Clothing is the primary means that wilderness backpackers have to protect themselves from injuries and illnesses that can occur while hiking in the cold. The current method of layering clothing may not meet backpackers' needs for both thermal insulation and heat dissipation, particularly in areas of the body that produce greater sweat, and during times of high physical exertion. No previous studies have addressed backpackers' needs for thermal and moisture comfort in different body areas within a single layer garment. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a single-layer garment of different textiles, to improve the physiological comfort of male backpackers hiking in cold winter weather conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify the physiological comfort needs of male backpackers hiking in the cold, to design a prototype backpacking shirt to improve comfort, and to evaluate the comfort and performance of the prototype over time, in comparison to a control. Male backpackers were recruited from a wilderness therapy company in Bend, Oregon, where subjects' employment duties included regularly backpacking in the cold. Qualitative data was collected by interviewing the subjects about their physiological comfort needs, types of garments and materials worn, dissatisfactions and preferences with hiking clothing, and locations on the body that need better attention to thermal and moisture comfort. Information provided by the qualitative interviews was used to develop design criteria. From the guarded hot plate and moisture management testing, results were used to select one thermal insulation, moisture management, and control fabric for the garment design. Based on the design criteria, a prototype shirt was developed. A prototype garment was constructed using the combination of the thermal, moisture, and control fabrics; while a control garment was constructed in an identical style using only the control fabric. The prototype and control garments were worn and tested by subjects while they backpacked. Additionally, comparisons of thermal insulation data between the prototype and control garment were collected on a thermal manikin. Major findings from the qualitative interviews were that subjects preferred base layer shirts made with synthetic fibers and style features that helped retain body heat. Subjects preferred to have greater thermal insulation in the chest and the arms, and less thermal insulation in the underarms and upper back area. Additionally, subjects were concerned about durability. A polyester fleece pile-knit was selected for the thermal insulation fabric and located in the arms and chest of the prototype. The moisture management fabric selected was a polyester fiber mesh knit fabric and was located in the upper back, underarms, and side seams of the garment. The control fabric was a brushed polyester double knit fabric and was located in all other body areas of the prototype and in the entire control garment. The wear test data indicated that both the control and prototype garments were perceived to be comfortable. The prototype had slightly better overall comfort than the control, and there were significant differences found between the prototype and the control in the areas of overall comfort, combined thermal comfort, and combined moisture comfort. The prototype did not consistently have better comfort performance than the control in each trial and for each subject. It was found that the prototype and control shirts could be worn without additional layers when the temperatures were above 35 ��F and 40 ��F, respectively. Thermal manikin testing results confirmed that the overall thermal insulation of both test shirts was equal, but that the prototype had greater or less thermal insulation than the control in specific body areas, depending on the placement of the thermal insulation or moisture management fabric. In summary, the prototype shirt designed in this study has accomplished the goal of providing backpackers' physiological comfort needs identified in the qualitative interviews.�� The design prototype, when worn alone, is able to keep backpackers comfortable when hiking in cold conditions, particularly in temperatures above 35��F. Although not intended to be worn as part of a layer system, the prototype also keeps backpackers comfortable when they are wearing multiple clothing layers. The use of different fabrics in different body areas satisfies the backpackers' needs of both retaining and dissipating body heat with changes in physical activity. Although both the prototype and the control shirts were found to have good thermal, moisture, and overall comfort, the prototype had slightly higher overall comfort ratings than the control.�� In addition, both the prototype and the control were perceived to be better than the subjects' own base layer shirts, and all subjects were willing to recommend the shirts to other hikers. / Graduation date: 2013

Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is an acute phase protein that has recently gained increasing interest as a potential marker for disease and treatment monitoring. We investigated SAA and CRP levels in (a) patients with various common infectious diseases (n=98), (b) patients with pyelonephritis (n=37) versus patients with cystitis (n=32), (c) healthy individuals of varying ages (n=231), (d) very immature newborn infants with or without nosocomial infections (NIs) (n=72) and (e) patients with bacterial infections treated with cefuroxime (n=81). SAA significantly correlated with CRP in viral as well as in bacterial infections (for the total group: r2=0.757, p<0.0001) and showed a systemic inflammatory response in 90% of the patients with cystitis as compared with 23% for CRP. Equally high efficiencies (0.96 and 0.94 for SAA and CRP, respectively) were observed in discriminating between pyelonephritis and cystitis. SAA and high sensitive (hs) CRP were lower in umbilical cords (p<0.0001) and higher in elderly adults (p<0.0001-0.03) than in the other age groups; higher in immature newborn infants than in term infants; and higher in the NI group than in the non-NI group. Interindividual variabilities of the time course of the biomarkers SAA and CRP were considerable. Because of the smoothed distribution of SAA and CRP (i.e. elevations were both essentially unchanged during the first 3 days of cefuroxime treatment), these markers were not useful when deciding parenteral-oral switch of therapy, which occurred within this time period in most cases. SAA is a sensitive systemic marker in cystitis. SAA and hsCRP in umbilical cord blood are close to the detection limit and increase with age. They increase in relation to NI in very immature newborn infants and might therefore be used in diagnosis and monitoring. Finally, SAA and CRP in adults with bacterial infections could not predict an early parenteral-oral switch of antimicrobial therapy.

