This study investigates affect coding within the therapeutic relationship, by exploring the client's and therapist's perception of the relationship and the facial and vocal affect expressed by both parties. A sample of 14 therapy sessions each having 1800 data points was collected. The Working Alliance Inventory Short Form (WAI-S) and Real Relationship Inventory (RRI) were completed after each recorded session. The participants were therapists and clients at a university counseling center in South Florida. Data were analyzed using one-tailed t tests, descriptive statistics, scores from RRI and the WAI-S and percentages of negative, neutral and positive affect. Statistically significant relationships were found between seconds of therapist negative affect (t(13)= -2.065, p. <.05) and seconds of therapist neutral affect (t(13)= -1.959, p. <.05) for clients who dropped out of therapy. The seconds of negative affect coded for clients (t(13) = -1.396, p. >.05) was approaching statistical significance for clients who drop out of therapy. This study provides theoretical and empirical support for linking the presence of facial affect in the first session and its effects on the therapeutic relationship and thus client retention or drop out. The clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. / by Ashley J. Luedke. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

This investigation, which was conducted on the post-secondary level and included vocational and academic students, was undertaken to develop an instrument to assess the attitude and knowledge of students concerning body language and to develop a module of instruction in body language to favorably influence their attitude and knowledge concerning body language. Hypotheses were formulated related to the differences in mean effective and cognitive scores of the experimental group who were taught body language and the control group. Additional hypotheses were formulated related to mean differences in the scores of students differing in age, sex, business experience, and prior exposure to body language. The findings of this study included first, the testing of the instrument; second, the testing of the validity of the research design and third, the testing of the hypotheses. The following conclusions are based on the findings of the study: the instrument seems to be acceptable for assessing the attitude and knowledge of post—secondary students concerning body language, the module of instruction in body language seems to be acceptable as a basis for influencing the attitude and knowledge of post—secondary students concerning body language, the mid-management and speech students were comparable in attitude and knowledge concerning body language before and after being taught the module, any prior exposure to the principles of body language seemed to favorably influence student's attitude and knowledge concerning body language both before and after they were taught, the age and business experience of students produced no apparent influence on student attitude and knowledge of body language, the sex of the student seemed to produce no apparent influence on student attitude and knowledge of body language.

Theories of embodiment propose that our bodily states can influence affective processing. This thesis investigated the possibility that facial feedback (i.e., afferent signals from facial muscles) can influence the interpretation of affective stimuli. One study tested the effect of overt smiling and frowning on the interpretation of short descriptions of everyday events. Smiling, as compared to frowning, led to more positive evaluations, but only for participants who were aware of the emotional relevance of their expressions. A second study tested whether subtle changes in facial activation (elicited by unconsciously presented happy/angry facial expressions) led to changes in evaluations of ambiguous target symbols. While angry prime faces, as compared to happy prime faces, induced more frowning (as measured via electromyography), this change in facial activation did not translate into a behavioural effect on subsequent evaluations. A third study investigated the relation between naturally occurring facial reactions and interpretations of both clearly valenced and ambiguous facial expressions. Results indicate that facial reactivity predicts participants' self-reports of their own emotional reactions towards others' expressions (Experiment 1). A relation between facial reactions and interpretations of the expression senders' emotional states was only found in cases in which participants with high sensitivity towards their own bodily states (as measured with a test of interoceptive accuracy) tried to interpret ambiguous expressions (Experiment 2). In a last experiment, prolonged presentation of emotional prime faces led to expression-congruent facial reactions, but resulted in expression-incongruent behavioural reactions in both classification speed and interpretative tendency of emotional target faces. Overall, this thesis suggests that facial feedback is not generally involved in the interpretation of affective stimuli, but that it might contribute to evaluative processes only under special circumstances.

