % +- 2,45 %, n = 25) foram dados adicionais avaliados. Testemunhos de sedimento de 90 cm de comprimento de 3 manguezais da região norte foram estudados: Suruí, Nova Orleans e Piedade, que exibiram teores de BC de 0,11 %p.s. . +- 0,08 %p.s. . e BC:TOC de 1,99 % +- 1,59 % (n = 62). A relação entre o material BC e HPAs (determinados em estudo anterior) nas camadas sedimentares pôde ser analisada através de correlações e da análise de componentes principais e revelaram uma tendência de sorção destes compostos contaminantes com BC nos bosques de Nova Orleans e Suruí. Em Piedade, as razões de compostos HPAs alquilados (1,7-dimetilfenantreno e 2,6- dimetilfenantreno) apontaram para um domínio de produtos de combustão de madeira, que não pode ser isolado pela metodologia aplicada. Adicionalmente, a sorção de HPAs no material BC foi confirmada pela realização de um experimento de fortificação de pireno (concentrações monitoradas por análise de fluorescência - espectrofluorímetro de luminescência Perkin Elmer LS55B). Os resultados discutidos aumentaram o conhecimento sobre as diferentes frações da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos da Baía de Guanabara e apontam para a importância da fração carbono negro (ainda pobremente pesquisada no Brasil) no carbono orgânico total e na regulação da liberação de contaminantes hidrofóbicos para o ambiente e biota. / [en] Black carbon (BC) is a term used to represent the continuum of charred materials produced during incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass. Since the emission rates of BC are increasing in the last decades due to energy requirements from modern human population, there is great interest in the distribution of BC in the environment (atmosphere, water and sediment) because their role in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon is not fully understood and, also, because the high adsorption capacity of BC particles may decrease the bioavailability of organic contaminants (PAH, for example). In the present work it was determined the distribution, for the first time ever, of BC in superficial sediments from Guanabara Bay and it was evaluated the relation between BC (quantified in the present work) and known concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores from 3 mangrove regions in the bay (Suruí, Nova Orleans and Piedade). Two analytical protocols for BC quantification were compared (chemical oxidation with dichromate/sulphuric acid and thermal oxidation at 375 ºC), and the second one was chosen for routine analysis. After treatment, the BC content was measured by a dry-oxidation method in a Carlo Erba EA110 elemental analyser. Total organic carbon (TOC) was also measured using the same instrument. In the superficial sediments (0-2 cm) from Guanabara Bay, the mean BC carbon content (n = 25) was 0.19 +- 0.07 % (dry-weight mass), ranging from 0.03 % to 0.31 %. The percentage of BC to TOC was 5,35 +- 2,45 (n = 25). The sediments in the northern sector of the bay had higher contents of BC, what is related to the input of pyrolitc materials from river and urban runoff and local restricted water circulation. In the mangrove sediments, the BC content was 0.11 +- 0.08 % (dry- weight mass) and the BC:TOC fraction was 1.99 +- 1.59 % (n = 62). Linear regression and principal components analysis revealed that the distribution of PAH is closed related to the BC contents in the sediment from Suruí and Nova Orleans, but not for Piedade sediments, probably due to uncertainties in the origin of PAHs in these sediments. An experiment with fortification of sediment with pyrene confirmed the importance of adsorption of PAH to the BC particles. In conclusion, the data obtained in the present work permitted a better understanding of the different fractions of organic matter in the sediments from Guanabara Bay and showed the importance of BC in the fate and possible effects of PAH in this coastal contaminated system.

