Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The increasing prevalence of obesity in both developed and developing countries and its associated health risks have brought the issue of obesity prevention and management a public health debate. Health care professionals have been identified to have a role to play in directing the future of obesity management. However, among the numerous barriers for effective management of obesity is lack of knowledge of causes of obesity and negative attitudes towards obese patients by health care professionals. With limited or no studies available for the physiotherapy setting, the aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of students of Physiotherapy at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa towards obese individual. A descriptive quantitative research design using a cross-sectional survey was used. One hundred and seventy five (175) students of Physiotherapy took part in the study using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by means of a structured, self-administered questionnaire adopted from the Obesity Risk Knowledge-10 scale, Beliefs About Obese Person scale and the Fat Phobia Scale. A response rate of 77.3% was obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to describe the relationship and association between variables. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The mean age of the sample was 21.54 (SD = 4.903). Females constituted 73.5% and males 26.5% of the sample. The results showed that majority of the students of Physiotherapy (85%) reported having received no formal education regarding obesity. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / The prevalence of obesity is reported to be high among health workers both in high-income and low-income countries. This is alarming, as health workers not only serve the community’s health needs, but should also serve as role models for a healthy lifestyle. Health workers are instrumental in delivering quality health care to patients and the entire population at large and if they are unable to take care of their own health, staff shortages may become severe, resulting in deteriorating health service delivery. It is therefore important that obesity among health workers is reduced before it gets worse. It has been noted that there is an increasing prevalence of obesity among health workers, which in turn is a common risk factor in all non-communicable diseases. The current study explored perceptions and attitudes about obesity amongst health workers in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal province. This was an explorative and descriptive qualitative study utilizing in-depth interviews for data collection. A total of 18 health workers from the three selected hospitals in Pietermaritzburg medical metropolitan were interviewed. Thematic analysis was done, using. a priori themes from the health belief model. The current study found that all health workers were aware of the negative consequences of being overweight or obese. However, only a few of the participating health workers chose to adopt a healthy lifestyle as a result of their weight. Some of the positive motivators were improving their public image, improving their health status and becoming more flexible, while negative motivators were finding it difficult to fit into old clothes, fear of suffering from obesity related conditions and reducing the risk of suffering from NCDs. The health worker participants reported that African cultural beliefs, limited operational times of physical activity facilities and unavailability of healthy food were barriers to adopting a healthy lifestyle. The African cultural belief of considering people who are overweight to be healthy, progressive and prosperous prevents people from changing their behaviour on weight control. In addition, participating hospitals do not have independent physical exercising facilities as such the available physiotherapy departments give priority to patients, resulting in staff members having only limited hours for exercising. Lastly, the participating hospitals did not sell healthy food options in the cafeterias resulting in health workers buying what is available. Public health care facilities need to invest in their work force. This may include giving health workers access to physical exercise facilities and affordable healthy food within the hospital. The infrastructure and system should enable them to pursue a healthy lifestyle. Institutions should introduce health-behaviour change programmes on obesity and other NCDs in order to combat established cultural norms, which advocate for overweight body sizes to be desirable because of positive cultural connotation afforded to them. / The National Research Foundation (NRF)

The objective of this study was to define if there is a mutual influence between the daily dose of levothyroxine, positivity/negativity of thyroid antibody, BMI, waistline, hip measurement and other anthropometric parameters. It was also to analyze if the daily dose of levothyroxine is being influenced by degree of hypothyroidismimportance. Methodology: There were 44 patients examined having hypothyroidism and who have been cured with levothyroxine so that their thyroid function has been normal at the time. I have examined those patients' body height, weight, BMI, waistline and hipline. Under the supervision of the medicine doctor I used records available for each of patients regarding concentration of TSH, TPOAb and TgAb, which were defined with patients' blood by a method of immunoassay. Results: The average daily dose of levothyroxine in all patients sample has showed a positive correlation with BMI (Spearman rho coef. 0,429, P value=0,004) and with waistline of women (Spearman rho coef. 0,332, P value=0,028). The concentration of thyroidantibody did not show a statistical relevance regarding the dependence with the dose of levothyroxine, BMI or other anthropometric parameters.The highest average daily dose of levothyroxine was confirmed for examined patients after total thyroidectomy (median of...

