Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cangani_mt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf: 133174 bytes, checksum: 83fdce5233c859451850c9463579de75 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:24:40Z: cangani_mt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:27:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 cangani_mt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf.txt: 17021 bytes, checksum: 1f48b80f9f09d5f8fc41694b0c3c56ea (MD5) 000681838.pdf: 3677573 bytes, checksum: 863c1c839ba825e42ba039dd26564761 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:33:15Z: 000681838.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:43:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 cangani_mt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf.txt: 17021 bytes, checksum: 1f48b80f9f09d5f8fc41694b0c3c56ea (MD5) 000681838.pdf: 3677573 bytes, checksum: 863c1c839ba825e42ba039dd26564761 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-03T16:48:55Z: 000681838.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-03T16:49:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000681838.pdf: 3677573 bytes, checksum: 863c1c839ba825e42ba039dd26564761 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-10-27T11:47:08Z: 000681838.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-10-27T11:48:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000681838.pdf: 3677573 bytes, checksum: 863c1c839ba825e42ba039dd26564761 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho de dois conjuntos de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) instalados em série. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II, foi realizado pós tratamento do efluente em um reator operado em batelada sequencial (RBS) com alimentação contínua, com volume de 3000 L. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no primeiro reator dos conjuntos I e II variaram de 8,36 a 9,95 g DQO total (L d)-1 e de 7,83 a 11,6 g DQO total (L d)-1, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK), fósforo total (P-total) foram elevadas e variaram de 95 a 97% e de 97 a 99%, de 64 a 67% e de 53 a 69%, e de 80 a 87% e de 71 a 89%, nos conjuntos I e II, respectivamente. As eficiências também foram elevadas para os metais Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nos conjuntos I e II e variaram de 80 a 91% e de 63 a 80%, de 59 a 80% e de 51 a 72%, de 89 a 97% e de 81 a 98%, de 87 a 98% e de 91 a 99%, respectivamente. A semeadura do milho, foi realizado na safrinha 2009 e na safra 2009/2010, ambos em sistema de plantio direto e convencional, para a confecção de silagem. Os valores do pH observados na silagem não diferiram entre os tratamentos nas duas épocas de semeadura e nos sitemas de plantio direto e convencional. A adubação do milho para confecção de silagem, com dejeto bruto de suíno, com dejetos tratados em sistema anaeróbio e com os dejetos do pós-tratamento, quando comparada com a adubação mineral, não apresentou resultados com diferenças significativas na silagem na maioria dos atributos avaliados. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu alterações na nutrição da planta, porém os efluentes... / This study evaluated the performance of two sets of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) installed in series. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was conducted after the treatment of the effluent in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with continuous flux, with a volume of 3000 L. The volumetric organic loads (VOC) applied to the first reactor of the sets I and II ranged from 8.36 to 9.95 g total COD (L d) -1 and 7.83 to 11.6 g total COD (L d) -1, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK), total phosphorus (total P) were high and ranged from 95 to 97% and 97 to 99%, 64 to 67% and 53 to 69% and 80 to 87% and 71 to 89% in clusters I and II, respectively. The efficiencies were also high for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in clusters I and II, and ranged from 80 to 91% and 63 to 80%, 59 to 80% and 51 to 72% from 89 to 97 and 81% to 98%, 87 to 98% and 91 to 99%, respectively. We carried out the swing of maize in the 2009 off-season and 2009/2010 season, both in no-tillage and conventional sistems for making silage. The pH values observed in the silage did not differ significantly between treatments in both seasons of swing and in the sistems of tillage and no-tillage. The fertilization of corn for silage making, with raw pig manure with waste treated in anaerobic system and the waste from the post-treatment compared to mineral fertilization, results showed no significant difference in silage in most parameters. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the nutrition of corn but the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant lower

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DaviMSBL_DISSERT.pdf: 4742258 bytes, checksum: 95c358d84716a6d20ba53990ae56c3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The world has many types of oil that have a range of values of density and viscosity, these are characteristics to identify whether an oil is light, heavy or even ultraheavy. The occurrence of heavy oil has increased significantly and pointing to a need for greater investment in the exploitation of deposits and therefore new methods to recover that oil. There are economic forecasts that by 2025, the heavy oil will be the main source of fossil energy in the world. One such method is the use of solvent vaporized VAPEX which is known as a recovery method which consists of two horizontal wells parallel to each other, with a gun and another producer, which uses as an injection solvent that is vaporized in order to reduce the viscosity of oil or