Electronic systems are an indivisible part of modern life. Every day, new materials, devices, passive components, antennas for wireless communication are needed to be designed and developed. In particular, flexible and biocompatible wearable devices are urgent required for medical and industrial applications. The great hope lies in the materials with high crystalline quality and flexibility such as graphene and other 2D semiconductors and insulators. Doping is a conventional tool for tailoring of the electronic properties of the functional materials. Here we examine application of the widely used the electron donor species to the graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayer (h-BN). For each we determine surface-interface properties and the full electronic band structure using the combination of the surface science methods such as angle-integrated and angle resolved photoemission (XPS, ARPES), electron diffraction (LEED) and photo absorption (XAS). As the result we provided insight into mechanisms underlying the doping gating of the graphene h-BN monolayer by the alkali metals. We fully characterized their surface and interface structure. Finally we studied the interplay between electrons and phonons in the doped graphene and we demonstrated that Ca-doped graphene is the promising candidate for realizing superconductivity in graphene.

El Perú se encuentra en una posición económica estable, con una tendencia de crecimiento del PBI superior al 4% anual, en el 2017 las calificadoras de riesgo soberano coincidieron en otorgar la calificación de BBB+ (S&P), A3 (Moodys), BBB+ (Fitch), por la reducción de vulnerabilidad a los choques externos económicos, estabilidad (coherencia política) y jurídica, todo ello contribuye a un escenario favorable para el crecimiento de las inversiones. (MEF, 2017) Es en este escenario, la importancia de considerar la participación de las micro y pequeñas empresas (MYPE) como eje fundamental generador de empleo, con más del 80% de la fuerza laboral ocupada del país permitiendo así la redistribución del ingreso a los sectores medios y de bajos ingresos; fomentando el desarrollo económico de la nación (cerca del 25% del PBI esta sostenido por las MYPE), teniendo en cuenta lo valioso de la actuación de las MYPE en la economía nacional se hace necesario elaborar e implementar políticas de financiamiento (con tasas de interés competitivas, bajas en costo, y flexibles para su adquisición), que contribuyan a su crecimiento y desarrollo; considerando al banco de la nación como socio estratégico participe de este fin. Bajo este orden de ideas en el presente trabajo sustentaremos la propuesta para un Nuevo Instrumento Financiero denominado “Préstamo Multired – Micro y Pequeñas Empresas”, que sin duda permitirá el crecimiento económico en términos de rentabilidad y el valor de marca del Banco de la Nación, en el mercado financiero peruano bajo el enfoque del Benchmarking. / Peru is in a stable economic position, with tendencies to GDP growth of more than 4% per year. In 2017, the sovereign risk rating agencies coincided in granting the rating of BBB + (S & P), A3 (Moody’s), BBB + (Fitch), by the reduction of vulnerability to external economic shocks, stability (political coherence) and legal, all this contributes to a favorable scenario for the growth of investments. (MEF, 2017) It is in this scenario, the importance of considering the participation of medium and small enterprises as a fundamental axis that generates employment, with more than 80% of the labor force, the redistribution of income to the middle and low income sectors; promoting the economic development of the nation (close to 25% of GDP is supported by medium and small companies), taking into account the value of the meditation of medium and small enterprises in the national economy. Financing, which contribute to its growth and development; Subject to the nation's bank as a strategic partner. Under this order of ideas in this paper we will support the proposal for a New Financial Instrument called "Multiple Loan - Medium and Small Companies", which will undoubtedly allow economic growth in terms of profitability and the brand value of nation bank, in the Peruvian financial market under the Benchmarking approach. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>Njurarna är ett organsystem med viktiga funktioner som exempelvis utsöndring av flertalet vattenlösliga substanser. För att sjukdomssymtom ska uppträda krävs mer än tre fjärdedelars bortfall av njurfunktionen, eftersom njurarna har en enorm reservkapacitet. Genom att analysera bland annat proteinerna albumin, immunoglobulin G, kappa och lambda i urin utreds om njurfunktionen fungerar som den ska. Analys av dessa proteiner kan ske med analysinstrumenten IMMAGE 800 från Beckman Coulter och BN ProSpec från DADE BEHRING. Båda dessa analysinstrument använder sig av metoden nefelometri, som är en metod där ljusspridning i en vätska eller gas kan mätas.</p><p>Syftet med föreliggande studie var att analysera urinprover på både IMMAGE 800 och BN ProSpec och sedan jämföra resultaten. Under denna studie kalibrerades standardkurvor, genomfördes kvalitetskontroller och 37 prov analyserades. Samma prov analyserades flera gånger, både under samma dag och vid ett antal kommande dagar för att erhålla precisionen. Korrelationskoefficienten blev 0,999 för U-albumin; 0,998 för U-IgG; 0,947 för U-kappa och 0,883 för U-lambda. ProSpec kan således användas vid analys av U-albumin, U-IgG, U-kappa och U-lambda då den uppfyller EQUALIS kvalitetsmål.</p>

