Att få en stomi kan innebära förändringar i kroppsuppfattningen och kan påverka människans livsstil och livskvalitét på olika sätt. Orsaken till att en person får stomi är bl.a. inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomar såsom Crohns sjukdom, ulcerös kolit och kolorektal cancer. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva upplevelsen av att leva med stomi. En litteraturstudie där 9 kvalitativa och 4 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. Resultatet är baserad på fyra olika kategorier såsom: upplevelsen av en förändrad kroppsbild, sexualitet och intimitet, faktorer som påverkar sociala-och arbetslivet samt avsaknad av kontroll. I resultatet framkom det att många upplever livet med stomi som skrämmande och det för med sig osäkerhet i vardagslivet. Rädslan för läckage, lukt och gas var starkt kopplad till stomin och det ledde till begränsningar i det sociala livet och känslan av att vara annorlunda var inte heller ovanligt. Även den sexuella aktiviteten blev förändrad genom minskad sexlust och upplevelsen av oattraktivitet var vanligt. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska minska lidande hos patienten genom respekt och god omvårdnad samt information före- och efter stomioperationen. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

I dag föds färre barn med ryggmärgsbråck på grund av att skadan kan upptäckas med fosterdiagnostik. Kunskapen om ryggmärgbråck utanför specialistklinikerna är bristande och kommunikationsproblemen mellan vårdpersonal och föräldrar är inte ovanligt. Det symtom som mest påverkar vardagen hos den som har ryggmärgsbråck är blåsrubbning.Syftet är att beskriva upplevelser av vara förälder till ungdomar och unga vuxna födda med ryggmärgsbråck, och hur ungdomen och den unge vuxne själv upplever att leva med skadan.Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod och resultatet bygger framförallt på vetenskapliga artiklar och avhandlingar. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av Evans (2003) analysmodell. Resultatet visar att föräldrarna upplever olika sorters oro under barnets uppväxt och att det ofta förekommer brister i samarbetet mellan föräldrar och vårdpersonal. I resultatet framkommer att ungdomarna inte upplever sig som annorlunda utan det är snarare omgivningen som påminner dem om deras funktionsnedsättning. Ryggmärgsbråcket kan dock påverka det dagliga livet i större eller mindre utsträckning. I diskussionen diskuteras först metodval. Vi valde att diskutera dagens fosterdiagnostik, och vilka signaler det sänder ut till samhället. Vi diskuterar om det bristande samarbetet mellan föräldrar och vårdpersonal. Vi tar upp föräldrarnas oro och ungdomars upplevelser av sin funktionsnedsättning och kopplar det till begreppet subjektiv kropp. / <p>Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C</p>

Objectification theory proposed the idea that U.S. culture positions women to be viewed as physical entities foremost, typically to the fulfillment of men's sexual desires. The most damaging aspect of this experience is women's internalization of this perspective into their own sense of self, which has been shown to predict body image issues, eating disturbances, depression, sexual dysfunction, reduced psychological flow, and substance abuse. More recently, there have been efforts to examine how multiple layers of oppression may impact the experiences of sexual objectification and its psychological consequences. This study tested an extension of objectification theory on a sample of 618 Asian American women with the inclusion of race-related experiences, Asian American cultural values, and their relationships with the self-objectification process and depression. Findings indicate that the more participants endorsed Asian American cultural values, the more they engaged in a self-objectification process that involved internalizing mainstream ideals of beauty, monitoring their body appearance, and feeling shame and less satisfaction with race-related features and their bodies in general, which then predicted depression. In considering participants' adherence to Asian cultural values, the internalization of mainstream body ideals was necessary to engaging in self-objectification. Similarly, the more participants endorsed experiencing racial and sexual objectification, the more they engaged in the self-objectification process, which predicted depression. However, internalization of mainstream body ideals was not a necessary link between experiencing objectifying events and engaging in other components of the self-objectification process. Furthermore, adherence to Asian American cultural values did not have a significant moderation effect on the self-objectification process as predicted.