Though human nonverbal vocalisations are widespread, scientific consideration of their mechanisms and communicative functions has been largely overlooked. This is despite their close alignment with the vocal communicative systems of primates and other mammals, whose primary function is to signal indexical information relevant to sexual and natural selection processes. In this thesis, I examine human nonverbal vocalisations from an evolutionary perspective, with the central hypothesis that they are functionally and structurally homologous to nonhuman mammal calls, communicating evolutionarily relevant indexical information that is perceived and utilised by listeners. In Chapter 1, I introduce the methodological framework (source-filter theory) necessary to understand the production of vocal signals in mammals, before summarising the information contained within the acoustic structure of nonhuman mammals and human speech, and the effects these cues have on both vocaliser and listener. I then examine the current evidence for functional and structural homology between human and nonhuman nonverbal vocalisations. In Chapters 2 to 5, I quantitatively analyse the acoustic structure of a number of nonverbal vocalisations, and perform playback experiments to examine their functional effects on listeners. In Chapters 2 and 3, I investigate whether aggressive roars and distress screams communicate acoustic cues to absolute and relative strength and height. In Chapter 4, I analyse the acoustic structure of pain cries of varying intensity, and conduct playback experiments to explore the acoustic and perceptual correlates of pain. In Chapter 5, I examine whether the fundamental frequency of tennis grunts produced during professional tennis matches is dependent on the sex and body posture of the vocaliser, as well as the progress and outcome of the contest, and whether listeners can infer these cues. In Chapter 6, I tie these findings together, arguing that the acoustic structure of human nonverbal vocalisations, in continuity with nonhuman mammal vocalisations, has been selected to support the functional communication of indexical and motivational information.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:26:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana de Souza Coletty.pdf: 7506484 bytes, checksum: 9418783f66caa3f2ff5ff1cbeaf1bd1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana de Souza Coletty.pdf: 7506484 bytes, checksum: 9418783f66caa3f2ff5ff1cbeaf1bd1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / The present study comes with the intention of deepening understandings of relations between political dynamics of territorial creation and the creation of artistic languages, from the analysis of the Tatsumi Hijikata’s work. The central question of our work come into sight through an interdisciplinary study that implicates foundations of philosophy, aesthetics, phenomenology and semiotics. Among the studied authors represent mainly Bergson, Bachelard, Deleuze, Guattari, Uno, Tancelin and Greiner. Based in concepts of deterritorialisation and reterritorialisation of Deleuze and Guattari, our hypothesis is that in front of a type of deterritorialisation, which puts a group of people in an abrupt changing contexts situation, there would be a consequent reterritorialisation. Between other forms this reterritorialisation could manifest itself through the insurrection of subjectivities towards the world. This insurrection, in certain cases, would be established through the actualisation of aesthetic territories. When these manifestations are shared with public, it would be as if the insurrection of a new aesthetic territory comes to light. This idea, of an aesthetics territory, we developed during this study, to help with our thought’s évolution. Through butô and a large written production, Hijikata questions the concept of the body, and the functions of art, in a way which seems to meet in a several ways with concepts created and/or developed by Deleuze and Guattari, relatively at the same epoch. Concepts as body without organs, devenir, and immanence plan, are brought into analysis in the course of this study, with proposals developed by Hijikata. Beyond the resonances of a period of crisis in a culture, what we want to analyse is possible resonances into political panorama in long term, provoked by aesthetics experiments. / O presente estudo surge com a intenção de aprofundar compreensões da relação entre dinâmicas de criação de territórios politicos e a criação de linguagens artísticas, à partir da análise da obra de Tatsumi Hijikata. As questões centrais deste trabalho surgem de um percurso de estudo interdisciplinar que implica fundamentos da filosofia, estética, fenomenologia e semiotica. Entre os autores estudados figuram principalmente Bergson, Bachelard, Deleuze, Guattari, Uno, Tancelin e Greiner. Baseando-se nos conceitos de desterritorialização e reterritorialização de Deleuze e Guattari, nossa hipótese é de que em frente a um tipo de déterritorialização que coloca um grupo de sujeitos em uma situação brusca da modificação de contexto, haveria uma consequente reterritorialização. Entre outras formas, essa reterritorialização pode se manifestar através de uma insurreição da subjetividade em relação ao mundo. Esta insurreição, em certos casos, seria estabelecida por meio da atualização de territórios estéticos. Uma vez ques estas manifestações são compartilhadas com o público, haveria uma insurreição de um novo território estético. Este conceito, nos o desensoveremos para nos ajudar na evolução do pensamento deste estudo. Através do butô e de uma grande produção escrita, Hijikata problematisa o conceito do corpo, e a função da arte, de uma maneira que parece confluir em vários aspectos com conceitos criados e/ou desenvolvidos por Deleuze e Guattari, relativamente à mesma época. Conceitos como o corpo sem órgãos, o devir, e plano de imanência, são colocados em análise com propostas desenvolvidas por Hijikata no decorrer deste estudo. Além das ressonâncias estéticas de um período de crise em uma cultura, o que analisamos é a possível ressonância no panorama político à longo prazo, produzida à partir de experiências estéticas / La présente étude s’établit dans le but d’approfondir compréhensions de la relation entre dynamiques de création de territoires politiques et la création de langages artistiques, à partir de l’analyse de l’oeuvre de Tatsumi Hijikata. Les questions centrales de ce travail émergent d’un parcours d’étude interdisciplinaire qu’implique fondements de la philosophie, esthétique, phénoménologie et sémiotique. Parmi les auteurs étudiés figurent principalement Bergson, Bachelard, Deleuze, Guattari, Uno, Tancelin et Greiner. Tout en se basant dans les concepts de déterritorialisation et reterritorialisation de Deleuze et Guattari, l’hypothèse est que devant un type de déterritorialisation que met un groupe de sujets dans une situation brusque de changement de contexte, il y aurait une conséquente reterritorialisation. Entre autres formes cette reterritorialisation pourrait se manifester à partir d’une insurrection des subjectivités vers le monde. Cette insurrection, dans certains cas, serait établie à travers l’actualisation de territoires esthétiques. Une fois ces manifestations partagées avec le public, il y aurait l’insurrection d’un nouveau territoire esthétique. Cette idée de territoire esthétique nous la développons pour nous aider dans l’évolution de la pensée de cette étude. A travers le butô et une vaste production écrite, Hijikata remet en question le concept du corps et la fonction de l’art, d’une manière qui semble confluer dans plusieurs aspects avec concepts crées et/ou développés par Deleuze et Guattari, relativement à la même époque. Concepts comme le corps sans organes, le devenir, et le plan d’immanence, sont mis en analyse dans le parcours de cette étude, avec les propositions développées par Hijikata. Au-delà des résonances esthétiques d’une période de crise dans une culture, ce que nous analysons sont des possibles échos dans le panorama politique à long terme, provoqués à partir d’expériences esthétiques