Aujourd’hui, au moins 5 millions d’enfants à travers le monde, sont nés suite au recours de leurs parents à l’AMP. Les traitements de l’infertilité ont significativement évolué, le plus souvent cela a eu lieu en dehors des protocoles expérimentaux classiques. L’exemple le plus marquant a été l’introduction de la FIV avec micro-injection intracytoplasmique d’un spermatozoïde (ICSI). Le manque d’évaluation de la santé des enfants nés de ces techniques reste la faiblesse de cette spécialité. Nous avons mis en place un suivi longitudinal d’une cohorte mono-centrique au sein de l’hôpital Saint-Joseph (Marseille). Le recueil a été fait par la collecte des photocopies des pages du carnet de santé des enfants et de questionnaires remplis par les parents. Notre étude est une des rares études françaises présentant un suivi à long terme, pouvant aller jusqu’à 5 ans, sur une cohorte à grande échelle. L’étude de l’IMC jusqu’à l’âge de 5 ans, n’a pas révélé d’effet de la FIV, comme cela a pu être pressenti dans la littérature. D’autres investigations méritent d’être conduites. Il est important de construire un système d’information cohérent autour de la santé des enfants nés après FIV à cause de l’apparition constante des nouvelles techniques dans cette spécialité, toutes étant potentiellement responsables de risques sur la santé future de l’enfant. La faisabilité de la collecte de données couvrant à la fois l’environnement maternel, conceptionnel et les indicateurs de santé de l’enfant doit être pensée à l’échelle nationale. A cette fin le développement des méthodes de liaison entre les différents registres existants en France serait une des solutions les plus opportunes. / Today, at least 5 million children worldwide were born following the enrollment of their parents in ART program. Infertility treatments have changed significantly; most often these changes took place outside traditional experimental protocols. The most striking event was when IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was introduced in ART practices in 1995. The lack assessment of the health of children born after this technique remains the major weak in this discipline. We established a longitudinal monocentric follow-up study in Saint-Joseph Hospital (Marseille). The data were collected by asking parents to send copies of child health records and questionnaires filled out by them. This investigation is one of the few French studies involving a long-term follow- up to 5 years, in a large scale cohort. The study of BMI up to age 5 years didn’t show the suspected epigenetic influence of IVF reported in literature. Further investigations need to be conducted. It is important to build a coherent information system around the health of children born after IVF. The feasibility of collecting a series of data covering both maternal and conceptional environment, and child health indicators should be considered at the national level through the development of connection methods between different registers developed in France.

Background: Obesity and physical inactivity rates have reached epidemic levels in Canada, but differ based on whether they are self-reported or directly measured. Canadian research examining the combined and independent effects of social and built environments on adult physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) is limited. Furthermore there is a lack of Canadian studies to assess these relationships using directly measured PA and BMI. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were to systematically compare self-reported and directly measured PA and to examine associations between neighbourhood built and social environmental factors with both self-reported and directly measured PA and overweight/obesity in adults living in Ottawa, Canada. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify observational and experimental studies of adult populations that used both self-report and direct measures of PA and to assess the agreement between the measures. Associations between objectively measured neighbourhood-level built recreation and social environmental factors and self-reported individual-level data including total and leisure-time PA (LTPA) and overweight/obesity were examined in the adult population of Ottawa, Canada using multilevel models. Neighbourhood differences in directly measured BMI and PA (using accelerometry) were evaluated in a convenience sample of adults from four City of Ottawa neighbourhoods with contrasting socioeconomic (SES) and built recreation (REC) environments. Results: Results from the review generally indicate a poor level of agreement between self-report and direct measures of PA, with trends differing based on the measures of PA, the level of PA examined and the sex of the participants. Results of the multilevel analyses identified that very few of the built and social environmental variables were ii significantly associated with PA or overweight/obesity. Greater park area was significantly associated with total PA in females. Greater green space was shown to be associated with lower odds of male LTPA. Factors from the social environment were generally more strongly related to male outcomes. Further to the recreation and social environment, factors in the food landscape were significantly associated with male and female PA and overweight/obesity. Results of the directly measured PA and BMI investigation showed significant neighbourhood-group effects for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES. BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income. Conclusions: Results of this dissertation show that the quantity of PA can differ based on its method of measurement (i.e. between self-report and direct methods) with implications for the interpretation of study findings. It also identifies that PA and BMI can differ by neighbourhood and recognizes that the relationships between neighbourhood environments and PA and body composition are complex, may be differ between males and females, and may not always follow intuitive relationships. Furthermore it suggests that other factors in the environment not examined in this dissertation may influence adult PA and BMI and that longitudinal and intervention studies are needed.

