The poor quality of state controlled black education in South Africa in the past was mainly caused by low pupil per capita expenditure and poor teaching. This resulted in many problems. Because of past neglect, as well as the increase in number of children to be educated, black education must be revitalised. Government funding is not adequate, therefore, privatisation and semi-privatisation of education is a recommended solution. Community and business involvement is encouraged, and state control should be reduced. Short-term strategies have been fairly successfully implemented. With a view to proposing strategies for the upliftment of black education, the upgrading of teachers through improved INSET and PRESET Q!_Qfil_~mmes is considered a priority. Already implemented models, such as Promat, TOPS and the Molteno Project should be investigated. These programmes have been successful to varying degrees. Strategies have been proposed based on the above findings and guidelines for further research suggested. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

O Brasil foi o país que por mais tempo manteve o regime da escravidão. Recebeu uma enorme quantidade de negros que eram comercializados como mercadoria para trabalhar nas grandes fazendas. A abolição apenas ocorreu em 1888. O escravo livre sentiu-se em completa situação de abandono e passou a ser associado a uma situação de atraso para o país. Decorridos vários anos após o fim do regime escravagista, o racismo e o preconceito passam a ser a principal justificativa das desigualdades econômicas existentes entre negros e brancos. Mediante argumentos que procuram justificar a desigualdade através do preconceito, desenvolveu-se diversas políticas sociais com a finalidade de incluir socialmente o negro e proporcionar-lhe uma melhor qualidade de vida. Uma dessas políticas sociais são as ações afirmativas voltadas para a área educacional, que têm por objetivo inserir os negros no ensino superior através das cotas universitárias. Ocorre que a desigualdade educacional no Brasil pode ser justificada através de diversos fatores, sendo um deles a baixa qualidade do ensino público fornecido pelo Estado, que ocasiona a desigualdade de oportunidades. Sabe-se que a escolarização representa um dos elementos mais importantes para o desenvolvimento do país, capaz de possibilitar a igualdade de oportunidades e melhorar o desenvolvimento humano. A educação possui uma força de libertar o indivíduo na medida em que proporciona conhecimento, participação política, mudanças de valores e a possibilidade de ascender socialmente. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar qual a verdadeira causa da desigualdade educacional entre brancos e negros e se o preconceito ainda existente no país é capaz de obstacularizar a ascensão social do negro. Para isso, fez-se uso de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e do levantamento de dados estatísticos de órgãos oficiais como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) que analisaram os números da exclusão social no país. Os resultados e discussões demonstram que, apesar do racismo estar tipificado como crime na Constituição Federal, ainda está presente na sociedade brasileira, porém tal fator não é elemento capaz de impedir a ascensão social do negro; os fatores econômicos são os verdadeiros causadores das desigualdades,assim como a ausência de educação de qualidade e a pobreza. Evidencia-se a necessidade de desenvolver políticas públicas em que os beneficia sejam as pessoas mais carentes de recursos financeiros. Concluiu-se com a sugestão de substituir as cotas raciais pelas cotas sociais e que políticas públicas devem caminhar lado a lado com políticas de combate à pobreza e à desigualdade social / Brazil was the country for longer maintained the system of slavery, received a huge amount of blacks that were sold as a commodi ty to work on large farms. The abolition only occurred in 1888, the slave felt free in complete state of disrepair and became associated with a delay situation for the country. Several years elapsed after the end of slavery, racism and prejudice becomes the main justification for the existence of economic inequality of blacks compared to whites. By arguments seeking to justify inequality by prejudice, has developed several social policies in order to socially include the black and give them a better quality of life. One of these social policies are the affirmative actions for education, which aims to insert blacks in higher education through the university quota. It happened that the educational inequality in Brazil can be explained by several factors, one being the low quality of public education provided by the state that leads to unequal opportunities.It is known that education is a major factor for the development of the country, capable of providing equal opportunities and improving human development. Education has a power to liberate the individual as it provides knowledge, political participation, changes in values and ability to rise socially. This study aimed to identify what the true cause of educational inequality between blacks and whites and the prejudice that still exists in the country is able to prevent social rise of the black, through bibliographic research and statistical survey of official bodies such as the IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics that analyzed the numbers of social exclusion in the country. The results and discussions show that despite racism being considered a crime in the Federal Constitution, is still present in Brazilian society, but this factor is not an element capable of preventing the rise of black social, economic factors are the real causes of inequality, so as the lack of quality education and poverty. This study highlights the need to develop public policy where people are more benefits underfunded. It concluded with the suggestion to change the racial quotas and affirmative action that social policies must go hand in hand with policies to combat poverty and social inequality