bitumen, facilitating the flow to the producing well. This method was proposed by Dr. Roger Butler, in 1991. The importance of this study is to analyze how the influence some operational reservoir and parameters are important in the process VAPEX, such as accumulation of oil produced in the recovery factor in flow injection and production rate. Parameters such as flow injection, spacing between wells, type of solvent to be injected, vertical permeability and oil viscosity were addressed in this study. The results showed that the oil viscosity is the parameter that showed statistically significant influence, then the choice of Heptane solvent to be injected showed a greater recovery of oil compared to other solvents chosen, considering the spacing between the wells was shown that for a greater distance between the wells to produce more oil / Existem no mundo diversos tipos de ?leo que apresentam uma diversidade de valores de densidade e viscosidade, essas s?o caracter?sticas para identificar se um ?leo ? leve, pesado ou at? mesmo ultrapesado. A ocorr?ncia de ?leo pesado vem aumentando sensivelmente e apontando uma necessidade de maiores investimentos na explora??o de jazidas e consequentemente em novos m?todos de recupera??o desse ?leo. Existem previs?es econ?micas de que, para o ano 2025, o ?leo pesado seja a principal fonte de energia f?ssil no mundo. Um desses novos m?todos seria a utiliza??o de solvente vaporizado conhecido como VAPEX que ? um m?todo de recupera??o que consiste em dois po?os horizontais paralelos entre si, sendo um injetor e outro produtor, que utiliza como inje??o solvente vaporizado que tem com o prop?sito reduzir a viscosidade do ?leo ou betume, facilitando o escoamento at? o po?o produtor. Esse m?todo foi proposto por Dr. Roger Butler, em 1991. A import?ncia do presente estudo ? analisar como influenciam alguns par?metros operacionais e de reservat?rio, importantes no processo VAPEX, tais como o acumulo de ?leo produzido, no fator de recupera??o, na vaz?o de inje??o e na taxa de produ??o. Par?metros como vaz?o de inje??o, espa?amento entre os po?os, tipo do solvente a ser injetado, permeabilidade vertical e a viscosidade do ?leo foram abordados neste estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a viscosidade do ?leo foi o par?metro que mais mostrou influ?ncia significativa estatisticamente, em seguida a escolha do Heptano como solvente a ser injetado mostrou uma maior recupera??o de ?leo em rela??o aos demais solventes escolhidos. Considerando o espa?amento entre os po?os, foi mostrado que para uma maior dist?ncia entre os po?os h? uma maior produ??o de ?leo

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Banca: Liliane Lazzari Alberti / Banca: Marc Arpad Boncz / Resumo: A aplicação de reatores UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) passou a ocupar uma posição de destaque, principalmente no Brasil, face às condições ambientais de temperatura favoráveis, baixo custo, simplicidade operacional e baixa produção de sólidos. Com o intuito de aprimorá-lo, este estudo aliou as características construtivas e operacionais destes reatores com as dos Reatores Anaeróbios Compartimentados (RAC), caracterizados por oferecerem a possibilidade de separação das fases que ocorrem na digestão anaeróbia e o aumento do tempo de contato entre a biomassa e o efluente. Assim, foi projetado e construído um reator vertical, contendo dois tubos concêntricos em seu interior, visando à separação das etapas acidogênica e metanogênica, a partir da cinética de crescimento dos microrganismos presentes. A pesquisa teve como objetivo principal estudar o comportamento e avaliar o desempenho do reator UASB compartimentado sob nova configuração, no período de partida e operação, tratando esgoto doméstico. O monitoramento do sistema foi dividido em duas etapas: partida e operação. Durante a partida, os valores de pH e alcalinidade mantiveram-se estáveis dentro de uma faixa adequada. Os resultados apresentados durante seu monitoramente indicaram ainda, que o inóculo utilizado promoveu condições adequadas para a partida do reator, com remoção média de DQO de 53,8%, chegando a atingir 82,8% ao final desta etapa. Na segunda etapa de monitoramento, ocorreram diversos problemas relacionados à operação do sistema, ocasionando sua paralisação durante alguns dias. Os valores de pH encontraram-se dentro da faixa adequada, contudo, a alcalinidade sofreu variações quando houve interrupção no sistema. A remoção de matéria orgânica apresentou-se estável, mesmo após tais interrupções, com eficiência média de remoção de 80% para a DQO e 78% para a DBO. Além disso, ambas chegaram a alcançar 90% na ... / Abstract: Application of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor has come to occupy a prominent position, especially in Brazil, due to favorable climatic conditions, low cost, operational simplicity and low production solids. In order to improve it, this study combined constructional and operational features of these reactors with the Compartmented Anaerobic Reactor (CAR), characterized by offering the possibility of phase separation occurring in the anaerobic digestion and increase the contact time between the biomass and effluent. Thus a vertical reactor was designed and constructed containing two concentric tubes inside, in order to separate the acidogenic and methanogenic steps from the kinetics of growth of microrganisms present. The research aimed to study the behavior and evaluate the performance of the UASB compartmentalized reactor under new configuration during starting and operation, treating domestic wastewater. The monitoring system was divided into two stages: starting and operating. During the start-up, the values of pH and alkalinity remained stable within a proper range. The results presented during its monitoring also indicated that the inoculum used promoted conditions for starting the reactor, with average COD removal of 53,8%, reaching 82,8% at the end of this step. In the second stage of monitoring, there were several problems related to system operation, causing a stoppage for a few days. The pH values were within the appropriate range, however, the alkalinity variations experienced when there was an interruption in the system. The removal of organic matter remained stable even after such interruption, with average removal efficiency of 80% to 78% for COD and BOD. Moreover, both even reached 90% removal efficiency / Mestre