60 % of Canadians have suboptimal vitamin D (<75 nmol/L) and 25% are obese. Obesity has been reported to be a risk factor for low vitamin D, but there is uncertainty about the magnitude of the association. Linear regression was performed using data from the nationally representative cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009). Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and vitamin D levels were directly measured. There were 5298 participants aged 6 to 79 years. Using a conservative p value of 0.001, body mass index (BMI) category obese / obese I was positively associated and WC was inversely associated with vitamin D level in crude analysis. WC was inversely associated with vitamin D level in multivariate analysis. The pattern of relationship is not the same as other studies, yet this was a large study with direct measurements. There may be issues with linearity of relationships or subgroups disturbing the relationship.

Orientador: Cássio Luis Zanettini Riccetto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T12:04:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palma_ThaisFigueiredo_D.pdf: 5188121 bytes, checksum: 3443d8a70ab4644713a51d88beb4d20c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: A Síndrome da Bexiga Hiperativa (BH) é definida pela ICS (International Continence Society) como urgência urinária, acompanhada ou não por incontinência e frequentemente associada ao aumento da frequência urinária e noctúria. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência da idade, do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e de antecedentes gestacionais nos sintomas de bexiga hiperativa em mulheres no menacme. Pacientes e Métodos: No total foram avaliados os questionários preenchidos por 1052 mulheres com idade entre 20 e 45 anos na região de Campinas. Foi utilizado o questionário ICIQ-OAB, uma ferramenta específica para bexiga hiperativa, em sua versão validada em Português e uma ficha de avaliação para dados demográficos e história médica, incluindo: idade, peso, altura, paridade e via de parto. Resultados: De modo geral, mulheres com idade entre 35 e 45 anos apresentaram escore do ICIQ-OAB significativamente maior do que todos os outros grupos (20 a 22; 23 a 27 e 38 a 34) (p<0.0001). Mulheres multíparas e primíparas apresentaram escore significativamente maior do que as nulíparas (p<0,001); e os sintomas não diferiram de acordo com a via de parto - vaginal ou cesárea (p=0.0074). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no escore entre os grupos de IMC (<18,5; 18,8 a 24,9; 25 a 29,9 e ? 30) (p=0,0066). Também foram encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao incômodo causado pelos sintomas. Mulheres de 35 a 45 anos se sentem mais incomodadas do que os outros grupos com relação á frequência (p<0.0001), noctúria (p=0.0011), urgência (p=0.0015) e incontinência por urgência (p<0.0001). O incômodo causado pelos sintomas não diferiu entre os grupos de mulheres nulíparas, primíparas e multíparas (p=0,9363). As mulheres com IMC entre 25 e 29,9 apresentaram incômodo maior do que aquelas com IMC entre 18,5 e 24,9, com relação à incontinência por urgência (p=0,002). Conclusões: Na população estudada de mulheres no menacme, os sintomas de bexiga hiperativa são encontrados mais frequentemente e causam mais incômodo em mulheres com idade mais avançada, índice de massa corporal mais elevado e com histórico de pelo menos uma gestação / Abstract: Introduction: Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB) is defined by the ICS (International Continence Society) as urinary urgency, with or without urgency incontinence and frequently associated with increase of frequency and nocturia. Objectives: The aim of the study was to verify the influence of age, body mass index (BMI) and obstetric history in the symptoms of overactive bladder in premenopausal women. Patients and Methods: We analyzed a total of 1052 questionnaires that were filled out by women aged 20-45 in the area of Campinas, SP. We chose the ICIQ-OAB questionnaire, a tool that is specific for overactive bladder, in its Portuguese validated version and na assessment form with demographics and medical history, that included: age, weight, height, parity and mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean). Results: Overall, women aged 35-45 presented higher scores than all other age groups (20 - 22; 23 - 27 and 38 - 34) (p<0.0001). Multiparous and primiparous women presented higher scores than nulliparous ones (p<0,001); and the symptoms did not differ according to mode of delivery ¿ vaginal or cesarean (p=0.0074). No significant differences were found between the BMI groups - <18,5; 18,8 - 24,9; 25 - 29,9 and ? 