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BMAL1, une protéine centrale de l'horloge circadienne.L’inactivation de BMAL1 (BMAL1-KO) entraîne une perte complète de la rythmicité dans les horloges central et périphérique. Le travail de ma thèse se concentre sur le rôle du gène BMAL1 dans la développement et le traitement des cancers du sein et du côlon.1. Pharmacodynamique in vitro de l’Everolimus en fonction du temps d’administration malgré une horloge circadienne défectueuse ((Zhang et al., 2018) (Zhang, Levi and Chang, 2018)L’everolimus (EV) est un inhibiteur de la mTOR chez les mammifères et il est utilisé pour traiter le cancer du sein positif aux oestrogènes (ER+). Nous avons focalisé nos recherches sur la chronopharmacologie de l’Everolimus administré sur des cellules MCF-7 (ER+). Les MCF-7 présentent une oscillation circadienne de l’activité de mTOR sans mise en évidence d’une oscillation des gènes d’horloge. L’oscillation d’activité de mTOR induirait une oscillation de synthèse et/ou de phosphorylation de protéines importantes dans la progression de la phase G1, notamment la Cycline D1 et RB phosphorylée. Ces variations rythmiques des MCF-7 synchronisées expliquent la chrono-efficacité de l’Everolimus selon des temps différents d’administration.Ce travail a révélé que même dans un système de cellules cancéreuses dont l’horloge était perturbée, l'intégration d'autres rythmes cellulaires dans la chronothérapie pouvait augmenter l'efficacité du médicament. Ce principe peut être appliqué à des traitements du cancer pour optimiser la chronothérapie du cancer.2. Le Knockdown BMAL1 a déclenché différents destins de cellules du carcinome du côlon (CRC) en modifiant l'équilibre délicat entre les voies AKT / mTOR et P21 / P53 (Article soumis)Premièrement, nos résultats ont révélé que le knockdown BMAL1 par le shRNA (BMAL1-KD) avait déclenché une activation plus évidente de l’AKT / mTOR dans deux lignées cellulaires primaires (HCT116 et SW480) que une lignée métastatique de CRC, SW620. De plus, bien que les deux lignées cellulaires primaires de CRC aient présenté une augmentation significative de l'activité de l'AKT/mTOR, elles avaient des statuts différents de P53 (WT ou mutant). Dans ce contexte, les cellules SW480 BMAL1-KD avec P53 mutant présentaient une sénescence accrue, mais les cellules HCT116 BMAL1-KD avec P53 WT présentaient d’abord une apoptose transitoire, puis un taux de prolifération plus élevé.Ainsi, nos travaux ont révélé le rôle crucial de BMAL1 pour équilibrer un régulateur central du métabolisme AKT / mTOR et une voie de réponse au stress P53 / P21 dans des lignées cellulaires de CRC, ce qui met en évidence l’importance de BMAL1 dans le développement de CRC et la progression du vieillissement.3. BMAL1 renforce les propriétés épithéliales et diminue la chimiorésistance des cellules du CRC (article en préparation)La transition épithélo-mésenchymateuse (EMT) est un événement critique dans l'invasion et la métastase des carcinomes, y compris le CRC.Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié comment BMAL1 knockdown (Bmal1-KD) altère l’équilibre délicat entre les propriétés épithéliales et mésenchymateuse de trois lignées cellulaires de CRC (HCT116, SW480 et SW620).Après BMAL1-KD, la diminution de l’expression Twist, un facteur de transcription favorisé l’EMT et des marqueurs mésenchymateux (N-Cadhérine, Vimentine) étaient associées à une expression accrue des marqueurs épithéliaux (E-cadhérine, CK20 et EpCAM). De manière constante, l'augmentation de l'expression de l’E-cadhérine après BMAL1-KD était accompagnée d'une co-localisation membranaire accrue de la β-caténine avec l'E-cadhérine, ainsi que d'une diminution de la localisation nucléaire de la β-caténine, suggérant une diminution de l'activation de la voie Wnt. De plus, les cellules BMAL1-KD ont montré une diminution des capacités de migration et de la résistance aux médicaments.Au