In order to preserve its existence since its origination, mankind has had to deal with a variety of adverse effects which have been largely influencing human conduct and behaviour. We become witnesses to events that are identified as exceptional, because they often occur unexpectedly and endanger the lives and health of people. These events cause great damage to property and the environment. They may arise from harmful reactions of forces and phenomena resulting from human activities, from natural forces or from a combination of both. Such events may be floodings, storms, technological accidents with the release of hazardous substances, major road accidents, extensive fires, acts of terrorism. The management of such incidents and emergencies requires the intervention of the Integrated Rescue System. The joint intervention of the components abides by legal standards and internal guidelines. During the intervention of the Integrated Rescue System, a crucial part of the activities is carried out by the Fire and Rescue Units. The diploma thesis deals with the legislation in the field of civil protection and population protection. Information on the history of civil protection and population protection tasks is provided. The administrative territory of the South Bohemian region is characterized. The issue of the Integrated Rescue System and its structure is dealt with. The Fire and Rescue Units are proposed as appropriate to protect the population.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação das características operacionais de um reator UASB sem o dispositivo de coleta de gás (separador trifásico) e sem o anteparo retentor de escuma posicionado próximo à canaleta de coleta do efluente. A motivação para esta pesquisa foi o interesse manifestado pelas companhias de saneamento em aplicar esta simplificação, que poderá implicar em economia na implantação dos reatores e praticamente na eliminação da necessidade de remoção de escuma. Utilizou-se um reator UASB com tais simplificações com volume útil de 24,5 m3 e estabeleceu-se uma estratégia operacional com aumento gradual da vazão de alimentação, compondo quatro fases de operação, com tempos de retenção hidráulica respectivamente de 16, 12, 10 e 8 horas. As vazões foram mantidas constantes em cada fase, com exceção da última, em que se impôs dois picos de vazão ao longo dia. O reator manteve-se operando com eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total, respectivamente, de 65,9%, 60,3%, 48,7% e 15,0%. De modo geral, pode-se afirmar que o reator piloto não apresentou o desempenho esperado, em termos de remoção de matéria orgânica, para TDH de 8 horas. Quanto ao perfil de sólidos no manto de lodo, nas duas primeiras etapas (TDH de 16 e 12 horas), o teor de sólidos daquele foi elevado, mas reduziu-se drasticamente a partir da etapa com TDH de 10 horas. Na última etapa, o comportamento da manta de lodo foi pouco previsível, observando-se progressivo arraste de sólidos do reator. Em função da grande perda de sólidos, acredita-se que o artifício empregado possa ser utilizado com melhor desempenho com a implantação de um decantador a jusante do reator ou mediante a aplicação de um pós-tratamento que garanta a recuperação dos sólidos perdidos (por exemplo, lodos ativados). Outra alternativa é a própria substituição do UASB pelo decantador primário antes de um pós-tratamento aeróbio. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the operational characteristics of a UASB reactor without the gas collection device (three phase separator) and without the scum retainer screen positioned near the effluent collection channel. The motivation for this research was the interest shown by sanitation companies to apply this simplification, which can result in savings in the implementation of the reactors and practically in eliminating the need of scum removal. An UASB reactor was used with such simplifications with a volume of 24.5 m3 and an operational strategy was established with gradual increase of the feed flow, consisting of four operating phases, with hydraulic retention times, respectively, of 16, 12, 10 and 8 hours. The flows were kept constants at each operating phase, except the last, which was imposed two peak flows throughout the day. The reactor was kept operating with efficiency of COD removal, respectively, of 65.9%, 60.3%, 48.7% and 15,0%. Generally, the pilot reactor had not the expected performance in removal of organic matter, with hydraulic retention time of 8 hours. In the first two fases (HDT of 16 and 12 hours), solid\'s content in sludge blanket was high, but had reduced significantly from the second fase, with 10 hours of HDT. In the last fase, the sludge blanket behavior was bit predictable, with progressive drag of solids from reactor. Because of high solids loss, it is believed that the applied device can be used with better performance with the implantation of a settler after the reactor or a post-treatment that ensures the lost solids recovery (for example, activated sludge). Another alternative is the replacement of UASB by the primary clarifier before aerobic post-treatment.

The UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor, developed by Prof. Gatze Lettinga and his colleagues in the Netherlands more than thirty years ago, is successfully employed in many sewage treatment plants in countries with tropical and subtropical climate. However, are still reported serious operational issues related to the three-phase separators and problematic aspects involving the complexity of its influent distribution system. The focus of this research was to simplify the introduction and dispersion of the sewage in the reactor as well as enhancing the sludge retention, by replacing the characteristic piping system for a mechanical mixing apparatus and substituting the (conventional) three-phase separators by a high-rate settler, respectively. In essence, it was proposed a system partitioned into two distinct regions: one for reaction (i.e. anaerobic digestion of organic matter), in which the sludge blanket was mechanically mixed through the action of a rotating impeller, and another for the removal of suspended solids by the use of a lamella plate clarifier; a sludge recirculation system was also implanted, to pump the settled biomass back to the digestion compartment. The research was subdivided into three main phases: in the first two phases, bench-scale experiments were performed in order to obtain basic data for the design of the mechanical mixing and sedimentation devices, while the third phase consisted of the application of these technologies in a pilot-scale system with total volume of 20.8 m3 (comprised of a 17.0 m3 digestion chamber and a 3.8 m3 compartment for solids removal), as well as its performance assessment. During the development of the research, domestic sewage was applied to feed the experimental system, which was located at the School of Engineering of São Carlos (Campus I) in São Carlos (São Paulo State, Brazil). Throughout the period of effective operation, which lasted 130 days, four distinct operating modes were tested (characterized by intermittent mixing and varying hydraulic loading rates, ranging between 27.6 and 66.5 m3.d-1) and the system reached maximum removal efficiencies of BOD, COD and TSS at rates of 82%, 72% and 83%, respectively. The high-rate settler presented an impressive efficiency removing suspended solids (rates up to 98%). The research showed that the new \"Anaerobic Activated Sludge Blanket\" system (A2SB) can provide satisfactory performance even operating without the three-phase separator and influent distribution system. / O reator UASB, desenvolvido pelo Prof. Gatze Lettinga e colaboradores na Holanda há mais de trinta anos, é utilizado com sucesso em muitas estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário em países de clima tropical e subtropical. Entretanto, ainda são relatadas sérias questões operacionais relacionadas aos separadores trifásicos e aspectos problemáticos envolvendo a complexidade de seu sistema de distribuição do esgoto afluente. O foco da presente pesquisa foi o de simplificar a distribuição e dispersão do esgoto no reator, assim como aprimorar a retenção de lodo, mediante substituição do sistema convencional de tubos por misturador mecânico e do (tradicional) separador trifásico por decantador de alta taxa, respectivamente. Em essência, propôs-se reator dividido em duas regiões distintas: uma para reação (i.e. digestão anaeróbia da matéria orgânica), na qual a manta de lodo foi agitada mecanicamente através do movimento rotacional de um impelidor, e outra, para remoção de sólidos suspensos mediante uso de decantador com placas paralelas; um sistema de recirculação do lodo também foi implantado, para bombear a biomassa sedimentada até o compartimento de digestão. A pesquisa foi subdividida em três fases: nas duas primeiras, experimentos em escala de bancada foram realizados visando obtenção de dados básicos para dimensionamento dos sistemas de agitação e de decantação, enquanto que a terceira fase consistiu na aplicação dessas tecnologias em sistema de tratamento, em escala piloto, com volume útil total de 20,8 m3 (composto por uma câmara de digestão de 17,0 m3 e um compartimento de 3,8 m3 para remoção de sólidos), assim como na análise de seu desempenho. Durante a pesquisa, esgoto sanitário foi utilizado para alimentar o sistema experimental, instalado na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. Ao longo do período de operação, que durou 130 dias, quatro condições operacionais foram testadas (caracterizadas pela agitação intermitente e diferentes taxas de carregamento hidráulico, que variaram entre 27,6 e 66,5 m3.d-1) e o sistema alcançou eficiências de remoção máxima para DBO, DQO e SST de 82%, 72% e 83%, respectivamente. O decantador de alta taxa apresentou surpreendente eficiência de remoção de sólidos suspensos (taxas de até 98%). A pesquisa demonstrou que o novo sistema A2SB (Anaerobic Activated Sludge Blanket) pode apresentar desempenhos satisfatórios, mesmo operando sem separador trifásico e sistema de distribuição do esgoto afluente.

