Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-84)

The test - retest reliability coefficients of the values of measurements made on the pH, the Pco₂, the standard bicarbonate, the base excess, and the buffer base, of arterial whole blood were estimated for a group of 30 male subjects with the use of the Astrup Micro-equipment, the Siggaard-Andersen revised Nomogram, and a testing program on three successive mornings. Reliability coefficients were estimated for these parameters in both the resting and the post-exercise conditions, and the intra-indivldual and the inter-individual variances were estimated for each reliability coefficient. It was found that the standard bicarbonate and the base excess had the more reliable values, and that the pH and PC0₂ had less reliable values. It was shown that the values of measurements of pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess were significantly different on Day 1 from those values on Days 2 and 3. This effect was attributed to apprehension towards the testing experience and to the strangeness of the testing environment. The measurement errors of the Astrup Micro-equipment and the Siggaard-Andersen revised Nomogram were estimated for the individual parameters. It was found that the buffer base was the only parameter in which the pH meter measurement error variance was large enough to have a decided effect upon the value of the reliability coefficient. The Nomogram measurement error variances were so small that they could be considered negligible. The temporal measurement error of the collection of blood - the error inherent in the time difference between the collection of successive tubes of blood - was investigated for the pH parameter. This temporal measurement error was shown to be practically negligible although statistically significant in the resting condition, but was shown to have both practical importance and statistical significance in the post-exercise condition. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Halothane (1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane) is a commonly employed general anaesthetic. A direct injection gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to quantitatively estimate the halothane concentration of blood and other aqueous fluids. This used a specially designed external injection port which obviated a preliminary separation of the anaesthetic from the aqueous phase. The method was extended to include quantitative estimation of methoxyflurane (1,l-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethyl-methylether), diethylether and ethanol over the approximate range 1-100 mg/100 ml. This analytical method was used to investigate the quantitative interaction of halothane with major human blood components and the distribution of halothane between cells and plasma. The results obtained with an equilibrium dialysis technique developed for this study showed that haemoglobin, albumin, red cell membranes and triglyceride-rich micelles (chylomicrons and VLDL), but not y-globulin, contribute significantly to the solubility, and thus the transport, of halothane in blood. A significant amount of halothane is also dissolved in the aqueous phase. The results suggest that halothane interacts with a finite number of surface sites on haemoglobin and albumin. When the aqueous phase was saturated with halothane, the average number of halothane molecules bound per haemoglobin and albumin molecule was approximately 5 and 20 respectively. In the case of triglyceride-rich micelles and red cell membranes, the halothane molecules appeared to be located within the hydrophobic core, since the amount of halothane solubilized by the micelles and membrane increased with increasing free halothane concentration without showing evidence of saturation of hydrophobic sites. The results obtained from the equilibrium dialysis studies were used to calculate the distribution of halothane between the cells and plasma. This distribution was also experimentally determined by analysis of the halothane concentration in the plasma after centrifugation of whole blood samples equilibrated with halothane. There was reasonable agreement between the results obtained by the two methods. The uptake and distribution of halothane in dog blood at different inspired levels of halothane was studied by analysing the concentration of halothane in whole blood and plasma of arterial and mixed venous blood at different times after the induction of anaesthesia. Generally, a steady state was reached approximately 2 hours after induction. The time required for the distribution of halothane between the plasma and cells appeared to be much shorter than the time required to attain the steady state. This suggested that the distribution of halothane between blood components calculated from the results of the equilibrium dialysis studies is applicable to blood in vivo during anaesthesia. The arterial blood halothane concentration calculated by combining the experimentally determined end-tidal halothane partial pressure and literature values for the blood gas partition coefficient are different from those determined experimentally. This suggested that halothane in the alveoli and halothane in the arterial blood were not in thermodynamic equilibrium, as commonly accepted. / Medicine, Faculty of / Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

This investigation was concerned with characterizing a tumor line induced and maintained in this laboratory. Various chemical assays, cell counts, and electron microscopy were the methods employed to characterize the blood of mice bearing the tumor at days 3, 6, 9, and 12 after injection of the 1.2 x 10^8 tumor cells.

