Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2003. / Advisor: R. L. Judd. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-256). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 225 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 218-225). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF PAYAM SHARIFI, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in ENGINEERING SCIENCE, presented on April 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON INTERFACE INSTABILITY, FILM BOILING, AND FILM CONDENSATION MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. A. Esmaeeli This research focuses on investigation of uniform electric field on three inter-related interfacial phenomena including interface under electric field, film boiling under applied electric field, and film condensation under applied electric field. The idea of applying electric field to enhancement boiling and condensation heat transfer has been considered one of the active enhancement methods. However, understanding the details of interaction of electric field and phase change demands a strong tool to go beyond the limitations of experimental and theoretical approaches. We perform Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) using front-tracking/finite-difference techniques to fully resolve the electric, flow, and heat transfer fields in continuum scales. In terms of electric field-induced interface instability problem, we studied the dynamics of interface under AC/DC uniform electric fields for a wide range of fluid physical properties and investigated the individual effect of their corresponding nondimensional numbers. We observed that application of DC electric field destabilizes the interface in such a way that it goes over several cycles of oscillations and then settles to its steady-state form and remains quiescent. However, for AC electric field, the interface oscillations follows the frequency of applied electric potential source. For the film boiling under applied electric field, we studied the effect of individual governing nondimensional numbers on the behavior of film boiling under DC/AC electric fields. Electric field makes the interface more unstable by elongating the bubbles, decreasing the most dangerous wavelength, and expediting the formation of bubbles. The impact of these effects on heat transfer can be observed from the evolution of Nu number in the course of film boiling. We realized that for the same conditions AC field alters the transient spatially averaged Nu number in a way that it follows the oscillations of applied electric potential source. However, the heat transfer enhancement does not get affected by applying either AC or DC electric fields. We extended our research to multimode film boiling to observe the interaction of bubbles growing next to each other. Also, we carried out a study on the effect of electric field on downward-facing film condensation over a horizontal flat plate. This problem is similar to film boiling over a horizontal flat plate which we already studied although the phase change occurs in opposite direction. Like the effect of electric field on film boiling, electric field made the interface of condensate more unstable by decreasing its most dangerous wave length. However, in this case, the enhancement becomes more effective due to cooperation of gravitational and electrical forces. Our studies show that phase change heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced in the presence of electric field by more that 70%. Condensation of vapors over the bank of horizontal tubes has always been the host of many engineering applications in power plants, chemical and petrochemical plants, etc. To take the first step toward the study of enhancement effect of electric field on complex geometries, we also carried out a study on the condensation over tube banks in the absence of electric field. This study mainly concentrates on the effect of tube distance on heat transfer coefficient in a vertically in-lined tube bank. Our study reveals that heat transfer coefficient can be highly dependent on tube diameter and spacing such that choosing an appropriate spacing can lead to a more than 50% enhancement.

Ce travail propose une étude expérimentale de l'ébullition en masse dans une structure poreuse modèle. L'objectif est d'approfondir la compréhension des transferts de chaleur dans un écoulement diphasique avec changement de phase liquide-vapeur en milieu poreux, en liaison avec la problématique de la gestion des accidents graves dans les réacteurs nucléaires. A la suite d'un dysfonctionnement sur le circuit de refroidissement d'un réacteur nucléaire, l'augmentation de la température au sein du cœur provoque l'effondrement des tubes contenant le combustible. Il en résulte la formation d'un lit de débris chaud, assimilable à un milieu poreux dégageant une puissance thermique importante, qui peut être refroidi efficacement par renoyage avec de l'eau. Cela engendre des mécanismes d'ébullition intenses qu'il convient de modéliser proprement pour estimer les chances de succès du renoyage. Notre étude vise à caractériser les échanges de chaleur à l'échelle du pore en fonction des caractéristiques de l'écoulement local. Une partie importante du travail a été consacrée à la mise au point du dispositif expérimental. Le cœur du dispositif est un milieu poreux bidimensionnel formé de cylindres disposés aléatoirement entre deux plaques de céramique. Chaque cylindre est une sonde à résistance de platine, utilisée non seulement pour fournir la puissance thermique désirée mais aussi pour mesurer la température de l'élément : chaque élément chauffant est contrôlé individuellement ou en groupe à l'aide d'un système d'asservissement temps réel. La plaque supérieure étant transparente, la distribution des phases au sein du poreux est obtenue par visualisation haute vitesse. L'acquisition d'images et les mesures thermiques permettent de caractériser l'échange de chaleur effectif local en fonction du régime d'ébullition. Deux configurations principales ont été étudiées. Dans la première, le milieu est initialement saturé en liquide et chauffé jusqu'à l'apparition de la vapeur et l'obtention de différents régimes d'ébullition. Ceci a notamment permis d'établir des courbes de Nukiyama en milieu confiné. Dans la seconde, dite de renoyage, le liquide est injecté dans le milieu sec et surchauffé initialement. Ceci a permis de caractériser la dynamique du renoyage et de visualiser les régimes d'écoulement rencontrés. Les résultats sont discutés en relation avec le modèle macroscopique à non-équilibre thermique local actuellement le plus avancé pour l'étude de ces différentes situations d'ébullition. / This manuscript presents a pore-scale experimental study of convective boiling heat transfer in a two-dimensional porous medium. The purpose is to deepen the understanding of thermohydraulics of porous media saturated with multiple fluid phases, in order to enhance management of severe accidents in nuclear reactors. Indeed, following a long-lasting failure in the cooling system of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) or a boiling water reactor (BWR) and despite the lowering of the control rods that stops the fission reaction, residual power due to radioactive decay keeps heating up the core. This induces water evaporation, which leads to the drying and degradation of the fuel rods. The resulting hot debris bed, comparable to a porous heat-generating medium, can be cooled down by reflooding, provided a water source is available. This process involves intense boiling mechanisms that must be modelled properly. The experimental study of boiling in porous media presented in this thesis focuses on the influence of different pore-scale boiling regimes on local heat transfer. The experimental setup is a model porous medium made of a bundle of heating cylinders randomly placed between two ceramic plates, one of which is transparent. Each cylinder is a resistance temperature detector (RTD) used to give temperature measurements as well as heat generation. Thermal measurements and high-speed image acquisition allow the effective heat exchanges to be characterized according to the observed local boiling regimes. This provides precious indications precious indications for the type of correlations used in the non-equilibrium macroscopic model used to model reflooding process.