Com a transição nutricional, da desnutrição para a obesidade, característica dos países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil, o enfoque das pesquisas sobre o estado nutricional vem se voltando para a questão da obesidade. São escassos, particularmente no Brasil, estudos consistentes na área da nutrição voltados à relação do estado nutricional com o comportamento humano, especificamente no que concerne à percepção subjetiva das pessoas em relação ao seu próprio corpo. A percepção da imagem corporal tem sido sistematicamente associada a transtornos do comportamento alimentar, como a anorexia nervosa, a bulimia e a obesidade. Uma das questões seria qual a relação da percepção da imagem corporal nas atitudes e comportamentos alimentares das pessoas, na comunidade em geral, sem diagnóstico específico de transtornos alimentares. Haveria alguma relação com o estado nutricional, ou com alguma característica específica do comportamento alimentar? Este trabalho tem por objetivo responder estas questões. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi considerada a classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) proposta pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A escala de figuras de silhuetas foi especialmente construída, assim como a escala tipo Likert. Os métodos psicométricos de aplicação foram criteriosamente selecionados, como validadas as escalas de comportamento alimentar e percepção da imagem corporal. A análise dos resultados sobre a percepção da imagem corporal demonstrou que homens tendem a subestimam seu tamanho corporal independentemente da classe de IMC a que pertençam, enquanto mulheres de IMC normal, ou portadoras de sobrepeso, tendem a superestimar seu tamanho corporal. As mulheres obesas tendem a subestimá-lo, como os homens. Os resultados obtidos sugerem relativa insatisfação tanto de homens como mulheres com o tamanho corporal. / With the nutritional transition from malnutrition to obesity, which is a feature of countries like Brazil, that are still going through a growth process, the focus of researches on the nutritional status are now turning to obesity. Studies on the nutritional area that relate the nutritional status with the human behavior are rare, especially when it comes to the subjective perception of one?s own body. The body image perception has been systematically associated with eating behavior distortions, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. One of the questions that are raised is what would be the relation between one?s body image perception and this person?s attitudes and eating behavior, in subjects without a specific diagnosis for eating disorders. Would it be related to the nutritional status or to any specific characteristic of the nutritional behavior? The objective of this work is to answer these questions. To evaluate the nutritional status, the BMI (body mass index) was considered on the basis of the World Health Organization classification. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Likert-type Scale were especially made for the present study. The psychometric methods of application, the eating behavior scales and the body image perception scales have been validated. Results showed that men tend to underestimate their body size, independently from the BMI class to which they belong, while women with regular BMI or with overweight tend to overestimate their body size. Obese women tend to underestimate it, just like men. The results also suggest an apparent dissatisfaction of both men and women with their body sizes.

Objective: This systematic review explored how “adjustment” is generally defined in adults with an acquired visible difference (AVD) and what positive psychological factors have been evidence to be associated with positive coping and processes of adjustment in AVD. Method: A systematic search for peer reviewed journal articles from 1980 to February 2016 was conducted using: PyschINFO, Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL. Studies were appraised according to eligibility criteria and evaluated against a quality criterion to assess risk of bias. Results: Fourteen studies were included and were in the areas of head and neck cancer, burns and amputation. Selected studies demonstrated inconsistent conceptualisations of adjustment ranging from: lack of psychopathology, resilience, post-traumatic growth and quality of life. Psychological factors identified were; social functioning (social support, social self-efficacy), coping strategies (emotion, problem-focused, active coping) and dispositional optimism. Studies were considered to be of moderate methodological quality with weaknesses including; a lack of control/comparison groups, lack of measure sensitive to the unique challenges of living with AVD and minimal account for confounding variables. Results are discussed in the context of future research implications. Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between two dimensions of attachment insecurity (avoidance and anxiety), body image dissatisfaction and perfectionism using theoretically driven multiple mediation models that included emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems as hypothesised mediators. Method: Fifty female outpatients seeking cosmetic surgery on the National Health Service (NHS) and 26 females interested in seeking cosmetic surgery within the public domain participated in this cross-sectional study (N=76). Participants completed measures of attachment avoidance and anxiety, body image dissatisfaction, perfectionism, emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems. Results: Attachment insecurity was significantly associated with body image dissatisfaction and perfectionism. Interpersonal problems and emotion dysregulation also significantly partially mediated the relationship between attachment insecurity and body image dissatisfaction, specifically satisfaction with discrete aspects of body parts. Emotion dysregulation was also found to significantly partially mediate the relationship between avoidant attachment and perfectionism, but not anxiety. The clinical implications of this research are discussed.