CAPES; CNPq; Fundação Araucária / Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento de sinais de ECG e temperatura, com o propósito de dar mobilidade a pessoas que necessitam de monitoramento contínuo de alguns sinais fisiológicos, tais como pessoas idosas e/ou pessoas com deficiências cardíacas ou até mesmo para atletas que desejam melhorar seu desempenho através do monitoramento de seu condicionamento físico. Foram realizadas pesquisas dos equipamentos similares que existem atualmente no mercado e que estão sendo desenvolvidos para um embasamento técnico do protótipo desenvolvido. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando um microcontrolador de baixo custo e consumo para aquisição dos sinais fisiológicos e um módulo Bluetooth para comunicação com um dispositivo móvel que apresenta grande capacidade de processamento e recursos para realizar o armazenamento de dados e a interface com um sistema de monitoramento para avaliação médica remota, garantindo a mobilidade, segurança e melhoria na qualidade de vida de idosos e pacientes. Os principais sinais fisiológicos são os sinais vitais, que são as funções mais básicas do corpo, tais como, temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e pressão arterial. No protótipo proposto, foi incorporado o monitoramento da temperatura corporal e do eletrocardiograma (ECG) completo com as 12 derivações. A frequência respiratória e pressão arterial não foram contempladas no protótipo devido à complexidade de implementação de muitos sinais fisiológicos em um único equipamento. Para definição do hardware e minimizar o risco de futuros problemas, foram também realizados testes com ferramentas de desenvolvimentos disponibilizados pelos fabricantes dos principais componentes e que também são expostos neste trabalho. Pode-se concluir que os objetivos iniciais foram alcançados pois foi desenvolvido um protótipo para monitoramento remoto de sinais de ECG e temperatura utilizando um aplicativo Android. O protótipo foi testado utilizando-se sinais de um simulador de ECG e um sensor de temperatura, atendendo às principais funcionalidades requeridas para o sistema. / This work aims to develop a system for monitoring ECG and temperature signals with the purpose of giving mobility to people requiring continuous monitoring of some physiological signals, such as the elderly and/or individuals with heart failure or even for athletes who wish to improve their performance by monitoring their fitness. Research of similar equipment that there are currently on the market and that are being developed was made for a technical base of the prototype to be developed. The system was developed using a low cost and low consumption microcontroller for the acquisition of physiological signals and a Bluetooth module for communication with a mobile device having large capacity and processing resources to perform data storage and interface with a monitoring system for remote medical evaluation, ensuring mobility, safety and improved quality of life of elderly and patients. The main physiological signals are vital signals, which are the most basic body functions such as body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure. In the proposed prototype, monitoring body temperature and complete 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was incorporated. The respiratory rate and blood pressure were not included in the prototype due to the complexity of implementation of many physiological signals in a single equipment. For the hardware definition and to minimize the risk of future problems, tests have also been done with development tools available from manufacturers of the main components and which are also presented in this work. It is possible to conclude that the initials objectives were achieved bacause a prototype was developed for remote monitoring of ECG and temperature signals using an Android application. The prototype was tested using an ECG simulator and a temperature sensor, attending the main required features for the system.