As Terras Pretas de Índio (TPI) apresentam por definição o horizonte A antrópico, de cor escura, com presença de artefatos líticos e/ou cerâmicos oriundos do processo de ocupação humana na Amazônia. As áreas que ocorrem se diferenciam dos solos adjacentes por exibirem e manterem condições químicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas, mesmo após vários anos de cultivo. Essa pesquisa testa a hipótese que de que as TPI exibem condições físicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas e, mais adequadas que às encontradas nos solos adjacentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físicas dos horizontes antrópicos de duas TPI relacionando-as com as propriedades estruturais do solo que podem limitar o crescimento de plantas. Para a realização deste estudo foram amostradas duas áreas com horizonte A antrópico (TPI) e amostras do solo adjacente. A primeira área está localizada na estação experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Campo Experimental do Caldeirão) no município de Iranduba, Estado do Amazonas. O solo adjacente foi classificado como Argissolo Amarelo Tb Distrófico. A segunda área está localizada em uma pequena propriedade agrícola no município de Manacapuru, Estado do Amazonas. O solo adjacente foi classificado como Latossolo Amarelo Tb Distrófico. Para a caracterização das propriedades físicas do solo, coletaram-se 120 amostras de solo indeformadas na profundidade entre 0-0,05 m e oito amostras de solo com o formato de blocos (7,0 x 15 x 22 cm). As amostras coletadas foram utilizadas para determinar a curva de retenção da água no solo, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração, a densidade do solo, densidade de partículas, a porosidade total do solo, a estabilidade e a resistência tênsil de agregados e a friabilidade do solo. Além das propriedades físicas, o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO) e o índice \"S\" foram utilizados como indicadores da qualidade física do solo. A hipótese da pesquisa foi parcialmente comprovada. Os índices de qualidade do solo constataram que as Terras Pretas de Índio apresentam condições físicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas, entretanto, as TPI não apresentam propriedades físicas mais adequadas ao crescimento de plantas que os horizontes superficiais adjacentes. / Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) presents an Anthropic A horizon, with dark color and presence of lithic and ceramics sherds. Those topsoil characteristics resulted from old Indian settlements from the pre-Columbian time in the Amazon Basin. ADE shows differences from the surrounding soils by its very good soil chemical characteristics and that are still in the most sites very fertile and productive after long time of cultivation. In this study we tested the hypothesis that ADE presents good soil physical conditions to plant growth, and more appropriate than the surrounding soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate physical properties of Anthropic horizons of two sites with ADE. The soil physical properties were discussed concerning the potencial impacts on plant growth. The Anthropic horizons from two ADE sites were sampled and also the A horizon from the surrounding soil. The ADE sites sampled were located in the Amazonas State in Brazil, one at the Experimental Research Station of Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Campo Experimental do Caldeirão) - Iranduba, the surrounding soil was an Dystric Yellow Acrisol. The another site was located near the city of Manacapuru - AM in a private farm. The adjacent soil in this area was classified as Dystric Yellow Ferralsol. At the depth of 0-0,05 m, 120 soil cores were collected along with eight soil box (7,0 x 15 x 22 cm). At the laboratory, soil samples were analyzed to determine: soil water retention curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance curve, bulk density, particle density, total porosity, aggregate stability, tensile strength and friability. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and S indexes were used as soil physical quality indicators. The hypothesis was partially proven. The soil quality indexes indicated that ADE presented appropriate soil physical conditions for plant growth; however, the ADE had no better soil physical quality than the surrounding soil.

A Terra Preta Antropogênica (TPA) tem essa denominação porque é encontrada em sítios arqueológicos, onde viveram grupos pré-históricos e é considerada um dos solos mais férteis do mundo. Nela é encontrada grande quantidade de material deixado por grupos indígenas como fragmentos cerâmicos, artefatos líticos, e especialmente carvão pirogênico. Estudos realizados com o carvão pirogênico verificaram que ele aumenta a capacidade de trocas catiônicas nesses solos. Por meio de microscopia de fluorencência, foi observada a presença de microrganismos habitando esse carvão, no entanto, não se sabe quais seriam. Devido à falta de informações sobre a diversidade bacteriana nessas estruturas, este trabalho estudou a diversidade bacteriana em amostras de carvão pirogênico de solos TPA coletadas nos sítios Lagoa Balbina (Amazônia Central- Amazonas) e Mina I (Amazônia Oriental - Pará), através de técnicas moleculares independentes de cultivo. O estudo visou também comparar essa diversidade com a encontrada no solo de onde carvão foi isolado. As estruturas de carvão foram separadas fisicamente dos solos e seu DNA genômico total extraído e usado como molde em reação de PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos do gene 16S rRNA para o Domínio Bacteria. O produto da PCR foi clonado em vetor e os clones foram sequenciados e comparados com o banco de dados de 16S rRNA do RDPX. Com a construção das bibliotecas de clones do gene 16S rRNA a partir das amostras de carvão pirogênico observou-se que existe maior número de bactérias desconhecidas no carvão pirogênico do que no solo onde ele foi isolado. Acidobacteria foi o filo predominante nas bibliotecas de carvão pirogênico das duas localidades de estudo, assim como na biblioteca do solo do sítio Mina I. Já na biblioteca do solo do sítio Lagoa Balbina houve predominância do filo Firmicutes. Por meio do método de rarefação foi possível constatar uma menor riqueza de UTOs nas comunidades bacterianas presentes nas estruturas de carvão pirogênico quando comparado à riqueza de UTOs das comunidades bacterianas cujo habitat é o solo. Mas quando se compara a riqueza de UTOs entre as estruturas de carvão isoladas das duas localidades, observa-se que a riqueza é maior no sítio Mina I. Os valores obtidos com os índices de diversidade revelaram menor diversidade de UTOs nas bibliotecas obtidas para o carvão pirogênico das duas regiões estudadas se comparado dos valores para as bibliotecas obtidas do solo da mesma região. Os valores obtidos com os métodos não paramétricos revelaram maior riqueza de UTOs para as bibliotecas do carvão do sítio Mina I e solo TPA do sítio Balbina. A análise da PCA revelou que as bibliotecas do sítio Balbina mostraram-se altamente similares. Em adição, a análise com S-Libshuff, verificou que todas as bibliotecas comparadas são significativamente diferentes quanto à composição das comunidades bacterianas. O carvão pirogênico não é uma estrutura inerte, pois é capaz de ser habitado por diferentes bactérias e a sua estrutura da comunidade bacteriana é diferente daquela de onde ele foi segregado / Anthropogenic Dark Earth (ADE) has this denomination because it is found at archeological sites, where prehistoric groups lived, and it is considered one of the most fertile soils of the world. In this soil a great amount of material left by indigenous groups was found as ceramic fragments, lithic workmanships, and especially pyrogenic black carbon. Studies accomplished with the pyrogenic black carbon verified that it increases the capacity of cationic changes in soils. Through fluorescence microscopy, the presence of microorganisms was observed inhabiting that black carbon, however, this community is still unknown,due to the lack of information about the bacterial diversity in those structures.This work studied the bacterial diversity in samples of pyrogenic black carbon of ADE soils, collected at the sites Lagoa Balbina (Central Amazon) and Mina I (Oriental Amazon), through molecular techniques independent of cultivation. The study also sought to compare that diversity with the one of the soil where black carbon was isolated. The structures of black carbon were separate physically from the soils and total genomic DNA was extracted and used as template in a PCR reaction, using primers of the 16S rRNA gene for the Bacteria Domain. The PCR product was used for construction of clone libraries and the clones were sequenced and compared with the 16S rRNA of RDPX database. The 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the samples of pyrogenic black carbon, it shown that is a larger number of unknown bacteria in the black carbon than in the soil where it was isolated. Acidobacteria was the predominant phylum in the pyrogenic black carbon libraries from the both studied places, as well as in the soil library from Mina I site. However in the library Lagoa Balbina site there was predominance of the phylum Firmicutes. Through the rarefaction method it was possible to verify a smaller richness of OTUs in the bacterial communities presents in the pyrogenic black carbon structures when compared to the OTUs richness of the bacterial soil communities.But, when the OTUs richness is compared among the isolated structures of pyrogenic black carbon of the two places, it is observed that the richness is higher in the Mina I site. The values from diversity indexes revealed smaller diversity of OTUs in the pyrogenic black carbon libraries when compared with the soil libraries for the two studied areas. The obtained values with the nonparametric methods revealed larger OTUs richness in the black carbon library of Mina I site and in the ADE soil library of the Balbina site. The PCA analysis showed that the libraries of the site Balbina site were highly similar. In addition, the analysis with S-Libshuff verified that all of the compared libraries were significantly different in bacterial communities composition. The pyrogenic black carbon is not an inert structure, once it is capable of being inhabited by different bacteria, and its bacterial community structure is different from that one where is was segregated