The general aim of this thesis is to illuminate the process of learning as it occurs in formal and informal contexts. The study focuses on South African scholars attending school in rural areas where the contrast between learning in formal and informal learning contexts is more pronounced than that in urban areas. The research draws on rural scholars' local knowledge of formal and informal learning contexts in order to gain a rich insight into how cognition is situated in different learning contexts. This is accomplished through investigating the structure of the respective learning tasks, the mediators involved, the task objectives and the means for achieving these objectives in the different learning contexts. The thesis draws on a socio-cultural approach to the study of cognitive development to probe the activity of learning in a formal and informal learning context. Through the use of a context sensitive methodological methods especially Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques, it was possible to illuminate tacit local knowledge structures and to get participants to actively explicate their understandings related to learning in different contexts The research results illustrate the assertion that the activity of learning is fundamentally situated in the learning context from which it arises. Learning is framed by the community of practice which structures affordances for situated learning, through mediation, within zones of proximal development. Learning in a formal context such as the school is often abstract, rule-based, standardised and theory related. Learners also find it difficult to reflect on the learning tasks and the mediational means used in a formal learning context. In contrast, the learning which takes place in an informal setting is often practical, individualised, flexible and environment based. This learning is structured around everyday activities and is dynamically defined and supported. In a situation where a learner is exposed to dislocated learning contexts, the essential goal of educational initiatives is to bridge the gap between the two. This can be achieved through mediators creating effective zones of proximal development which facilitate the individuals adaptation between learning contexts. Exposing rural scholars' local knowledge of learning in formal and informal contexts allows for a fuller understanding of the cognitive development structured within formal and informal communities of practice. It is this understanding that is necessary to address the situation where learning contexts, drawing on different knowledge bases find ways of thinking, prove challenging and/or conflicting to the scholar.

M.Ed. (Educational Management) / Driving around Soweto during a normal school day is perplexing. This situation does not worry a certain sector of people only, but it worries everybody from the State President to the ordinary person in the street. As late as 09h00 one finds secondary school learners walking slowly to their schools. One asks oneself when these learners will reach school, because school has already started. These learners miss morning periods frequently and they hardly care. While one is still perturbed about this state of affairs, one encounters: between 10h00 and 11h00, learners who are already on their way home in full school uniform. School is out for them. Inside some of these schools, the problem is worse. One finds teachers discussing their own problems in the staff rooms or basking in the sun instead of being in their classrooms doing their work. Meantime the learners who happen to be in school start making noise, fighting and even threatening some of the teachers and principals who try to discipline them. Some of these teachers become victims of violence. Often homework is not done, and absenteeism is rife. Parents in their turn feel disempowei-ed. They can't call their children to order because some of these children have become aggressive to both the teachers and their parents. Some of them will retort that they also have rights. They have a right to do as they please. At the end of the year everybody gets worried when it is found that some of the schools in Soweto have produced as low as 4% Grade 12 pass rate. This is a pathetic situation. Such children get involved in crime and render the country unsafe. It is clear that most schools in Soweto have many problems. There are, therefore, definite areas of concern which need to be explored, solutions to be found and implemented without delay by all stakeholders in order to assist a black learner and his/her teachers to find their feet in some of our undisciplined schools and to behave in a manner that is expected of them. In other words the norms and values of each community must be transmitted and maintained if indiscipline is to be curbed. Discipline is as old as education. Without discipline there will be no education in any institution. This study will attempt to investigate the causes and consequences of indiscipline in schools. It will put forward some guidelines and recommendations for the implementation of solutions to the indiscipline problems facing our teachers and learners in black Soweto schools. These guidelines and recommendations are inconclusive, and they call for further research.