There is a strong body of psychological research implicating the mass media in the aetiology of adolescent girls' negative body image and eating behaviours. The present thesis aims to extend this research by examining potential factors – namely, media type, body perfect internalisation and materialism – that make girls more vulnerable to the negative impact of the mass media. An initial meta-analysis (Chapter 3) collated the findings of existing research examining the impact of ‘body perfect' media on adolescents' body image; examining gender, age and media type as moderators of this effect. Chapter 4 examined the relative roles of both media type and media model identification (a key dimension of body perfect internalisation), within the mass media and body image relationship. Using both survey and experimental methods (N = 199), it was found that adolescent girls' habitual tendency to identify with media models, was a more potent vulnerability factor within the mass media and body image relationship, than media type. Due to the limitations associated with existing measures of body perfect internalisation, a new measure of body perfect internalisation was developed in Chapter 5 (N =373), which was subsequently utilised in the final experiments of the thesis. Chapter 6 demonstrated that acute music video exposure had a more potent negative impact on girls' body image than still media images (N = 142); an effect that was fully mediated by wishful character identification and also moderated by body perfect internalisation. Chapter 7 consists of two studies that demonstrate the important role which materialism plays within the mass media, body image and eating behaviour relationship. In Study 1, structural equation modelling identified a direct pathway between materialism and restrained eating that was independent of body image (N = 199). This finding was further replicated in an exposure experiment, which demonstrated that brief exposure to materialistic media causes acute diet-like behaviours in adolescent girls (N = 180).

A obesidade é considerada uma doença crônica cujo aumento da prevalência nas últimas décadas tem determinado importantes implicações para a definição de prioridades e estratégias de ação na área de saúde pública. Sua abordagem deve incluir não somente os aspectos orgânicos relacionados à etiologia e terapêutica, como também os fatores psicológicos principalmente aqueles relacionados à imagem corporal. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e investigar a percepção e satisfação corporal em funcionários da Prefeitura do Campus Administrativo de Ribeirão Preto-USP. Para tanto, foram avaliados 209 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, que responderam a um questionário auto-aplicável com questões sócio-demográficas, de auto-avaliação corporal, sobre a necessidade e desejo de perder peso, além de outras relacionadas ao conhecimento e interesse por um programa de reeducação alimentar (PRAUSP-EERP). Foram coletadas medidas de peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura, além da utilização da Escala de Figuras de Silhuetas para avaliação da imagem corporal. Como resultados, em médias, encontrou-se que a idade dos participantes era de 45 anos, com predominância do sexo masculino (75,6%). A maioria deles era casada ou tinha união estável e o ensino médio completo como escolaridade mínima. Quase metade deles tinha renda familiar mensal de cinco salários mínimos. O IMC Real, calculado pelo peso e estatura, foi 27,7 Kg/m2, sendo que 44,5% dos sujeitos apresentavam sobrepeso e 27,2% obesidade. A circunferência da cintura foi de 97,1cm, sendo que apenas um terço dos indivíduos encontrava-se com valores aceitáveis desse parâmetro. Essa mesma proporção da amostra se sentia gordo e com algum grau de insatisfação com o peso atual. No entanto, a maioria gostaria de pesar menos do que pesava na época do estudo; 70,8% achavam que tinha a necessidade de perder peso e 73,2% apresentavam vontade para isso. O IMC relativo à escolha da silhueta atual foi 28,6 Kg/m2 e o da silhueta escolhida como desejada foi 23,4 Kg/m2. Em relação à percepção corporal, existiu diferença significativa entre as médias de IMC Real e Atual, sugerindo uma possível distorção da imagem corporal nesses indivíduos, principalmente nas mulheres. Os mesmos resultados foram encontrados em relação à satisfação corporal quando comparados o IMC Atual e Desejado, porém com diferença para ambos os sexos. Mais da metade dos sujeitos já tinha ouvido falar do PRAUSP-EERP e demonstraram interesse em participar do mesmo (67,9% e 61,2%, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que esta população apresentou alta prevalência de excesso de peso e risco de complicações metabólicas associadas à obesidade e, além disso, superestimaram o peso corporal e mostraram-se insatisfeitos com a imagem que tinham de si mesmos. Esses resultados apontam para uma situação bastante preocupante, tornando-se de fundamental importância o planejamento de estratégias de ação relacionadas à prevenção e tratamento da obesidade. / Obesity is considered a chronic disease in which the rise of the prevalence in the last decades has determined important implications for the definition of priorities and action strategies in the public health area. Its approach must include, not only the organic aspects related to etiology and therapeutic, but also the psychological factors, mainly the ones related to body image. Because of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state and investigate the body perception and satisfaction on the City Hall employees from the Administrative Campus in the University of São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto. For this, two hundred and nine (209) people of both genders were evaluated and answered a self-applicable questionnaire with socio demographic questions, self body evaluation, the necessity and wish of losing weight among other questions related to the knowledge and interest for a program of alimentary re-education of the Nursing School of University of São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto (PRAUSP-EERP). Measures of weight, height and waist circumference were collected together with the use of the Figure Scale of the Silhouette for the evaluation of the body image. As a result, the average age of the participants was of 45 years-old, in which 75,6% were male and most of them were married or had a stable relationship and had the average education and almost half of them had a monthly income of five minimum wages. The real BMI, calculated by the weight and height, was of 27,7 Kg/m2 and 44,5% of the people was overweight and 27,2% was obese. The waist circumference was of 97,1 cm in which only a third of the people were found with acceptable values on this parameter. This group felt fat and with a considered level of dissatisfaction with their current weight. Therefore, most of them would like to weigh less than they had in the time of the study; 70,8% thought that they needed to lose weight and 73,2% presented the will to do so. The BMI related to the current silhouette choice was 28.6 Kg/m2 and the one chosen as the wished silhouette was 23,4 Kg/m2. In relation to the body perception there was a difference between the real and current BMI suggesting a possible distortion of the body image on these people, mainly on the women. The same results were found in relation to the body satisfaction when compared with the current and wished BMI, however, with a difference between the genders. More than half of them had heard about the PRAUSP-EERP and demonstrated interest in taking part in the program (67,9% and 61,2%, respectively). In conclusion this population presented a high prevalence of weigh excess and metabolic risks related to obesity and moreover, overestimated the body weight and presented discontented with the image they had of themselves. These results led to a worrying situation making the planning of strategies related to the prevention and treatment of obesity of fundamental importance.