Os reatores UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors) foram um marco histórico no tratamento de efluentes ao propiciar alta retenção de sólidos e boa mistura entre biomassa e afluente. Apesar de os reatores com a concepção original dos UASB serem usados com sucesso em muitas estações de tratamento de esgoto, algumas questões relacionadas a sua operação, construção e manutenção ainda prevalecem. Sendo assim, novas configurações baseadas na concepção tradicional de reatores de manta de lodo podem simbolizar novas tentativas para sanar essas questões. Neste contexto, uma configuração que emprega manta de lodo, objetivando principalmente a eliminação dos separadores trifásicos e adoção mistura com jatos, é aqui proposta, almejando simplificar a distribuição/mistura do esgoto afluente. A pesquisa foi, assim, realizada primeiramente em escala de bancada para determinar do gradiente de velocidade médio necessário para suspensão de sólidos, resultando em valores favoráveis de até 20 s-1. Na segunda fase, uma instalação piloto de 2,69 m3, construída em acrílico, foi utilizada para o estudo das características do jato e dos bocais, e do regime de mistura proporcionado pelo mesmo. Com auxílio das informações obtidas na primeira e segunda fases, a terceira fase do experimento abrangeu a reforma de um reator UASB tradicional, em escala piloto de 20,8 m3, para a implantação desse novo sistema de tratamento: removeram-se os sistemas para coleta de gases e de distribuição de fundo e implantou-se alimentação intermitente por meio de jatos, além de unidade de decantador de alta taxa. Em essência, o novo sistema foi dividido em duas zonas distintas: uma para as reações e outra provida de decantação laminar para a remoção de sólidos suspensos. Na primeira zona, a entrada de esgoto sanitário deu-se por meio de bocal que proporcionou jato para mistura da manta de lodo através da carga manométrica fornecida por reservatório elevado. A velocidade de entrada no reator e o alcance do jato puderam ser determinados, constatando-se que o número de pontos de entrada no reator pode ser reduzido (em relação ao número de pontos recomendados tradicionalmente: 2 a 4 m2, por ponto). O gradiente de velocidade aplicado durante cada jato (com 30 segundos de duração) foi de 16,6 s-1. Para o reator da terceira fase, na fase estável da operação, obteve-se eficiência de remoção de 52,79%, 70,90 % e 47,00% para DQO, DBO e SST, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o uso de filtro rápido de camada única de areia para o pós-tratamento do efluente do reator anaeróbio, cujas remoções de DQO, SST e Turbidez (para taxa de aplicação de 100 m3.m-2.dia-1) foram de 54,94%, 84,44% e 81,71% respectivamente. Concluiu-se, desta forma, a viabilidade da operação do reator de manta de lodo com alimentação intermitente e sem necessidade de instalação do sistema separador trifásico. / In spite of reactors with the original design of UASB are successfully used in many wastewater treatment plants, some issues regarding the operation, construction and maintenance of these reactors still prevail. Thus, new configurations based on the traditional conception of sludge blanket reactors may signify new tries to solve these issues. In this context, this research proposes a new configuration, using sludge blanket, mainly aiming at the elimination of the three-phase separators and adoption of a mixture through jets in order to simplify distribution / mixing of the influent. Therefore firstly a bench scale study was conducted to determine the required average velocity gradient for suspension of solids, resulting in favorable values up to 20 s-1. In the second phase, a 2.69 m3 pilot plant was built in acrylic to study the characteristics of the jet and the nozzles, and the resulting mixing state. After this stage, and with the contribution of information obtained in the earlier stages, a traditional pilotscale UASB reactor of 20.8 m3 was adapted for the implementation of this new treatment system: the systems for gas collection and distribution of background were removed, and a high-rate sedimentation unit and intermittently feed through jets were introduced. In essence, the new system has been divided into two distinct zones: one for reactions and other provided of laminar decantation to remove suspended solids. In the reaction zone the entry of sewage was given through jet for mixing the sludge blanket. The mixing energy was provided by jet stemmed on an elevated tank, where the sewer was