South Africa is a complex multilingual country. In the majority of schools in the Eastern Cape, a province in South Africa, the teachers and learners share the same home language, isiXhosa, but teach and learn mathematics in English. The purpose of this study was to encourage teachers to use the home language as a resource to teach mathematics in multilingual classes. The study follows a mixed method design, using both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data were collected from a survey and poetry, which teachers crafted, in which they highlighted their perceptions about language in their lives. They also reflected on their practices and submitted pieces of contemplative writing. Quantitative data were collected from participating teachers who administered a pre-test to their learners as well as a post- test approximately nine months later after conducting an intervention. The results showed that where strategies, such as the implementation of exploratory talk and code switching which used language as a resource, had been introduced mathematical reasoning improved and classroom climate became more positive. The learners’ lack of confidence in being able to express their reasoning in English was prevalent throughout the reflective writing. By enabling learners to use isiXhosa in discussions the teachers felt that the learners gained in both confidence and mathematical understanding. This study has demonstrated that using the learners’ and teachers’ home language unlocks doors to communication and spotlights mathematical reasoning, but there is still an urgency to encourage learners to become fluent in Mathematical English. It is important to note that a positive classroom climate is essential for learners to build confidence and to encourage them to attempt to formulate sentences in English - to start on the journey from informal to formal usage of language as advocated by Setati and Adler (2001:250). My main conclusion is that an intervention that develops exploratory talk by using language as a resource can improve learners’ mathematical reasoning. I wish to emphasise that I am not advocating teaching mathematics in isiXhosa only, but the research has shown the advantages of using the home language as a resource together with English in Eastern Cape multilingual mathematics classes. Learners need to be able to express themselves in English, written and spoken, in order to achieve mathematically. This study therefore shows that teachers can gauge their learners’ improvement in mathematical reasoning after an intervention that develops exploratory talk in class by using the home language as a resource.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_thays_britto.pdf: 2474002 bytes, checksum: 587a6f1cde0a907bbbd543579493634f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Brazil was the country for longer maintained the system of slavery, received a huge amount of blacks that were sold as a commodi ty to work on large farms. The abolition only occurred in 1888, the slave felt free in complete state of disrepair and became associated with a delay situation for the country. Several years elapsed after the end of slavery, racism and prejudice becomes the main justification for the existence of economic inequality of blacks compared to whites. By arguments seeking to justify inequality by prejudice, has developed several social policies in order to socially include the black and give them a better quality of life. One of these social policies are the affirmative actions for education, which aims to insert blacks in higher education through the university quota. It happened that the educational inequality in Brazil can be explained by several factors, one being the low quality of public education provided by the state that leads to unequal opportunities.It is known that education is a major factor for the development of the country, capable of providing equal opportunities and improving human development. Education has a power to liberate the individual as it provides knowledge, political participation, changes in values and ability to rise socially. This study aimed to identify what the true cause of educational inequality between blacks and whites and the prejudice that still exists in the country is able to prevent social rise of the black, through bibliographic research and statistical survey of official bodies such as the IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics that analyzed the numbers of social exclusion in the country. The results and discussions show that despite racism being considered a crime in the Federal Constitution, is still present in Brazilian society, but this factor is not an element capable of preventing the rise of black social, economic factors are the real causes of inequality, so as the lack of quality education and poverty. This study highlights the need to develop public policy where people are more benefits underfunded. It concluded with the suggestion to change the racial quotas and affirmative action that social policies must go hand in hand with policies to combat poverty and social inequality / O Brasil foi o país que por mais tempo manteve o regime da escravidão. Recebeu uma enorme quantidade de negros que eram comercializados como mercadoria para trabalhar nas grandes fazendas. A abolição apenas ocorreu em 1888. O escravo livre sentiu-se em completa situação de abandono e passou a ser associado a uma situação de atraso para o país. Decorridos vários anos após o fim do regime escravagista, o racismo e o preconceito passam a ser a principal justificativa das desigualdades econômicas existentes entre negros e brancos. Mediante argumentos que procuram