Gu, Wenbo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.viii / Contents --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Arterial blood pressure and its importance --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Current methods for non-invasive blood pressure measurement --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- The auscultatory method (mercury sphygmomanometer) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- The oscillometric method --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- The tonometric method --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- The volume-clamp method --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3. --- Blood pressure estimation based on pulse arrival time --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4. --- Objectives and structures of this thesis --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- Hemodynamic models: relationship between PAT and BP --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- The generation of arterial pulsation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2. --- Pulse wave velocity along the arterial wall --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Moens-Korteweg equation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Bergel wave velocity --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Relationship between PWV and BP --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Bramwell-Hill´ةs model --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Volume-pressure relationship --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Hughes' model --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4. --- The theoretical expression of PAT-BP relationship --- p.23 / Chapter 3. --- Estimation and calibration of arterial BP based on PAT --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1. --- PAT measurement --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Principle of ECG measurement --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Principle of PPG measurement --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Calculation of PAT --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2. --- Calibration methods for PAT-BP estimation --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Calibration based on cuff BP readings --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Calibration by hydrostatic pressure changes --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Calibration by multiple regression --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3. --- Model-based calibration with PPG waveform parameters --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Model-based equation with parameters from PPG waveform --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Selection of parameters from PPG waveform --- p.36 / Chapter 4. --- Cuffless calibration approach using PPG waveform parameter for PAT-BP estimation --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2. --- Experiment I: young group in sitting position including rest and after exercise states --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Experiment protocol --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Data Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Experiment results --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3. --- Experiment II: over-month observation using wearable device in sitting position --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Body sensor network for blood pressure estimation --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Experiment protocol and data collection --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Experiment results --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4. --- Experiment III: contactless monitoring in supine position --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- The design of the contactless system --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Experiment protocol and data collection --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Experiment results --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5. --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- Discussion of Experiments I and II --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- Discussion of Experiments II and III --- p.57 / Chapter 4.5.3. --- Conclusion --- p.58 / Chapter 5. --- Cuff-based calibration approach for BP estimation in supine position --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2. --- Experiment protocol --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Experiment IV: exercise experiment in supine position in lab --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Experiment V: exercise experiment in supine position in PWH --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3. --- Data analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Partition of signal trials and selection of datasets --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- PPG waveform processing --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4. --- Experiment results --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Range and variation of reference SBP --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- PAT-BP individual best regression --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Multiple regression using ZX and arm length --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4.4. --- One-cuff calibration improved by PPG waveform parameter --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5. --- Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.76