total, ces données soulignent l’importance de BMAL1 dans l’EMT des cellules de CRC. / BMAL1 is a core circadian clock protein, forming a heterodimer with CLOCK to initiate the transcription of circadian and output genes. Among canonical clock genes, only BMAL1 knockout results in complete loss of rhythmicity in both the SCN and peripheral tissues. My thesis work focuses on exploring the important role of BMAL1 in human breast and colon cancer progression and treatment. My work is divided into three main parts:1. Dosing time dependent in vitro pharmacodynamics of Everolimus despite a defective circadian clock (Zhang et al., 2018)(Zhang, Levi and Chang, 2018) Everolimus (EV) is an inhibitor of mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) and is used to treat estrogen positive (ER+) breast cancer. Here, we investigated whether EV efficacy varied according to administration timing by using the ER+ breast cancer cell line MCF-7 as a model system. Serum shock synchronization induced a circadian oscillation in mTOR activity in MCF-7 cells, which rhythmically regulated the synthesis or phosphorylation of key G1 progression proteins, such as Cyclin D1 and phosphorylated RB, ultimately resulting in different G0/G1 blockage efficiency according to different EV administration timing. Thus, the different delivery schedule of EV presented different efficacy in G0/G1 phase blockage in serum shocked MCF-7 cells.This investigation revealed that, even in a breast cancer cell system with disrupted circadian organization, modulating drug administration according to other protein rhythms could still increase drug efficacy. This principle may be applied to many other cancer systems and treatment types to optimize cancer chronotherapy.2. Knockdown BMAL1 triggered different colon carcinoma cells fates by altering the delicate equilibrium between AKT/mTOR and P21/P53 pathways (Article in preparation)We tried to evaluate in vitro how knockdown BMAL1 (BMAL1-KD) by shRNA influences human colorectal cancer cell (CRC) behavior.The results revealed that BMAL1-KD triggered different CRC cell fates based on distinct p53 status in different cell lines. First, after BMAL1 knockdown, two primary CRC cell lines (HCT116 and SW480) presented a more evident AKT/mTOR activation than the metastatic colon carcinoma cell line, SW620. Furthermore, although both primary CRC cell lines presented a significant increase of AKT/mTOR activity, they had different P53 status (WT or mutant) and activation pattern. Under these context, SW480 BMAL1-KD cells exhibited increased senescence but HCT116 BMAL1-KD cells showed firstly a transient apoptosis and then higher proliferation rate.Thus, our work uncovered the crucial role of BMAL1 to balance a central metabolism regulator AKT/mTOR and a stress response pathway P53/P21 in CRC cell lines, which highlighted the importance of BMAL1 in CRC development and aging progression.3. BMAL1 knockdown leans epithelial–mesenchymal balance toward epithelial properties and decreased the chemoresistance of colon carcinoma cell (Article in preparation)Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical early event in the invasion and metastasis of carcinoma, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this work, we studied how BMAL1-KD alters the delicate equilibrium between epithelial and mesenchymal properties of three colon carcinoma cell lines (HCT116, SW480 and SW620).The results showed the molecular alterations after BMAL1-KD promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition-like changes mostly appeared in two primary CRC cell lines (HCT116 and SW480) compared to the metastatic cell line SW620. Subsequently, BMAL1-KD HCT116 and SW480 cells harbored a decreased migration, invasiveness and drug resistance capacities relative to their scramble counterpart cells. All these data suggested the importance of BMAL1 on EMT inducing in colon carcinoma cells.