justificar a desigualdade através do preconceito, desenvolveu-se diversas políticas sociais com a finalidade de incluir socialmente o negro e proporcionar-lhe uma melhor qualidade de vida. Uma dessas políticas sociais são as ações afirmativas voltadas para a área educacional, que têm por objetivo inserir os negros no ensino superior através das cotas universitárias. Ocorre que a desigualdade educacional no Brasil pode ser justificada através de diversos fatores, sendo um deles a baixa qualidade do ensino público fornecido pelo Estado, que ocasiona a desigualdade de oportunidades. Sabe-se que a escolarização representa um dos elementos mais importantes para o desenvolvimento do país, capaz de possibilitar a igualdade de oportunidades e melhorar o desenvolvimento humano. A educação possui uma força de libertar o indivíduo na medida em que proporciona conhecimento, participação política, mudanças de valores e a possibilidade de ascender socialmente. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar qual a verdadeira causa da desigualdade educacional entre brancos e negros e se o preconceito ainda existente no país é capaz de obstacularizar a ascensão social do negro. Para isso, fez-se uso de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e do levantamento de dados estatísticos de órgãos oficiais como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) que analisaram os números da exclusão social no país. Os resultados e discussões demonstram que, apesar do racismo estar tipificado como crime na Constituição Federal, ainda está presente na sociedade brasileira, porém tal fator não é elemento capaz de impedir a ascensão social do negro; os fatores econômicos são os verdadeiros causadores das desigualdades,assim como a ausência de educação de qualidade e a pobreza. Evidencia-se a necessidade de desenvolver políticas públicas em que os beneficia sejam as pessoas mais carentes de recursos financeiros. Concluiu-se com a sugestão de substituir as cotas raciais pelas cotas sociais e que políticas públicas devem caminhar lado a lado com políticas de combate à pobreza e à desigualdade social

Post-World War II public schools in Harlem, New York were segregated, under-resourced and educationally inequitable. Addressing disparities in education was of paramount importance for the socioeconomic mobility and future of the neighborhood. In an effort to understand how race, religion, community, and education intersected in this context, this dissertation answers the following research question: How did St. Philip’s, the first Black Episcopal church in the city and one of the most historic churches in Harlem, participate in education during the post-World War II period? Responding to and preventing inequities in the neighborhood, including the substandard state of the public schools, St. Philip’s served as an educational space and organizational base for the community. St. Philip’s participation accounts for the way a Black church emerged as a space for education when the public schools were foundering. The church’s ethos of education - community engagement - reframes traditional frameworks of teaching and learning beyond schoolhouse doors. During the postwar period, St. Philip’s expanded its in-house programming for Black children, youth and adults, constructing a new community youth center, where classes, tutoring, after-school activities, college counseling, career guidance, day-care, recreation and clubs were community staples. Understanding the importance of inclusivity, continuity and consistency, programming was accessible to the entire neighborhood, regardless of membership with year-round services such as summer camp and career counseling. As an organizational base, the church hosted education talks and committee meetings, facilitating a forum for the community to engage in critical conversations about the state of education. It was a safe space for transparency and troubleshooting. Concerns about education expanded beyond conversations in the church, however. St. Philip’s corresponded directly with city governance, petitioning school-makers with recommendations and demands. This dissertation broadens the traditional civil rights narrative of Black religious activism, which has the tendency to dichotomize who participated and how they participated. This polarization includes regions: North-South, religions: Christian-Muslim, figureheads: Martin Luther King, Jr.-Malcolm X, and strategies: peaceful-militant. Historians Charles Payne and Nikhil Pal Singh push back on this oversimplified interpretation as “King-centric.”* St. Philip’s educational activism foils this paradigm as a Black Episcopal institution in a northern city. St. Philip’s brings nuance to categorizations of Black churches as either being focused on the far-reaching goal of social transformation or compliant with conservative social philosophies based on respectability politics. Its participation was both radical (such as establishing educational programming at the Community youth center that was open to members and non-members alike, regardless of class, age, political or religious beliefs) and conservative (such as sitting out of the 1964 citywide school boycott, while the majority of the Black community participated). In this way, St. Philip’s educational activism in Harlem calls into question criticisms of the Black Episcopal Church that position it as elitist and accommodationist to white values and white power, hence, apathetic to the challenges facing the Black population in cities during the post-World War II period. *Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), 6; and Charles Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 419.