accumulated. The jet range and entry velocity into the reactor could be determined, noting that the number of entry points in the reactor can be reduced (relative to the number of points traditionally recommended: 2 to 4 m2 per point). The velocity gradient applied during each jet (with a 30 seconds duration) was 16.6 s-1. The pilot-scale reactor (third phase), in stable-phase operation, got a removal efficiency of 52.79%, 70.90% and 47.00% for COD, BOD and TSS, respectively. Additionally, were evaluated the use of unique coating rapid sand filter to the post-treatment of the effluent in the anaerobic reactor. The removals obtained for COD, TSS and Turbidity (for application rate of 100 m3.m-2.dia-1) were 54.94%, 84.44% and 81.71% respectively. It was concluded, therefore, the viability of the sludge blanket reactor operation with intermittent feed and without threephase separator system installation.

The aim of this thesis is the analysis and description of the operation of the fire and rescue department which operatates in the territory of Bratislava, capital of Slovakia. To prevent damages on the lives of people and their property, it is essential that fire protection units will arrive on the place of incident in the shortest possible time. Effective blanket deployment of fire protection units in the city area helps to ensure it. The work thus focuses on the assessment of the current state of this blanket deployment and also on layout of the new deployment of fire protection units, which would fulfill the requirements of the time range and number of units required to be at the place of incident for fire protection intervention.

Algae that are grown in wastewater treatment lagoons could be an important substrate for biofuel production; however, the low C/N ratio of algae is not conducive to anaerobic digestion of algae with economically attractive methane production rates. Increasing the C/N ratio in anaerobic, laboratory scale, batch reactors by blending algal biomass with sodium acetate resulted i increased methane production rates as the C/N ratio increased. The highest amount of methane was produced when the C/N was 21/1. When the C/N was 24/1, the biogas production rate decreased. Batch experiments were done to evaluate the effect of optimizing the C/N ratio on methane production from algae and to identify the most essential information needed to conduct research on co-digestion of algal biomass using the continuous, high-rate, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor system. Based on the results obtained from batch reactor experiments, anaerobic co-digestion of algal biomass, obtained by continuous centrifugation from the Logan City, Utah, 5th stage wastewater treatment lagoon, and sodium acetate was conducted using laboratory scale UASB reactors with the C/N ratio in the feedstock adjusted to 21/1. Duplicate, 34 L UASB reactor systems were built of poly(methyl methacrylate). Both reactors were seeded with 11 L of anaerobic sediment from the 3rd stage lagoon. The pH of the feedstock was adjusted to the neutral range. The feedstock was initially introduced at a low organic loading rate of 0.9 g/L.d with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7.2 days and then increased up to 5.4 g/L.d and a HRT of 5.5 days. These organic loading rates corresponded to an initial influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 6.25 g/L and increased to 27.2 g/L. Methane production increased from 270 mL/g to 349 mL/g COD biodegraded. COD removal efficiency was 80% and biogas methane composition was 90% at steady state. Algal biomass contributed 33-50% of the COD in the feed stock depending on the COD of the algae paste from centrifugation. The shortest HRT at which steady state was not affected was 5.5 days. At lower HRT all monitored parameters showed a slight decrease after the 75th day of operation.

<p> Three symbiotic systems are considered. These include the possibility of coupling the tritium production in a fission reactor with the fertile conversion in a fusion blanket. Equations for the fuel dynamics, power output, efficiency and costs of a symbiotic, selfcontained power station are developed and evaluated for a specific, 1500 MWe fission reactor operating on a thorium cycle and some fusion parameters. It is concluded that a system using the tritium produced in a fission reactor has lower costs and increased power output when compared to an alternate system. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)