Yan, Renfei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-77). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.VI / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VIII / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.IX / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES AND EVALUATION STANDARDS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Current situation on hypertension --- p.1 / Chapter A. --- Prevalence of hypertension --- p.1 / Chapter B. --- Low awareness of hypertension --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Calls for better management of hypertension --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Blood pressure measuring devices --- p.3 / Chapter A. --- Conventional devices and their limitations --- p.3 / Chapter B. --- Wearable cuff-less devices --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4. --- Evaluation of the wearable cuff-less devices --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5. --- Objectives of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6. --- Structure of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- REVIEW ON CURRENT STANDARDS --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction to current standards --- p.8 / Chapter A. --- AAMI standard --- p.8 / Chapter B. --- BHS protocol --- p.8 / Chapter C. --- ESH protocol --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- Comparison of current standards --- p.9 / Chapter A. --- Evaluation scope --- p.9 / Chapter B. --- Validation protocol --- p.10 / Chapter C. --- Accuracy criteria --- p.10 / Chapter D. --- Testing reference --- p.13 / Chapter E. --- Recruitment of subjects --- p.13 / Chapter F. --- Ambulatory monitors --- p.14 / Chapter G. --- Special groups of population --- p.15 / Chapter H. --- Statistical considerations --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3. --- Major challenges for the evaluation of cuff-less devices --- p.17 / Chapter A. --- Lack of experimental data --- p.19 / Chapter B. --- Re-examination of the statistical considerations --- p.19 / Chapter C. --- Feature oriented design of the validation protocol --- p.19 / Chapter D. --- Selection of testing reference --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- ERROR DISTRIBUTION MODEL --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1. --- Distribution assumption in current standards --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2. --- Distribution analysis from published reports --- p.22 / Chapter A. --- Methodology --- p.22 / Chapter B. --- Data analysis --- p.23 / Chapter C. --- Results --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3. --- Distribution analysis on a cuff-less device --- p.29 / Chapter A. --- Experiment --- p.29 / Chapter B. --- Data analysis --- p.31 / Chapter C. --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4. --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter A. --- Supporting evidence for t4 distribution --- p.33 / Chapter B. --- Implications for the application of t4 distribution --- p.34 / Chapter 3.5. --- Section Summary --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- EVALUATION SCALE TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1. --- Considerations for parameter selection --- p.37 / Chapter A. --- Outlying errors and system bias --- p.37 / Chapter B. --- Accuracy at different levels of blood pressure --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2. --- Description of selected parameters --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3. --- Theoretical relationship between “new´ح and “old´ح parameters --- p.38 / Chapter A. --- Mathematical relationship --- p.39 / Chapter B. --- Mapping relationship --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4. --- Assessment of accuracy at increasing blood pressure levels --- p.41 / Chapter A. --- Data transformation --- p.41 / Chapter B. --- Experimental study --- p.41 / Chapter 4.5. --- Discussion and application --- p.43 / Chapter A. --- Parameter selection --- p.43 / Chapter B. --- Sample size --- p.45 / Chapter C. --- Accuracy criteria --- p.46 / Chapter 4.6. --- Section summary --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- FEATURE ORIENTED PROTOCOL DESIGN --- p.48 / Chapter 5.1. --- Rationale of accuracy assessment with BP change --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2. --- Experiment one --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3. --- Experiment two --- p.49 / Chapter 5.4. --- Data analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 5.5. --- Results --- p.50 / Chapter A. --- Experiment one --- p.50 / Chapter B. --- Experiment two --- p.52 / Chapter 5.6. --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter A. --- Difference between cuff-less and cuff-based devices --- p.58 / Chapter B. --- Correlation between accuracy and blood pressure changes --- p.58 / Chapter C. --- Inducement of blood pressure change --- p.59 / Chapter D. --- Other factors affect the accuracy --- p.60 / Chapter 5.7. --- Section summary --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- PROPOSAL FOR THE EVALUATION OF WEARABLE CUFF-LESS DEVICES --- p.62 / Chapter 6.1. --- Scope --- p.62 / Chapter 6.2. --- Purpose --- p.62 / Chapter 6.3. --- Subject selection --- p.63 / Chapter 6.4. --- Main validation --- p.64 / Chapter A. --- Static test --- p.64 / Chapter B. --- Test with blood pressure change --- p.65 / Chapter C. --- Test after a certain period of time --- p.65 / Chapter 6.5. --- Data analysis and reporting --- p.66 / Chapter A. --- Statistical report --- p.66 / Chapter B. --- Graphical representation --- p.67 / Chapter 6.6. --- Conclusion and future work --- p.67 / REFERENCES --- p.69 / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND AWARDS --- p.78

Thesis (M.Sc. (Applied Mathematics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2008 / Understanding the effects of blood viscosity variation plays a very crucial role in hemodynamics, thrombosis and inflammation and could provide useful information for diagnostics and therapy of (cardio) vascular diseases. Blood viscosity, which arises from frictional interactions between all major blood constituents, i.e. plasma, plasma proteins and red blood cells, constitutes blood inherent resistance to flow in the blood vessel. Generally, blood viscosity in large arteries is lower near the vessel wall due to the presence of plasma layer in this peripheral region than the viscosity in the central core region which depends on the hematocrit. In this dissertation, the flow of blood in a large artery is investigated theoretically using the fluid dynamics equations of continuity and momentum. Treating artery as a rigid channel with uniform width and blood as a variable viscosity incompressible Newtonian fluid, the basic flow structure and its stability to small disturbances are examined. A fourth-order eigenvalue problem which reduces to the well known Orr–Sommerfeld equation in some limiting cases is obtained and solved numerically by a spectral collocation technique with expansions in Chebyshev polynomials implemented in MATLAB. Graphical results for the basic flow axial velocity, disturbance growth rate and marginal stability curve are presented and discussed. It is worth pointing out that, a decrease in plasma viscosity near the arterial wall has a stabilizing effect on the flow.