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Ce travail avait pour objet d’étudier les propriétés d’horloge et de synchronisation de la peau, un modèle potentiel d’horloge périphérique. L’activité rythmique a été analysée par bioluminescence en temps réel, sur des explants de peau abdominale et des fibroblastes dermiques primaires, isolés à partir de rats transgéniques Per1-luciférase. Nous avons montré que des explants de peau présentent une activité rythmique soutenue en culture, indiquant une importante synchronisation interne dans le tissu. Cette synchronisation se manifeste au cours du développement post-natal à partir de 1 mois et augmente jusqu’à 6 mois, avant de décroître, laissant place à des rythmes altérés à l’âge de 2 ans. Nous avons aussi établi que les fibroblastes dermiques présentent la propriété de compensation thermique commune à toutes les horloges circadiennes, et qu’ils sont potentiellement synchronisables par la mélatonine puisque celle-ci augmente leur amplitude en culture. Nous avons aussi préparé un vecteur lentiviral exprimant le gène rapporteur luciférase sous le contrôle du promoteur du gène horloge Bmal1, un nouvel outil pour compléter l’étude des rythmes dans les cellules de la peau. / This work aimed to investigate the skin as a potential model of peripheral clock by characterizing its rhythmic and synchronization properties. Circadian activity was examined in abdominal skin explants and fibroblasts derived from Per1-Luciferase transgenic rats by real-time recording of bioluminescence. First, the skin clock was characterized from early postnatal to old age. Low amplitude oscillations appeared at 1 month only and their robustness increased until 6 months. In 1-2 year-old rats, skin circadian rhythms showed decreasing amplitude and abnormal cycles. Primary fibroblasts derived from the skin at the same ages demonstrated similar pattern of clock activity. Temperature compensation, an intrinsic clock feature, was shown the first time in skin and primary fibroblasts. Secondly, we demonstrated a phase-dependent effect of melatonin to increase the amplitude of oscillations in skin primary fibroblasts, indicating it displays a synchronising role in the circadiansystem. Finally, to facilitate our studies on the multioscillatory skin tissue, we constructed a lentivirus carrying a Bmal1-luciferase reporter, to measure clock genes activities in human skin cells.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A saudável interação entre o indivíduo e o meio depende do alinhamento entre a dinâmica fisiológica do primeiro e os periódicos movimentos da natureza. A interação entre tais ritmos por sua vez constitui-se em base e derivação do processo de evolução. O comprometimento de tal alinhamento representa um risco para a sobrevivência das espécies. Neste contexto, os organismos alinham seus ritmos fisiológicos a diferentes ciclos externos. Desta forma, ciclos endógenos são coordenados por relógios biológicos que determinam em nosso organismo, específicos ritmos em fase com a natureza, tais como ritmos circadianos (RC), cujo período aproxima-se de 24 horas. O peso corporal, a ingestão de alimentos e o consumo de energia são processos caracterizados pelo RC e a obesidade está associada a uma dessincronização deste processo. A modulação do RC é resultado da expressão dos clock gens CLOCK e BMAL1 que formam um heterodímero responsável pela transcrição gênica de Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1 e Cry2. As proteínas codificadas por estes genes, uma vez sintetizadas, formam dímeros (PER-CRY) no citoplasma que, a partir de determinada concentração, retornam ao núcleo, bloqueando a ação do heterodímero CLOCK/BMAL1 na transcrição dos próprios genes, formando assim uma alça de retroalimentação negativa de transcrição e tradução. Estes genes asseguram a periodicidade e são significativamente expressos no núcleo supraquiasmático (SCN) do hipotálamo. Para estudar esse processo em camundongos normais e hiperalimentados, saciados e em estado de fome, foi utilizado um método de registro do comportamento alimentar baseado no som produzido pela alimentação dos animais, e a correlação destes estados metabólicos com a expressão de CLOCK, BMAL1, Per1, Per2, Per3, bem como das proteínas Cry1 e Cry2 no SCN, por análise de imagens obtidas em microscopia confocal. Camundongos suíços controle em estado de fome (CF) e saciados (CS) foram comparados com animais hiperalimentados com fome (HF) e saciados (HS). Nenhum grupo demonstrou diferença nos conteúdos CLOCK e BMAL1, indicando capacidade potencial para modular os ritmos biológicos. No entanto, as proteínas Per1, Per2, Per3 e Cry1 apresentaram menor expressão no grupo CS, mostrando uma diferença significativa quando comparados com o grupo CF (P<0,05), diferença esta não encontrada na comparação entre os grupos HF e HS. A quantidade de proteína Cry2 não foi diferente na mesma comparação. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que as alterações dos ritmos endógenos e exógenos, refletido pelo comportamento hiperfágico observado em camundongos hiperalimentados, pode ser devido a um defeito no mecanismo de feedback negativo associado ao dímero Cry-Per, que não bloqueia a transcrição de Per1 Per2, Per3 e Cry1 pelo heterodímero CLOCK-BMAL1. / The healthy interaction between the subject and the environment depends on the alignment between the physiological dynamics of the first one and the periodical movements of nature. The interaction between these rhythms in turn is based on the derivation and evolution process. The involvement of such an alignment is a risk to the survival of species. In this context the bodies line up their physiological rhythms to different external cycles. Thus, endogenous cycles are coordinated by biological clocks which determine in our organism specific rhythms in phase with the nature, such as Circadian Rhythms (CR) whose period is close to 24 hours. The body weight, the food intake and the energy consumption are processes characterized by the CR and the obesity is associated with a different timing of this process. The CR modulation is a result of the formulation of clock-gens CLOCK and BMAL1 who form an heterodimer responsible for the gene transcription of Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1 e Cry2. The proteins encoded by these genes, once synthesized, form dimers (PER-CRY) in the cytoplasm that, depending on a given concentration, return to the core blocking the action of the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer in the transcription of its own genes, thus forming a negative feedback loop of transcription and translation. These genes secure the periodicity and are significantly expressed in the hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus. In order to study this process in regular, hyper-fed, hungry and satiated mice, we used a registration method of feeding behavior based on the sound produced by animal feeding and the relation between the metabolic states with the expression CLOCK, BMAL1, Per1, Per2, Per3, as well as the Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in the SCN, by analysis of images obtained in confocal microscopy. Control Swiss mice in state of hunger/ satiated were compared to hyper-fed animals in the same conditions. None of them showed difference in the CLOCK and BMAL1 contents, showing a potential capacity to modulate the biological rhythms. However, the Per1, Per2, Per3 and Cry1 proteins showed a minor expression in the CS group and a significant difference when compared to the CF group (P<0,05). This difference cant be found in the HF and HS groups. The results of the studies indicated that the endogenous and exogenous changes, reflected by the hyperphagic behavior observed in hyper-fed mice, may be due to a defect in the mechanism of negative feedback associated to the Cry-Per dimer, which has abolished the blocking mechanism of Per1 Per2, Per3 and Cry1 by the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A saudável interação entre o indivíduo e o meio depende do alinhamento entre a dinâmica fisiológica do primeiro e os periódicos movimentos da natureza. A interação entre tais ritmos por sua vez constitui-se em base e derivação do processo de evolução. O comprometimento de tal alinhamento representa um risco para a sobrevivência das espécies. Neste contexto, os organismos alinham seus ritmos fisiológicos a diferentes ciclos externos. Desta forma, ciclos endógenos são coordenados por relógios biológicos que determinam em nosso organismo, específicos ritmos em fase com a natureza, tais como ritmos circadianos (RC), cujo período aproxima-se de 24 horas. O peso corporal, a ingestão de alimentos e o consumo de energia são processos caracterizados pelo RC e a obesidade está associada a uma dessincronização deste processo. A modulação do RC é resultado da expressão dos clock gens CLOCK e BMAL1 que formam um heterodímero responsável pela transcrição gênica de Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1 e Cry2. As