30 - (p=0,0066). We also found differences regarding symptom bother. Women aged 35-45 were more bothered than all other groups regarding frequency (p<0.0001), nocturia (p=0.0011), urgency (p=0.0015) and urgency incontinence (p<0.0001). Symptom bother did not differ between nuliparous, primiparous and multiparous women (p=0,9363). Women with BMI 25 - 29,9 were more bothered by urgency incontinence than those with BMI 18,5 - 24,9 (p=0,002). Conclusions: In the premenopausal women population of this study, OAB symptoms were found more frequently and cause more bother in older women, with higher BMI and with history of at least one pregnancy / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutora em Ciências

Orientador: Marines Nobre dos Santos Uchoa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro-Oliveira_MarcelaPinto_D.pdf: 1338284 bytes, checksum: ffd883f94e84a177b8c0612ef47d0772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este estudo transversal objetivou investigar a relação entre o estado nutricional, cárie dental, exposição diária ao açúcar e fatores sociais, assim como a presença de biofilme visível em 303 pré-escolares de 3 a 5 anos da cidade de Teresina-PI. A cárie dental foi determinada por meio do critério da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) incluindo lesões iniciais de mancha branca (LMB). O peso e altura corporais foram mensurados e o Índice de massa corporal (IMC) obtido foi plotado em diagrama segundo gênero e faixa etária para obter-se o ranking do percentil segundo o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Os dados de exposição diária ao açúcar (líquido, sólido e total) foram obtidos pelo diário de dieta, usando-se a média de exposição diária de 72 horas. A presença de biofilme dental clinicamente visível nos incisivos superiores foi também registrada. Os fatores comportamentais e socioeconômicos foram coletados por meio de uma entrevista com as mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste qui quadrado seguido de regressão logística múltipla (? = 0,05, intervalo de confiança = 95%). Os resultados mostraram que 10,6% das crianças eram malnutridas, 17,2% tinham baixo peso, 44,9% apresentaram peso normal, 15,5% tinham sobrepeso e 11,9% eram obesos; 24,8% estavam livres de cárie e 75,2% apresentavam cárie precoce da infância (CPI). A média do ceo-s + LMB foi 10,8 (+ 11,2). Crianças com experiência de cárie apresentaram 0,3 mais chance de serem obesas do que aquelas livres de cárie (p = 0,0049). Da mesma forma, aquelas que consumiam líquidos açucarados mais de 2 vezes por dia apresentaram 2,7 mais chance de serem obesas (p = 0,0339). Nenhuma associação foi encontrada ente cárie e sobrepeso (p = 0,3640) e a presença de biofilme dental (p= 0,3190). Crianças que apresentaram o hábito de dormir com a mamadeira mostraram 2,3 vezes mais chance de terem baixo peso do que aquelas sem esse hábito (p = 0,0174). O gênero feminino apresentou a probabilidade 0,3 vezes maior de serem malnutridas do que o masculino (p = 0,00797). Além disso, pré-escolares com a presença de biofilme dental tiveram 3,1 vezes mais chance de serem malnutridas do que aquelas sem biofilme visível (p = 0,0247). Este estudo mostrou que houve relação entre experiência de cárie, consumo de líquidos açucarados e obesidade. Também mostrou relação entre o uso da mamadeira noturna e baixo peso na infância. Fatores socioeconômicos não foram relacionados ao estado nutricional da criança / Abstract: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship among body mass index (BMI), dental caries, sugar exposure and social factors, as well as the presence of visible biofilm in 303 three-to-five-year-old preschoolers in the city of Teresina-PI, Brazil. Dental caries was recorded according to the World Health Organization criteria (WHO) + early caries lesions (ECL). Body weight/height was determined and BMI was calculated. Data regarding the sugar exposure was recorded using the mean exposure of 72-hour recall diet frequency chart. The presence of clinically visible dental biofilm on maxillary incisors was also recorded. Behavioral and social economic status of the study subjects were assessed using an interview applied to the mother. Data were analyzed by chi-square test followed by multiple logistic regression analysis (? = 0.05, confidence interval = 95%). The results showed that 10.6% of the children were malnourished, 17.2% were underweight, 44.9% had health weight, 15.5% were at risk of overweight, and 11.9% were obese; 24.8% were caries free and 75.2% had early childhood caries (ECC). The mean dmfs score was 10.8 (± 11.2). Preschool children with ECC were 0.3 times more likely to be obese than caries free children (p = 0.0049). In the same way, those who consumed liquid sugar more than 2 times a day, were 2.7 times more likely to be obese (p = 0.0339). No association was found between overweight and caries (p=0.3640) and dental biofilm (p= 0.3190). Preschool children who slept with a bottle were 2.3 times more likely to have underweight than children who did not sleep with a bottle (p = 0.0174). Female preschool children were 0.3 times more likely to be malnourished than boys (p = 0.00797). Moreover, preschool children with presence of dental biofilm were 3.1 times more likely to be malnourished than children with absent biofilm (p = 0.0247). In conclusion, our results suggest that preschool children having early childhood caries and a high liquid sugar consumption were more likely to be obese and those who were bottle fed during the night showed a higher chance of having underweight / Doutorado / Odontopediatria / Doutora em Odontologia

BACKGROUND: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by oligomenorrhea/menstrual irregularity, androgen excess, and polycystic ovary morphology. Currently there are three distinct diagnostic criteria used to ascertain PCOS in the population: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria created in 1990 and later reviewed in 2012, the Rotterdam criteria established in 2003, and the most recent criteria by the Androgen Excess & PCOS Society (AE-PCOS) criteria developed in 2006. Some prevalence studies suggest that PCOS affects 6.5-8% of the population while others state 10-20% qualify for a PCOS diagnosis. Recent literature shows patients with PCOS have a 43% prevalence rate or 2-fold higher rate than the age-adjusted sample of all ages in the general US population of developing Metabolic Syndrome (Met-S ) (Apridonidze et al. 2005; Essah, Wickham, and Nestler 2007). This is important because it can alert physicians to refer their PCOS patients to a nutritionist or endocrinologist as a preventive measurement. OBJECTIVES: This thesis based on The Ovulation and Menstruation Health (OM) Pilot Study, sets out to accomplish the following: ascertain the prevalence of PCOS in different racial/ethnic groups, determine Body-Mass Index (BMI) distribution patterns in PCOS participants based on how they were diagnosed (by a physician/self-diagnosed), and most importantly to determine the prevalence of Met-S risk factors in PCOS vs. Non-PCOS groups. METHODS: The (OM) Pilot Study is an online survey with clinical, community, and online recruitment. After a consent and screening process, the survey asks questions related to demographics, anthropometrics, menstrual cycles, contraceptive history, medications and supplement use, PCOS, reproductive health, general health, diet and lifestyle and lastly, pregnancy and birth history. The questions in this online survey, were designed for an 8th-grade reading level to improve comprehension by a diverse cohort of women. This was done to help address the lack of diversity and PCOS ascertainment in pre-existing cohorts. RESULTS: Following recruitment for The OM Pilot Study, 388 participants completed the consent form and 4 declined consent. 