O aumento da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade traz a necessidade da utilização de métodos precisos para estimar a composição corporal. Nesta direção, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a possibilidade de se calcular o percentual de gordura de mulheres jovens, idade de 18 a 35 anos, com o uso da termografia infravermelha (TIV), tecnologia que estima a temperatura da superfície de um corpo por meio de sua irradiação infravermelha. A amostra foi composta por 130 mulheres com idade média de 26,06 ± 4,41 anos e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 18,5 a 24,99kg/m², da cidade de Curitiba. As participantes foram avaliadas de três formas: antropometria, por meio de estatura, massa corporal, IMC e por circunferências corporais do braço, antebraço, cintura, abdome (cicatriz umbilical e maior porção), quadril, coxa e perna; massa magra por segmento corporal, percentual de gordura corporal total (%G) e por segmento corporal %GS com Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry; e temperatura cutânea (TP), por TIV, em 30 regiões de interesse (ROI) no tronco, nos membros superiores e inferiores, em visões anterior e posterior. Foram registradas as temperaturas média, mínima e máxima (TMe, TMi, TMa) de cada ROI. A amostra foi separada em grupos de alto e baixo %GS, para tronco, membros superiores e inferiores direitos e esquerdos separadamente. Entre esses grupos, utilizou-se do teste T de Student para comparar os valores de massa magra e de TMe das ROI referentes ao segmento. Na amostra como um todo, aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson nas variáveis de antropometria e TP com o %G. Nesta análise, foram utilizadas TMe, TMi e TMa, as quais foram consideradas pela média do lado esquerdo e direito da mesma ROI. As variáveis cujos resultados apresentaram maiores correlações foram utilizadas para estimar modelos matemáticos para o cálculo do %G. Três equações foram desenvolvidas com base em TIV e circunferências corporais e uma sem o uso da TIV. Os grupos de maior %GS apresentaram menores TMe nas ROI do segmento. A massa magra se diferenciou entre os grupos somente no membro superior esquerdo. Todas as circunferências corporais se correlacionaram positivamente com o %G. As variáveis de TP das palmas das mãos foram as únicas que apresentaram correlação positiva com o %G. As TP de outras ROI demonstraram correlação negativa significativa com o %G. O modelo matemático mais significativo obtido com o uso de TIV foi calculado com TMe da porção posterior dos membros inferiores, TMi da porção posterior dos braços, TMa das palmas e circunferência da maior porção abdominal (R = 0,764 and R² = 0,583). O outro modelo matemático foi calculado com circunferência da maior porção abdominal, circunferência do quadril e a massa corporal (R = 0,744 e R² = 0,554). Com base nesses resultados, concluiu-se que há influência da gordura corporal na temperatura da pele. A TIV pode ser um instrumento eficaz para se estimar %G. / The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity indicate the need of precise methods to estimate body composition. The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of calculating body fat percentage of young women, aged 18 to 35 years, using infrared thermography (IRT), which estimates a body's surface temperature by means of its infrared radiation. Sample was 130 women aged 26,06 ± 4,41 years and with body mass index (BMI) from 18,5 to 24,99kg/m², from the city of Curitiba. Participants were evaluated with three methods: anthropometry, by means of stature, body mass, BMI and body circumferences from arm, forearm, waist, abdomen (umbilicus and largest portion), hip, thigh and leg; body composition, by lean mass per anatomical segment, body fat percentage (BF%) and percentage of fat per anatomical site (F%) with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry; and skin surface temperature (T), with IRT, in 30 regions of interest (ROI) on the trunk, upper and lower limbs from anterior and posterior views. Mean, minimum and maximum temperatures (TMe, TMi, TMa) were registered from each ROI. Sample was divided in groups of high and low F% of trunk, upper and lower limbs from right and left sides separately. Student's T test was used to compare lean mass and TMe of these groups. For all women as a single group, Pearson's correlation was calculated for anthropometric variables and T with BF%. In this analysis, TMe, TMi and TMa were considered as the mean values between left and right sides of the same ROI. Variables with the most significant results were used to estimate mathematical models for the calculus of BF%. Three equations were developed based on IRT and body circumferences and one without IRT. Groups with the highest F% had lower TMe results in the ROI of the respective segment. Lean mass was significantly different only between groups of high and low F% on the left upper limb. All body circumferences correlated positively with BF%. Palm variables of T were the only ones positively correlated with BF%. Most T values from other ROI were negatively correlated with BF%. The most significant mathematical model with IRT was calculated with TMe from posterior lower limbs, TMi from posterior arms, TMa from palms and the circumference of the largest portion of the abdomen (R = 0,764 and R² = 0,583). The equation based on body circumferences was estimated with the circumference of the largest portion of the abdomen, hip circumference and body mass (R = 0,744 e R² = 0,554). It has been concluded that skin surface temperature is influenced by body fat. The IRT may be an effective instrument to estimate BF%.