<p>Nonverbal communication such as body language is a vital component of our communication, and since scholars agree that there are some notable differences in the way men and women use body language, the study of gendered nonverbal communication as a social construction is vital to our understanding of how we create gendered identities. The aim of this paper is to investigate how social gender norms concerning body language appear in constructed communication. By studying the body language of the characters in the American sitcom Friends, and with focus on leg postures, I examine how the show Friends enacts and represents stereotyped sex differences in body language. The study encompasses both the distribution of leg positions between the genders, and what these postures seem to accomplish in interaction. As for the relationship between gender and leg postures, I observed the sitting positions of the characters Chandler, Ross, Joey, Monica and Rachel in six episodes from the 1999/2000 season of Friends for the first study. For the analysis of leg postures in relation to the communicative situation, the entire corpus of ten episode recordings was used. Based on repeated inspection of scenes where leg positions could be studied in relation to gender and communication, systematic patterns were identified.</p><p>The results of the study are consistent with the findings of scholars like Vrugt and Luyerink (2000); women tend to sit in closed postures or with their legs crossed, which is regarded feminine, while men sit in wide positions with their legs spread, which is regarded masculine. Furthermore, the characters/actors in Friends seem to perform their gender roles partly by using different leg positions and wideness of postures. However, leg positions alone were not found to be decisive in the messages communicated, and emotions and stance were communicated using verbal and other non-verbal channels and cues. Instead, leg positions remained gender-stereotypical regardless of the message communicated, and men and women seem to communicate the same message using different leg positions. It is therefore concluded that leg positions are an inherent part of “doing gender”, but that leg positions as such are not necessarily related to the type of message or emotional stance that is communicated.</p>