proteínas codificadas por estes genes, uma vez sintetizadas, formam dímeros (PER-CRY) no citoplasma que, a partir de determinada concentração, retornam ao núcleo, bloqueando a ação do heterodímero CLOCK/BMAL1 na transcrição dos próprios genes, formando assim uma alça de retroalimentação negativa de transcrição e tradução. Estes genes asseguram a periodicidade e são significativamente expressos no núcleo supraquiasmático (SCN) do hipotálamo. Para estudar esse processo em camundongos normais e hiperalimentados, saciados e em estado de fome, foi utilizado um método de registro do comportamento alimentar baseado no som produzido pela alimentação dos animais, e a correlação destes estados metabólicos com a expressão de CLOCK, BMAL1, Per1, Per2, Per3, bem como das proteínas Cry1 e Cry2 no SCN, por análise de imagens obtidas em microscopia confocal. Camundongos suíços controle em estado de fome (CF) e saciados (CS) foram comparados com animais hiperalimentados com fome (HF) e saciados (HS). Nenhum grupo demonstrou diferença nos conteúdos CLOCK e BMAL1, indicando capacidade potencial para modular os ritmos biológicos. No entanto, as proteínas Per1, Per2, Per3 e Cry1 apresentaram menor expressão no grupo CS, mostrando uma diferença significativa quando comparados com o grupo CF (P<0,05), diferença esta não encontrada na comparação entre os grupos HF e HS. A quantidade de proteína Cry2 não foi diferente na mesma comparação. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que as alterações dos ritmos endógenos e exógenos, refletido pelo comportamento hiperfágico observado em camundongos hiperalimentados, pode ser devido a um defeito no mecanismo de feedback negativo associado ao dímero Cry-Per, que não bloqueia a transcrição de Per1 Per2, Per3 e Cry1 pelo heterodímero CLOCK-BMAL1. / The healthy interaction between the subject and the environment depends on the alignment between the physiological dynamics of the first one and the periodical movements of nature. The interaction between these rhythms in turn is based on the derivation and evolution process. The involvement of such an alignment is a risk to the survival of species. In this context the bodies line up their physiological rhythms to different external cycles. Thus, endogenous cycles are coordinated by biological clocks which determine in our organism specific rhythms in phase with the nature, such as Circadian Rhythms (CR) whose period is close to 24 hours. The body weight, the food intake and the energy consumption are processes characterized by the CR and the obesity is associated with a different timing of this process. The CR modulation is a result of the formulation of clock-gens CLOCK and BMAL1 who form an heterodimer responsible for the gene transcription of Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1 e Cry2. The proteins encoded by these genes, once synthesized, form dimers (PER-CRY) in the cytoplasm that, depending on a given concentration, return to the core blocking the action of the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer in the transcription of its own genes, thus forming a negative feedback loop of transcription and translation. These genes secure the periodicity and are significantly expressed in the hypothalamus suprachiasmatic nucleus. In order to study this process in regular, hyper-fed, hungry and satiated mice, we used a registration method of feeding behavior based on the sound produced by animal feeding and the relation between the metabolic states with the expression CLOCK, BMAL1, Per1, Per2, Per3, as well as the Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in the SCN, by analysis of images obtained in confocal microscopy. Control Swiss mice in state of hunger/ satiated were compared to hyper-fed animals in the same conditions. None of them showed difference in the CLOCK and BMAL1 contents, showing a potential capacity to modulate the biological rhythms. However, the Per1, Per2, Per3 and Cry1 proteins showed a minor expression in the CS group and a significant difference when compared to the CF group (P<0,05). This difference cant be found in the HF and HS groups. The results of the studies indicated that the endogenous and exogenous changes, reflected by the hyperphagic behavior observed in hyper-fed mice, may be due to a defect in the mechanism of negative feedback associated to the Cry-Per dimer, which has abolished the blocking mechanism of Per1 Per2, Per3 and Cry1 by the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer.

No description available.