During the transformation of the bacterial endosymbiont into current mitochondria the protein import apparatus had to be created de novo. The reduced mitochondria (mitosomes) of the parasitic protist Giardia intestinalis represent unique cellular model for the examination of these fundamental transport processes. As the main objective of this project I will try to characterize the motor complex, which propels the protein transport, and also the translocation channel in the inner mitosomal membrane. To this aim I will exploit the presence of two membrane components Pam16 and Pam18, which were discovered in our laboratory, and which constitute the functional core of the motor complex. Based on the information from the analogous systems of yeast and mammalian mitochondria, these two components should physically interact with so far unknown translocation channel. In all other eukaryotes this channel is formed by a conserved protein Tim23. The absence of this protein in the genome of G. intestinalis suggests presence of completely novel, or maybe the original-bacterial protein. Having in hand this simplified mitochodrial model the project has potential to bring not only new data in parasite biology but also generate new information on the function and evolution of mitochondrial protein import.

<p>Diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces have extreme properties that can be exploited in novel tribological, electrochemical and electronic applications. Normally insulating diamond surfaces can exhibit high surface conductivities due to hydrogen termination and the nature of the surrounding atmosphere. Successful growth of cubic boron nitride thin films is hindered when harsh synthesis methods are used.</p><p>Three significant surface-related properties are addressed in this thesis using computational methods: (1) the structure, energy stability and reactivity of clean and differently terminated diamond surfaces, (2) the high surface conductivity of diamond, and (3) the adsorption-induced stability, reactivity and reconstruction of the cubic boron nitride (100) surface. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been used at the GGA level under periodic boundary conditions to simulate the diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces. </p><p>The diamond surface structures are shown to be insensitive to hydrogen desorption. Oxygen atoms bind in different positions and with different bond strengths. Hydroxyl groups experience both attractive hydrogen bonding and steric repulsions within the adsorbed species. The reconstruction of diamond (111)-1x1 is strongly dependent on the species adsorbed onto the surface. Electron transfer was observed from a diamond surface into a water-based adlayer, yielding a p-type doped surface, depending on the nature of the surface and the adlayer. The cubic boron nitride (100)-1x1 surface was shown to reconstruct into a 2x1 configuration on both the boron- and nitrogen-rich side through the formation of B-B bonds, as well as N–N dimer-induced surface relaxation. Hydrogen stabilized the (100)-1x1 surface, but the partial removal of hydrogen yielded non-reactive dimer formation on the surface. </p>

Diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces have extreme properties that can be exploited in novel tribological, electrochemical and electronic applications. Normally insulating diamond surfaces can exhibit high surface conductivities due to hydrogen termination and the nature of the surrounding atmosphere. Successful growth of cubic boron nitride thin films is hindered when harsh synthesis methods are used. Three significant surface-related properties are addressed in this thesis using computational methods: (1) the structure, energy stability and reactivity of clean and differently terminated diamond surfaces, (2) the high surface conductivity of diamond, and (3) the adsorption-induced stability, reactivity and reconstruction of the cubic boron nitride (100) surface. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been used at the GGA level under periodic boundary conditions to simulate the diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces. The diamond surface structures are shown to be insensitive to hydrogen desorption. Oxygen atoms bind in different positions and with different bond strengths. Hydroxyl groups experience both attractive hydrogen bonding and steric repulsions within the adsorbed species. The reconstruction of diamond (111)-1x1 is strongly dependent on the species adsorbed onto the surface. Electron transfer was observed from a diamond surface into a water-based adlayer, yielding a p-type doped surface, depending on the nature of the surface and the adlayer. The cubic boron nitride (100)-1x1 surface was shown to reconstruct into a 2x1 configuration on both the boron- and nitrogen-rich side through the formation of B-B bonds, as well as N–N dimer-induced surface relaxation. Hydrogen stabilized the (100)-1x1 surface, but the partial removal of hydrogen yielded non-reactive dimer formation on the surface.

Njurarna är ett organsystem med viktiga funktioner som exempelvis utsöndring av flertalet vattenlösliga substanser. För att sjukdomssymtom ska uppträda krävs mer än tre fjärdedelars bortfall av njurfunktionen, eftersom njurarna har en enorm reservkapacitet. Genom att analysera bland annat proteinerna albumin, immunoglobulin G, kappa och lambda i urin utreds om njurfunktionen fungerar som den ska. Analys av dessa proteiner kan ske med analysinstrumenten IMMAGE 800 från Beckman Coulter och BN ProSpec från DADE BEHRING. Båda dessa analysinstrument använder sig av metoden nefelometri, som är en metod där ljusspridning i en vätska eller gas kan mätas. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att analysera urinprover på både IMMAGE 800 och BN ProSpec och sedan jämföra resultaten. Under denna studie kalibrerades standardkurvor, genomfördes kvalitetskontroller och 37 prov analyserades. Samma prov analyserades flera gånger, både under samma dag och vid ett antal kommande dagar för att erhålla precisionen. Korrelationskoefficienten blev 0,999 för U-albumin; 0,998 för U-IgG; 0,947 för U-kappa och 0,883 för U-lambda. ProSpec kan således användas vid analys av U-albumin, U-IgG, U-kappa och U-lambda då den uppfyller EQUALIS kvalitetsmål.