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T20:13:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMGR_DISSERT.pdf: 11548329 bytes, checksum: b018f7ac6bfdefc0440cb7355ab6ae06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The circadian behavior associated with the 24 hours light-dark (LD) cycle (T24) is due to a circadian clock , which in mammals is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Under experimental conditions in which rats are espoused to a symmetric LD 22h cycle (T22) the two SCN regions, ventrolateral (vl) and dorsomedial (dm), can be functionally isolated, suggesting that each region regulates distinct physiological and behavioral components. The vl region regulates the locomotor activity and slow wave sleep (SWS) rhythms, while the dm region assures the body temperature and paradoxical sleep (PS) rhythms regulation. This research aimed to deepen the knowledge on the functional properties of circadian rhythmicity, specifically about the internal desynchronization process, and its consequences to locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms as well as to the sleep-wake cycle pattern in rats. We applied infrared motion sensors, implanted body temperature sensors and a telemetry system to record electrocorticogram (ECoG) and electromyogram (EMG) in two rat groups. The control group under 24h period LD cycle (T24: 12hL-12hD) to the baseline record and the experimental group under 22h period LD cycle (T22: 11hL- 11hD), in which is known to occur the uncoupling process of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm where the animals show two distinct locomotor activity rhythms: one synchronized to the external LD cycle, and another expressed in free running course, with period greater than 24h. As a result of 22h cycles, characteristic locomotor activity moment appear, that are coincidence moments (T22C) and non coincidence moments (T22NC) which were the main focus or our study. Our results show an increase in locomotor activity, especially in coincidence moments, and the inversion of locomotor activity, body temperature, and sleep-wake cycle patterns in non coincidence moments. We can also observe the increase in SWS and decrease in PS, both in coincidence and non coincidence moments. Probably the increases in locomotor activity as a way to promote the coupling between circadian oscillators generate an increased homeostatic pressure and thus increase SWS, promoting the decreasing in PS / O comportamento circadiano associado ao ciclo di?rio de 24 horas deve-se ? a??o de um rel?gio circadiano que em mam?feros se localiza nos n?cleos supraquiasm?ticos do hipot?lamo (NSQs). Sob condi??es experimentais em que ratos s?o submetidos a um ciclo claro-escuro (CE) sim?trico de 22h (T22) as regi?es ventrolateral (vl) e dorsomedial (dm) dos NSQs podem ser separadas funcionalmente, sugerindo que cada regi?o regula vari?veis fisiol?gicas distintas. A regi?o vl regula os ritmos de atividade e sono de ondas lentas (SOL), enquanto a regi?o dm ? respons?vel pelo ritmo da temperatura corporal e sono paradoxal (SP). A investiga??o desenvolvida no presente trabalho visou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as propriedades funcionais da ritmicidade circadiana, mais especificamente sobre o processo da dessincroniza??o interna e as suas implica??es no ritmo de atividade locomotora, temperatura corporal e padr?o do ciclo sono-vig?lia em ratos. Com este objetivo, foram utilizados sensores de movimentos por infravermelho e implantados sensores para temperatura corporal, al?m disso o sistema de telemetria foi utilizado para o registro de par?metros fisiol?gicos de eletrocorticograma (ECoG) e eletromiograma (EMG), em dois grupos de animais. O grupo controle sob ciclo claro-escuro com per?odo de T24 (12h claro: 12h escuro), para o registro basal das vari?veis em an?lise; e o grupo experimental sob ciclo claro-escuro com per?odo de T22 (11h claro: 11h escuro), no qual se sabe que ocorre o desacoplamento do ritmo circadiano de atividade locomotora e os animais apresentam dois componentes distintos de atividade: um sincronizado ao ciclo claro-escuro; e outro que se expressa em livre curso, com per?odo maior que 24h. Em decorr?ncia do protocolo de dessincroniza??o for?ada, surgem momentos caracter?sticos no perfil de atividade locomotora: momentos de coincid?ncia (T22C) e de n?o coincid?ncia (T22NC), que foram o foco principal do nosso estudo. Podemos observar o aumento de atividade locomotora principalmente em momentos de coincid?ncia, e a invers?o do padr?o de atividade locomotora, temperatura corporal e ciclo sono-vig?lia em momentos de n?o coincid?ncia. Podemos ainda observar o aumento do SOL e diminui??o do SP, tanto em momentos de coincid?ncia como em momentos de n?o coincid?ncia. ? prov?vel que o aumento da atividade locomotora como forma de facilitar o acoplamento entre os osciladores circadianos gere um aumento da press?o homeost?tica e com isso aumento de SOL, e diminui a dura??o de SP