As Terras Pretas de Índio (TPI) apresentam por definição o horizonte A antrópico, de cor escura, com presença de artefatos líticos e/ou cerâmicos oriundos do processo de ocupação humana na Amazônia. As áreas que ocorrem se diferenciam dos solos adjacentes por exibirem e manterem condições químicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas, mesmo após vários anos de cultivo. Essa pesquisa testa a hipótese que de que as TPI exibem condições físicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas e, mais adequadas que às encontradas nos solos adjacentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físicas dos horizontes antrópicos de duas TPI relacionando-as com as propriedades estruturais do solo que podem limitar o crescimento de plantas. Para a realização deste estudo foram amostradas duas áreas com horizonte A antrópico (TPI) e amostras do solo adjacente. A primeira área está localizada na estação experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Campo Experimental do Caldeirão) no município de Iranduba, Estado do Amazonas. O solo adjacente foi classificado como Argissolo Amarelo Tb Distrófico. A segunda área está localizada em uma pequena propriedade agrícola no município de Manacapuru, Estado do Amazonas. O solo adjacente foi classificado como Latossolo Amarelo Tb Distrófico. Para a caracterização das propriedades físicas do solo, coletaram-se 120 amostras de solo indeformadas na profundidade entre 0-0,05 m e oito amostras de solo com o formato de blocos (7,0 x 15 x 22 cm). As amostras coletadas foram utilizadas para determinar a curva de retenção da água no solo, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração, a densidade do solo, densidade de partículas, a porosidade total do solo, a estabilidade e a resistência tênsil de agregados e a friabilidade do solo. Além das propriedades físicas, o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO) e o índice \"S\" foram utilizados como indicadores da qualidade física do solo. A hipótese da pesquisa foi parcialmente comprovada. Os índices de qualidade do solo constataram que as Terras Pretas de Índio apresentam condições físicas do solo adequadas ao crescimento de plantas, entretanto, as TPI não apresentam propriedades físicas mais adequadas ao crescimento de plantas que os horizontes superficiais adjacentes. / Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) presents an Anthropic A horizon, with dark color and presence of lithic and ceramics sherds. Those topsoil characteristics resulted from old Indian settlements from the pre-Columbian time in the Amazon Basin. ADE shows differences from the surrounding soils by its very good soil chemical characteristics and that are still in the most sites very fertile and productive after long time of cultivation. In this study we tested the hypothesis that ADE presents good soil physical conditions to plant growth, and more appropriate than the surrounding soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate physical properties of Anthropic horizons of two sites with ADE. The soil physical properties were discussed concerning the potencial impacts on plant growth. The Anthropic horizons from two ADE sites were sampled and also the A horizon from the surrounding soil. The ADE sites sampled were located in the Amazonas State in Brazil, one at the Experimental Research Station of Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Campo Experimental do Caldeirão) - Iranduba, the surrounding soil was an Dystric Yellow Acrisol. The another site was located near the city of Manacapuru - AM in a private farm. The adjacent soil in this area was classified as Dystric Yellow Ferralsol. At the depth of 0-0,05 m, 120 soil cores were collected along with eight soil box (7,0 x 15 x 22 cm). At the laboratory, soil samples were analyzed to determine: soil water retention curve, saturated hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance curve, bulk density, particle density, total porosity, aggregate stability, tensile strength and friability. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and S indexes were used as soil physical quality indicators. The hypothesis was partially proven. The soil quality indexes indicated that ADE presented appropriate soil physical conditions for plant growth; however, the ADE had no better soil physical quality than the surrounding soil.

Healthcare waste (HCW) incineration practices in the global South countries are among the major sources of black carbon (BC) emissions or smoke. This study analyzes HCW incineration trends during emergency situations and smoke from HCW incineration processes in Haiti. The study was prompted by the current arguments about the climate change and the growing health effects associated with BC emissions. The conceptual framework was based on both adverse health effects from BC emissions exposure and climate change potential of BC emissions. Therefore, the goal was to determine whether cardboard HCW sharps containers emit lower BC emissions to the atmosphere during the incineration process, relative to the plastic sharps containers, and the pattern of emergency HCW incineration before and after the 2010 earthquake and cholera emergencies in Haiti. This was an observational study conducted with secondary data on HCW incinerated weights from January 2009 to December 2013 and primary data on average smoke densities. Linear regression analysis of the pattern of HCW incinerated weights revealed a relatively linear pattern (R2 = 0.164) with fluctuating scenarios (peak sharp rise in 2012). Independent samples t-tests demonstrated significantly lower smoke emission during the incineration processes of cardboard sharps HCW containers as compared to plastic containers (95 % CI, p = 0.003). Implications for positive social change include provision of quantitative evidence of the benefits of cardboard sharps HCW containers in reducing smoke during incineration activities, potential data for policy formulation, suggestions for review of existing HCW guidelines, and additional research on potential health impacts of emergency HCW disposal and BC emissions.