<p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose/Aim: </strong>To achieve a deeper knowledge and better understanding of how Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama use rhetoric figures and body language to convince the people that they are the individual who should be elected as the democratic nominee and if and in which way Internets characteristics take practical expressions in the supply of videos on YouTube and Barack Obamas and Hillary Clintons official websites.</p><p><strong>Material/Method: </strong>Quantitative content analysis</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>Hillary Clintons and Barack Obamas<strong> </strong>ability to spread out exactly the information they want on their official websites takes expression in form of videos with only positive information. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama try to create a form of advertising on their official websites through the publication of these videos. Internets special characteristics are highly visible and realized in the videos on YouTube. Users are very active which take expressions in creative creations of videos. On YouTube there also exists negative information about Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. It exist a high level of interactivity in the videos on YouTube. The degree of interactivity is much lower on the official websites.</p><p>Both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama use a lot of rhetoric figures in their speeches. Regarding all three types of figures Barack Obama uses them more than Hillary Clinton. Both candidates have a high degree of positive body language. Hillary Clinton has a higher degree of positive body language than Barack Obama who in a comparison with her uses gestures with more negative associations.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of grown-up blind people’s non-verbal communication, including body expressions and paralinguistic (voice) expressions. More specifically, the thesis includes the following three studies: Blind people’s different forms of body expressions, blind people’s non-verbal conversation regulation and blind people’s experience of their own non-verbal expressions. The focus has been on the blind participants’ competence and on their subjective perspectives. I have also compared congenitally and adventitiously blind in all of the studies. The approach is mainly phenomenological and the qualitative empirical phenomenological psychological method is the primary methodological source of inspiration. Fourteen blind persons (and also some sigthed persons) participated. They have no other obvious disability than the blindness and their ages vary between 18 and 54. Data in the first two studies consisted of video recordings and data in the last study consisted of interviews. The overall results can be summarized in the following three points: 1. There are (almost) only similarities between the congenitally blind and adventitiously blind persons concerning their paralinguistic expressions. 2. There are mainly similarities between the two groups with respect to the occurrences of different body expressive forms. 3. There are also some differences between the groups. For example, the congenitally blind persons seem to have a limited ability to use the body in an abstract and symbolic way and they often mentioned that they have been told that their body expressions deviate from sighted people’s norms. But the persons in both groups also struggle to see themselves as unique persons who express themselves on the basis of their conditions and their previous experiences.

Purpose/Aim: To achieve a deeper knowledge and better understanding of how Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama use rhetoric figures and body language to convince the people that they are the individual who should be elected as the democratic nominee and if and in which way Internets characteristics take practical expressions in the supply of videos on YouTube and Barack Obamas and Hillary Clintons official websites. Material/Method: Quantitative content analysis Main results: Hillary Clintons and Barack Obamas ability to spread out exactly the information they want on their official websites takes expression in form of videos with only positive information. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama try to create a form of advertising on their official websites through the publication of these videos. Internets special characteristics are highly visible and realized in the videos on YouTube. Users are very active which take expressions in creative creations of videos. On YouTube there also exists negative information about Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. It exist a high level of interactivity in the videos on YouTube. The degree of interactivity is much lower on the official websites. Both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama use a lot of rhetoric figures in their speeches. Regarding all three types of figures Barack Obama uses them more than Hillary Clinton. Both candidates have a high degree of positive body language. Hillary Clinton has a higher degree of positive body language than Barack Obama who in a comparison with her uses gestures with more negative associations.

Communication is surrounding us. Leaders and followers are not an exception to that rule. Indeed, leadership actors are communicating with their co-workers, their boss, their employees, the media, and so forth. However, in the course of this paper and because of its importance, the focus on non verbal communication will be adopted. Basically, this form of communication is everything except the actual words that people pronounce. Body language, tone of the voice, cultural differences, deceit signals, all these components of non verbal communication and many others will be developed. The core of this work will be understanding the main concepts of non verbal communication and then applying them to leaders’ real life situations.   This thesis will also, among other things, aim to answer the following questions: What is the importance of non verbal communication in everyday life? How are leaders using non verbal communication to give sense? Do they use deceit signals? What influences the non verbal communication? What is the emotional intelligence concept? Can the non verbal communication be extrapolated and be seen as being inter-cultural?