This disseration addresses a historical-education analysis of events that contributed to the deterioration of a culture of learning from 1652-1998 among Black South Africans. Black education was purported to be inferior and unjust. The previous government spent less on Black education and applied stringent measures to solve problems besetting Black education. Dissatisfaction among Blacks led to rioting that unsettled the culture of learning, especially during 1970-1990. It was only during the 1990's that the Nationalist government under F.W. de Klerk, acknowledged the legitimacy of the demands by Blacks for an equitable and just education. After Nelson Mandela had been elected as the first Black president of South Africa, a single education system was formed. Control and administration of education was assigned to the nine newly established provinces. The provinces adopted the motto : Re a soma - We are working in our schools, for the development of a culture of learning, especially in Black communities. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(History of Education)

This disseration addresses a historical-education analysis of events that contributed to the deterioration of a culture of learning from 1652-1998 among Black South Africans. Black education was purported to be inferior and unjust. The previous government spent less on Black education and applied stringent measures to solve problems besetting Black education. Dissatisfaction among Blacks led to rioting that unsettled the culture of learning, especially during 1970-1990. It was only during the 1990's that the Nationalist government under F.W. de Klerk, acknowledged the legitimacy of the demands by Blacks for an equitable and just education. After Nelson Mandela had been elected as the first Black president of South Africa, a single education system was formed. Control and administration of education was assigned to the nine newly established provinces. The provinces adopted the motto : Re a soma - We are working in our schools, for the development of a culture of learning, especially in Black communities. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(History of Education)

This thesis reflected upon the historical roots of the problems which prevent parents, teachers and the state from fulfilling their societal functions in such a way that a culture of teaching and learning is established. It was emphasised that during the traditional period (1554-1799) parents, teachers and the state (chiefs) played a leading role in the upbringing of children to the extent that there were few factors militating against the establishment of a culture of teaching and learning. From 1799 up to 1910 education was under the control of missionaries. Missionaries made the mistake of encouraging the weakening of traditional values once effectively employed in raising children. Parents were not given an opportunity to play an effective role in the education oftheir children. Schools lacked resources. Teachers were poorly paid and ill qualified. In spite of these shortcomings, missionaries did more good than harm in creating favourable conditions for teaching and learning. It was also indicated that from 1910 up to 1953 education was under the control of the missionaries and provincial administrations (backed by the Union Government). The era was characterised by: • The state giving increasing financial assistance to schools • The teachers' fight for the improvement of their conditions of service and resources. • The limited participation given to parents in educational matters concerning their children. It was further indicated that when Bantu Education was introduced in 1953, schools became political battle-fields. Through the influence of political organisations, parents, teachers and school children organised strikes took place in protest against the Bantu Education system. The state relied on repressive measures to control education. The activities of political organisations and the state led to the breakdown of the culture of teaching and learning. The threatening situation in the country towards the late 1970s caused the state to realise the urgency of bringing reforms into education. The reforms brought about by the state were rejected by parents, teachers and school children. This resulted in the continuation of the crisis in education. Despite the dawn of the New Dispensation in 1990 parents, teachers and the state are worried by the deepening education crisis manifested in factors such as violence, increasing use of drugs and the Aids epidemic. Finally, it was indicated that there are no instant solutions to the deepening education crisis. What is important is that parents, teachers and the state should make a united effort to bring about a gradual improvement. / Educational Studies / D. Ed.(History of Education)