Inledning: Sjukvården är beroende av frivilliga bloddonatorer. Det behövs alltid fler bloddonatorer då vi med dagens sjukvård kan utföra alltmer avancerad kirurgi samt rädda och hjälpa allt fler sjuka samt skadade, med hjälp av blod från frivilliga donatorer. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka skäl som anges till att inte donera blod, samt undersöka om viljan att ge blod skiljer sig beroende på kön, ålder och om man har yrkes- eller studieanknytning till sjukvård. Syftet var också att undersöka vilka faktorer potentiella blodgivare anger som motiverande till att donera blod. Metod: Denna uppsats baseras på en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie, bestående av en webbenkät som delats av författarnas på det sociala mediet Facebook. Enkäten vände sig till personer som enligt blodcentralens kriterier får donera blod, totalt inkom 90 svar, med ett bortfall på totalt 11 personer. Enkäter analyserades sedan kvantitativt med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Studien visar att den vanligaste orsaken till att respondenten inte gått och donerat blod är att de tillfrågade har tänkt på det men att det inte blivit av. Det finns ingen skillnad i motivationen att donera blod gällande kön, ålder och om man har yrkes-/studieanknytning till sjukvården. Det som respondenterna uppgett som mest motiverande till att gå och donera blod är att få svar på olika provsvar som till exempel kolesterol och infektionsparametrar. Slutsats: Att försöka göra blodgivningen mer tillgänglig skulle förhoppningsvis kunna öka antalet blodgivare, eftersom en tredjedel av de tillfrågade har tänkt på det, men att det inte blivit av. Att erbjuda bloddonatorerna svar på olika blodprover skulle troligtvis också öka chanserna för att flera personer ska bli återkommande bloddonatorer. / Introduction: Hospitals and general healthcare are dependent on volunteers to donate blood. Due to today’s advanced surgery there is an everlasting need for new and more blood donors. With the aid of donated blood more people in need could receive the appropriate treatment. Aim: The aim was to investigate what reasons would be given for not donating blood, and to investigate whether the will to donate blood may depend on gender, age and whether the subject has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The aim was also to determine the motivating factors to blood donation of future donors. Method: This essay is based on a quantitative cross-sectional study consisting of a web based survey shared by the authors on the social networking service Facebook. The target group of the survey was people who are suitable to donate blood according to the criteria of the blood donation centre. A total of 90 individuals responded to the survey, with a loss of 11 people. The surveys were analyzed quantitatively using the statistical program SPSS. Results: The study indicates that the most common reason to why the respondent has not donated blood is that he or she has thought of donating blood, but that it has simply not yet happened. The motivation of donating blood is not dependent on the person’s gender, age or whether or not the person has a work- or study relation to healthcare. The most motivating factor to donating blood is the opportunity to be informed of test results such as cholesterol levels and infection parameters. Conclusion: Since one third of the respondents have considered donating blood, but that they still have not done so, there would probably be an increase in the numbers of blood donors if blood donating centres were more accessible. To offer the donors the results of various kinds of blood tests would probably motivate more persons to become regular blood donors.