384 completed screener and 34 were deemed not eligible because: 18 were no longer menstruating and 16 were unable/unwilling to provide an email address to the receive survey; thus 350 were eligible. Of those 350 participants that were deemed eligible, only 283 started survey. 283 individuals determined to be eligible based on their gender, capacity to menstruate, and age started the survey. Age eligibility was ≥18 years old. 249 completed the survey through its last section (XIII. Pregnancy & Birth History). Of the 283 participants who enrolled and were eligible to partake in the study, 177 (64.1%) identified as White, 22 (7.97%) as Hispanic/Latina/Spanish Origin, 34 (12.3%) as Black/African American, 4 (1.4%) as East Asian, 5 (1.8%) as Southeast Asian, 7 (2.5%) as South Asian, 27 (9.8%) selected more than 1 race/ethnicity, and 7 (2.5%) chose not to answer (Table 5). Participants from the PCOS group had higher prevalence for all the risk factors for Met-S when compared to Non-PCOS group: abdominal fat determined as those who tend to gain weight around stomach/waist (73% versus 60%), abdominal fat ascertained by body figure (33% versus 17%), hypertension (6.9% versus 3.1%), high cholesterol (20.7% versus 8.8%), diabetes (5.3% versus 1.0%), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5.2% versus 0.5%), and lastly sleep apnea (SA) (5.2% versus 2.1%). More noticeably is the absolute difference in prevalence in abdominal fat as determined by the body figure image in which the PCOS group (33%) had a 16% higher prevalence than the Non-PCOS group (17%). Participants that reported having PCOS diagnosed by a physician (37) had a higher prevalence of overweight/obese women (73%) than those that self-diagnosed (23) with PCOS (56.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The OM Pilot Study has demonstrated that it is possible to launch and recruit a diverse sample group representative of the actual population. With this new tool, future studies can better assess risk factors associated with Met-S in PCOS patients taking into consideration their racial/ethnic background.

Bakgrund: Anorexia nervosa och bulimia nervosa drabbar ca 3% av Sveriges unga kvinnor och var tredje kvinna lider av ätstörning utan närmare specifikation (UNS). Ätstörning är en heterogen sjukdom där ingen behandling fungerar på alla individer, utan olika behandlingsformer behövs och fysisk aktivitet kan därför vara ett alternativ. Idag finns det studier som undersöker fysisk aktivitet som behandlingsalternativ vid ätstörningar, men det finns ingen sammanställning av detta. Syftet med litteraturöversikten var därför att systematiskt sammanställa vilken evidens som finns gällande hur fysisk aktivitet applicerat i en standardiserad behandling för ätstörning kan påverka livskvaliteten, ätstörningssymptom och body mass index.  Metod: Litteraturstudiens artikelssök genomfördes i fyra databaser, Cinahl, Pubmed, APA PsykInfo och PEDro. Studien inkluderade randomiserade kontrollerade studier och följde riktlinjer från Statens beredning för medicinsk utvärdering (SBU) och Transparent rapportering av systematiska översikter och metaanalyser (PRISMA). Enbart studier som involverade personer med en diagnostiserad ätstörning som behandlades med någon form av fysisk aktivitet inkluderades.  Resultat: Tio unika artiklar kom att ingå i studien efter litteratursök och relevansbedömning. Studierna undersökte olika typer av interventioner såsom styrketräning, konditionsträning, yoga och allmän fysisk aktivitet. Resultatet visade att fysisk aktivitet hade effekt i 5/10 studier sett på livskvalitet, BMI och ätstörningssymtom. Yoga och allmän fysisk aktivitet var de två interventioner som visade bäst resultat. Konklusion: Hälften av de randomiserade kontrollerade studierna (RCT) visade på positiva effekter av fysisk aktivitet och ingen av studierna påvisade negativa effekter. Då flera av studierna var små och hade stort bortfall behövs mer forskning inom området.