Bien que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et d'aérosols carbonés par les feux tropicaux, étroitement liées aux conditions de sécheresse et à l'action anthropique, aient un impact significatif sur le cycle du carbone et sur le climat global, la dynamique passée de ces émissions reste encore peu documentée. Cette étude a pour but de caractériser les produits de combustion carbonés piégés dans les sédiments lacustres et marins, afin d'établir des enregistrements fiables de la variabilité des feux tropicaux. L'analyse du comportement de standards carbonés sur des matrices synthétiques et naturelles à l'aide de différentes techniques d'extraction a permis de discriminer, selon un degré croissant de résistance à l'oxydation : le charbon, le carbone réfractaire, et le Black Carbon (BC). Bien que l'analyse de mélanges expérimentaux présente des pertes de masse d'environ 20% dans le cas du graphite mélangé à des poudres synthétiques, la méthode d'extraction et de mesure du BC s'avère reproductible et fiable pour reconstituer les changements de concentration enregistrés dans la plupart des sédiments. L'analyse du carbone élémentaire résistant aux traitements chimiques et/ou thermique, combinée au comptage automatisé des microcharbons, a ensuite été appliquée à une séquence pélagique du Pacifique Ouest (WPWP) couvrant les derniers 360 ka, et à un enregistrement lacustre Tanzanien couvrant les derniers 4 ka. L'enregistrement marin (carotte MD972140) montre que les émissions de BC sont fortement contraintes par les variations d'insolation en région intertropicale et équatoriale (cycles de précession et semi-précession). Elles sont également associées à la variabilité (pluri)millénaire du climat de l'hémisphère nord et de la mousson d'hiver est-asiatique, et suggèrent un couplage entre le gradient zonal des précipitations dans le Pacifique Equatorial et le climat des hautes latitudes. De plus, les aérosols carbonés enregistrent clairement l'action de l'homme sur le régime des feux dans la région Indo-Pacifique, avec une forte augmentation des apports de BC et de microcharbons entre 53-43 ka et 12-10 kyr. Au lac Masoko (carotte MM8), l'abondance et la nature des assemblages de particules de charbon reflètent en partie les apports détritiques liés au ruissellement des sols forestiers ou à l'érosion lors de bas niveaux lacustres. De plus, l'augmentation rapide des aérosols carbonés (microcharbons <1µm et BC) entre 1,8 et 1,6 ka BP suggère une intensification des incendies régionaux, contemporaine de l'expansion de la métallurgie et de l'agriculture dans le Rift Est Africain. L'identification et la quantification du carbone réfractaire piégé dans le réservoir sédimentaire montre ainsi que la dynamique des feux a été fortement contrainte par la variabilité du cycle hydrologique saisonnier et pluriannuel, et par l'action anthropique. Depuis plusieurs dizaines de milliers d'années, cette dernière est probablement déterminante vis-à-vis des quantités de carbone réfractaire émises dans l'environnement.

<p>Wood combustion is mainly used in cold regions as a primary or supplemental space heating source in residential areas. In several industrialized countries, there is a renewed interest in residential wood combustion (RWC) as an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear power consumption. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the impact of RWC on the air quality in urban areas. To this end, a field campaign was conducted in Northern Sweden during wintertime to characterize atmospheric aerosol particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and to determine their source apportionment.</p><p>A large day-to-day and hour-to-hour variability in aerosol concentrations was observed during the intensive field campaign. On average, total carbon contributed a substantial fraction of PM10 mass concentrations (46%) and aerosol particles were mostly in the fine fraction (PM1 accounted for 76% of PM10). Evening aerosol concentrations were significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays which could be associated to the use of wood burning for recreational purposes or higher space heat demand when inhabitants spend longer time at home. It has been shown that continuous aerosol particle number size distribution measurements successfully provided source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol with high temporal resolution. The first compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of atmospheric PAH demonstrated its potential to provide quantitative information on the RWC contribution to individual PAH. RWC accounted for a large fraction of particle number concentrations in the size range 25-606 nm (44-57%), PM10 (36-82%), PM1 (31-83%), light-absorbing carbon (40-76%) and individual PAH (71-87%) mass concentrations.</p><p>These studies have demonstrated that the impact of RWC on air quality in an urban location can be very important and largely exceed the contribution of vehicle emissions during winter, particularly under very stable atmospheric conditions.</p>

Wood combustion is mainly used in cold regions as a primary or supplemental space heating source in residential areas. In several industrialized countries, there is a renewed interest in residential wood combustion (RWC) as an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear power consumption. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the impact of RWC on the air quality in urban areas. To this end, a field campaign was conducted in Northern Sweden during wintertime to characterize atmospheric aerosol particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and to determine their source apportionment. A large day-to-day and hour-to-hour variability in aerosol concentrations was observed during the intensive field campaign. On average, total carbon contributed a substantial fraction of PM10 mass concentrations (46%) and aerosol particles were mostly in the fine fraction (PM1 accounted for 76% of PM10). Evening aerosol concentrations were significantly higher on weekends than on weekdays which could be associated to the use of wood burning for recreational purposes or higher space heat demand when inhabitants spend longer time at home. It has been shown that continuous aerosol particle number size distribution measurements successfully provided source apportionment of atmospheric aerosol with high temporal resolution. The first compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of atmospheric PAH demonstrated its potential to provide quantitative information on the RWC contribution to individual PAH. RWC accounted for a large fraction of particle number concentrations in the size range 25-606 nm (44-57%), PM10 (36-82%), PM1 (31-83%), light-absorbing carbon (40-76%) and individual PAH (71-87%) mass concentrations. These studies have demonstrated that the impact of RWC on air quality in an urban location can be very important and largely exceed the contribution of vehicle emissions during winter, particularly under very stable atmospheric conditions.