O aumento da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade traz a necessidade da utilização de métodos precisos para estimar a composição corporal. Nesta direção, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a possibilidade de se calcular o percentual de gordura de mulheres jovens, idade de 18 a 35 anos, com o uso da termografia infravermelha (TIV), tecnologia que estima a temperatura da superfície de um corpo por meio de sua irradiação infravermelha. A amostra foi composta por 130 mulheres com idade média de 26,06 ± 4,41 anos e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 18,5 a 24,99kg/m², da cidade de Curitiba. As participantes foram avaliadas de três formas: antropometria, por meio de estatura, massa corporal, IMC e por circunferências corporais do braço, antebraço, cintura, abdome (cicatriz umbilical e maior porção), quadril, coxa e perna; massa magra por segmento corporal, percentual de gordura corporal total (%G) e por segmento corporal %GS com Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry; e temperatura cutânea (TP), por TIV, em 30 regiões de interesse (ROI) no tronco, nos membros superiores e inferiores, em visões anterior e posterior. Foram registradas as temperaturas média, mínima e máxima (TMe, TMi, TMa) de cada ROI. A amostra foi separada em grupos de alto e baixo %GS, para tronco, membros superiores e inferiores direitos e esquerdos separadamente. Entre esses grupos, utilizou-se do teste T de Student para comparar os valores de massa magra e de TMe das ROI referentes ao segmento. Na amostra como um todo, aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson nas variáveis de antropometria e TP com o %G. Nesta análise, foram utilizadas TMe, TMi e TMa, as quais foram consideradas pela média do lado esquerdo e direito da mesma ROI. As variáveis cujos resultados apresentaram maiores correlações foram utilizadas para estimar modelos matemáticos para o cálculo do %G. Três equações foram desenvolvidas com base em TIV e circunferências corporais e uma sem o uso da TIV. Os grupos de maior %GS apresentaram menores TMe nas ROI do segmento. A massa magra se diferenciou entre os grupos somente no membro superior esquerdo. Todas as circunferências corporais se correlacionaram positivamente com o %G. As variáveis de TP das palmas das mãos foram as únicas que apresentaram correlação positiva com o %G. As TP de outras ROI demonstraram correlação negativa significativa com o %G. O modelo matemático mais significativo obtido com o uso de TIV foi calculado com TMe da porção posterior dos membros inferiores, TMi da porção posterior dos braços, TMa das palmas e circunferência da maior porção abdominal (R = 0,764 and R² = 0,583). O outro modelo matemático foi calculado com circunferência da maior porção abdominal, circunferência do quadril e a massa corporal (R = 0,744 e R² = 0,554). Com base nesses resultados, concluiu-se que há influência da gordura corporal na temperatura da pele. A TIV pode ser um instrumento eficaz para se estimar %G. / The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity indicate the need of precise methods to estimate body composition. The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of calculating body fat percentage of young women, aged 18 to 35 years, using infrared thermography (IRT), which estimates a body's surface temperature by means of its infrared radiation. Sample was 130 women aged 26,06 ± 4,41 years and with body mass index (BMI) from 18,5 to 24,99kg/m², from the city of Curitiba. Participants were evaluated with three methods: anthropometry, by means of stature, body mass, BMI and body circumferences from arm, forearm, waist, abdomen (umbilicus and largest portion), hip, thigh and leg; body composition, by lean mass per anatomical segment, body fat percentage (BF%) and percentage of fat per anatomical site (F%) with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry; and skin surface temperature (T), with IRT, in 30 regions of interest (ROI) on the trunk, upper and lower limbs from anterior and posterior views. Mean, minimum and maximum temperatures (TMe, TMi, TMa) were registered from each ROI. Sample was divided in groups of high and low F% of trunk, upper and lower limbs from right and left sides separately. Student's T test was used to compare lean mass and TMe of these groups. For all women as a single group, Pearson's correlation was calculated for anthropometric variables and T with BF%. In this analysis, TMe, TMi and TMa were considered as the mean values between left and right sides of the same ROI. Variables with the most significant results were used to estimate mathematical models for the calculus of BF%. Three equations were developed based on IRT and body circumferences and one without IRT. Groups with the highest F% had lower TMe results in the ROI of the respective segment. Lean mass was significantly different only between groups of high and low F% on the left upper limb. All body circumferences correlated positively with BF%. Palm variables of T were the only ones positively correlated with BF%. Most T values from other ROI were negatively correlated with BF%. The most significant mathematical model with IRT was calculated with TMe from posterior lower limbs, TMi from posterior arms, TMa from palms and the circumference of the largest portion of the abdomen (R = 0,764 and R² = 0,583). The equation based on body circumferences was estimated with the circumference of the largest portion of the abdomen, hip circumference and body mass (R = 0,744 e R² = 0,554). It has been concluded that skin surface temperature is influenced by body fat. The IRT may be an effective instrument to estimate BF%.