This thesis focuses on human beauty in advertising photography. The main objective is to chart selected advertisements in the media in which the models have been touched-up by way of the software program. Another objective is to analyze opinions by way of a questionnaire-like investigation of leading Czech photographers and Czech submitters of advertisements based on the topic of human beauty in advertising photography. This work is divided up into several parts. The first part introduces the basic theoretical viewpoint in terms of body image in connection with photography and in terms of marketing communication. The next part focuses on advertising photography in the press and on the Internet. A few examples of exaggerated or unsuccessful cases of touch-ups are included. The main objective of the last part is the assessment of the questionnaires as well as the conclusions that will follow.

This thesis deals with research of the marketing importance of women's body image. The research methods including quantitative research performed by assisted interviewing and content analysis of printed advertisements in five magazines targeted on female population were used. The aims of the interviewing are to determine the current physical condition of Czech women and their views on the display "ideal" of feminine beauty in advertising. The content analysis finds out "ideal" state of physical beauty presented to the society. Based on these two methods the differences between the current and "ideal" state was found and final recommendation regarding the suitability of using beautiful women displayed for advertising purposes, the creation of advertisement using beautiful women images, the appropriate media mix and the correct timing were further specified. The research information was completed by data from MML-TGI.

Main objective of my thesis is to recommend a marketing orientation for clinics through an understanding of why men and women undergo plastic surgery and what is their reason to start considering it. Because women use plastic surgery more than men, the study is mainly focused on them. Another target is to compare competing invasive and non-invasive cosmetic treatments. The research part is consisting of a quantitative research. Quantitative research is based on online questionnaire and distributes plastic surgery market, with potential candidates and clients who have already undergone some treatment to the individual segments. Individual interesting reliances between them are pointed out with cross-analyzing by Excel program. For segmentation process was used IBM SPSS Statistics program. Outcome of this thesis discovers five segments and subsequent recommendations for marketing orientation for selected segments.