The present thesis is focused on various methods of controlling electronic and geometrical structure of two-dimensional overlayers adsorbed on metal surfaces exemplified by graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) grown on transition metal (TM) substrates. Combining synchrotron-radiation-based spectroscopic and various microscopic techniques with in situ sample preparation, we are able to trace the evolution of overlayer electronic and geometrical properties in overlayer/substrate systems, as well as changes of interfacial interaction in the latter.It is shown that hydrogen uptake by graphene/TM substrate strongly depends on the interfacial interaction between substrate and graphene, and on the geometrical structure of graphene. An energy gap opening in the electronic structure of graphene on TM substrates upon patterned adsorption of atomic species is demonstrated for the case of atomic oxygen adsorption on graphene/TM’s (≥0.35 eV for graphene/Ir(111)). A non-uniform character of adsorption in this case – patterned adsorption of atomic oxygen on graphene/Ir(111) due to the graphene height modulation is verified. A moderate oxidation of graphene/Ir(111) is found largely reversible. Contrary, oxidation of h-BN/Ir(111) results in replacing nitrogen atoms in the h-BN lattice with oxygen and irreversible formation of the B2O3 oxide-like structure.      Pronounced hole doping (p-doping) of graphene upon intercalation with active agents – halogens or halides – is demonstrated, the level of the doping is dependent on the agent electronegativity. Hole concentration in graphene on Ir(111) intercalated with Cl and Br/AlBr3 is as high as ~2×1013 cm-2 and ~9×1012 cm-2, respectively.     Unusual periodic wavy structures are reported for h-BN and graphene grown on Fe(110) surface. The h-BN monolayer on Fe(110) is periodically corrugated in a wavy fashion with an astonishing degree of long-range order, periodicity of 2.6 nm, and the corrugation amplitude of ~0.8 Å. The wavy pattern results from a strong chemical bonding between h-BN and Fe in combination with a lattice mismatch in either [11 ̅1] or [111 ̅] direction of the Fe(110) surface. Two primary orientations of h-BN on Fe(110) can be observed corresponding to the possible directions of lattice match between h-BN and Fe(110).     Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) formation of graphene on iron is a formidable task because of high carbon solubility in iron and pronounced reactivity of the latter, favoring iron carbide formation. However, growth of graphene on epitaxial iron films can be realized by CVD at relatively low temperatures, and the formation of carbides can be avoided in excess of the carbon-containing precursors. The resulting graphene monolayer creates a periodically corrugated pattern on Fe(110): it is modulated in one dimension forming long waves with a period of ~4 nm parallel to the [001] direction of the substrate, with an additional height modulation along the wave crests. The novel 1D templates based on h-BN and graphene adsorbed on iron can possibly find an application in 1D nanopatterning. The possibility for growing high-quality graphene on iron substrate can be useful for the low-cost industrial-scale graphene production.

Bilinear pairings are being used in ingenious ways to solve various protocol problems. Much research has been done on improving the efficiency of pairing computations. This thesis gives an introduction to the Tate pairing and some variants including the ate pairing, Vercauteren's pairing, and the R-ate pairing. We describe the Barreto-Naehrig (BN) family of pairing-friendly curves, and analyze three different coordinates systems (affine, projective, and jacobian) for implementing the R-ate pairing. Finally, we examine some recent work for speeding the pairing computation and provide improved estimates of the pairing costs on a particular BN curve.

Taiwan, as an island country, should place future aspiration on the usages of ocean energy and marine resources, such as offshore wind power and deep ocean water. The sound development of marine services relies on a strong industry of maritime engineering. The perilous marine environment has posed the highest risk for all maritime civil engineering activities. It is therefore imperative to restrain the risk associated with current maritime work, other than just engineering technique itself. By doing so, the quality of maritime work can be assured, and as the improvement of overall engineering capability, Taiwan can compete worldwide in the maritime engineering industry. Maritime works have developed their own standard construction procedures. To mitigate risk of maritime works depend mainly on the domain experts¡¦ experience and know-how. However, problems appear when less experienced experts are available, or qualitative experience exists in a narrative form. It is therefore important to structure clearly an engineering risk factor relation, and quantify and control these risk factors. The proposed study will first collect and review related literatures, and then interview an expert from the designate maritime service company to establish the risk factors associated with offshore piping. Eventually a complete Bayesian network (BN) was formulated based on the cause-effect diagram, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and experts¡¦ experience was transformed into a set of prior and conditional probability to be embedded in the BN. The BN can clearly show that certain earlier operational factors affect final operational process deeply. Besides, the backward reasoning using the BN is possible to identify the factors causing a project failure.