The aim of this thesis is to develop a wireless monitoring belt based on literature review. The belt will be capable of scanning heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, motion, position, and falling of the user. Another aim is to also design a software for data reception and analysis focusing on pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature alarms.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Hypotermi definieras som en kärntemperatur under 36 grader och är en vanlig komplikation i samband med anestesi. Hypotermi vid kirurgi är förknippat med ökad mortalitet och kan leda till komplikationer som innebär lidande, förlänger tid för återhämtning och orsakar ökade vårdrelaterade kostnader. Komplikationer på grund av hypotermi är exempelvis försämrad sårläkning, ökad risk för blödning och ökad incidens av infektioner. För många patienter innebär det ett lidande att frysa eftersom att vara kall är förknippat med känslor av utsatthet, sårbarhet och att få sämre vård. Olika metoder och hjälpmedel för att förhindra att hypotermi uppstår under anestesi finns att tillgå. I Sverige saknas specifika riktlinjer på nationell nivå. Forskning har visat att följsamheten till lokala riktlinjer är låg. Patienten behöver hjälp med att bibehålla adekvat kroppstemperatur och här har anestesisjuksköterskan en viktig uppgift. Syfte: Syftet var att sammanställa tillgängliga interventioner för att förhindra oavsiktlig intraoperativ hypotermi.  Metod: En strukturerad litteraturöversikt med narrativ analys genomfördes. Informationssökning gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL.  Resultat: Tre grupper av värmebevarande metoder identifierades: aktiv, passiv och invasiv uppvärmning. Den mest förekommande metoden var aktiv värmning med forced-air warming, som också verkade vara den mest effektiva metoden för att bibehålla normal kroppstemperatur och förhindra hypotermi. Skillnaderna i effektivitet mellan metoderna varierade. Ingen aktiv eller passiv metod förhindrade hypotermi helt. Slutsats: Trots att effektiva metoder för att förhindra oavsiktlig intraoperativ hypotermi finns och används är incidensen av hypotermi hög. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att undersöka orsaker till den höga incidensen. / Bakgrund: Hypotermi definieras som en kärntemperatur under 36 grader och är en vanlig komplikation i samband med anestesi. Hypotermi under operation är förknippad med ökad dödlighet och kan leda till komplikationer som skapar lidande, förlänger återhämtningstiden och orsakar ökade vårdrelaterade kostnader. Komplikationer på grund av hypotermi är till exempel försämrad sårläkning, ökad blödningsrisk och ökad förekomst av infektioner. För många patienter innebär frysning lidande eftersom förkylning är förknippad med känslor av exponering, sårbarhet och att få sämre vård. Olika metoder och hjälpmedel finns tillgängliga för att förhindra hypotermi uppstår under anestesi. I Sverige finns inga särskilda riktlinjer på nationell nivå. Forskning har visat att efterlevnaden av lokala riktlinjer är låg. Patienten behöver hjälp med att upprätthålla en tillräcklig kroppstemperatur, och här har anestesisjuksköterskan ett viktigt ansvar. Syfte: Målet var att sammanställa tillgängliga interventioner för att förhindra oavsiktlig intraoperativ hypotermi. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie med narrativ analys genomfördes. En informationssökning gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Tre grupper av värmebevarande metoder identifierades: aktiv, passiv och invasiv uppvärmning. Den vanligaste metoden var aktiv uppvärmning med påtvingad luftuppvärmning, vilket också visade sig vara den mest effektiva metoden för att upprätthålla normal kroppstemperatur och förhindra hypotermi. Skillnaderna i effektivitet mellan metoderna varierade dock. Ingen aktiv eller passiv metod förhindrade helt hypotermi. Slutsats: Även om effektiva metoder för att förhindra oavsiktlig intraoperativ hypotermi finns och används, är förekomsten av hypotermi hög. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att undersöka orsakerna till den höga förekomsten. Sökord: Anestesi, kroppstemperatur, värmebevarande metoder, förebyggande och kontroll av hypotermi, oavsiktlig hypotermi, intraoperativ vård, kvantitativ, litteraturöversikt, perioperativ vård, kirurgi.

No description available.