Cette thèse porte sur l'amélioration de la modélisation des écoulements à bulles, et plus particulièrement des écoule- ments bouillants, dont la compréhension et la prédiction est essentielle pour de nombreuses applications industrielles. L'axe de recherche choisi ici est la prise en compte du caractère polydisperse de la population de bulles, autrement dit du fait que toutes les bulles n'aient ni la même taille, ni la même vitesse. Divers mécanismes peuvent être cités pour expliquer l'existence de la variété de tailles de bulles ; dans notre cas on peut principalement citer la coalescence et la fragmentation de bulles, la cinématique de changement de phase ou encore la compressibilité du gaz à l'intérieur des bulles. De cette polydispersion en taille découle également une polydispersion en vitesse, puisqu'il est bien connu que la vitesse de déplacement d'une bulle est fonction de sa taille. Un modèle moyenné spécialement adapté aux écoulements à phase dispersée est présenté dans ce manuscrit, modèle que l'on pourra caractériser de polydisperse puisque prenant en compte une fonction de distribution en taille et en vi- tesse des bulles. Deux lois mathématiques particulières, une loi quadratique et une loi cubique, sont proposées dans ce manuscrit pour modéliser la fonction de distribution en taille des bulles, son évolution spatio-temporelle étant obtenue à l'aide la méthode des moments. Ces deux lois ayant une expression mathématique relativement simple, les différents termes d'échanges entre phases ont pu être fermés dans un cadre polydisperse. Ce modèle moyenné polydisperse a été implanté dans le code de calcul NEPTUNE_CFD, puis testé en tentant de reproduire par la simulation l'expérience DEBORA du CEA Grenoble, expérience dédiée à l'étude des écoulements bouillants sous-saturés. / The objective of this work was to improve the modelling of boiling bubbly flows.We focused on the modelling of the polydisperse aspect of a bubble population, i.e. the fact that bubbles have different sizes and different velocities. The multi-size aspect of a bubble pupolation can originate from various mechanisms. For the bubbly flows we are interested in, bubble coalescence, bubble break-up, phase change kinematics and/or gas compressibility inside the bubbles can be mentionned. Since, bubble velocity depends on bubble size, the bubble size spectrum also leads to a bubble velocity spectrum. An averaged model especially dedicated to dispersed flows is introduced in this thesis. Closure of averaged inter- phase transfer terms are written in a polydisperse framework, i.e. using a distribution function of the bubble sizes and velocities. A quadratic law and a cubic law are here proposed for the modelling of the size distribution function, whose evolution in space and time is then obtained with the use of the moment method. Our averaged model has been implemented in the NEPTUNE_CFD computation code in order to simulate the DEBORA experiment. The ability of our model to deal with sub-cooled boiling flows has therefore been evaluated.

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Este trabalho trata do estudo teórico do ebulição convectiva de nanofluidos em canais de diâmetro reduzido (denominados de microcanais). Ele aborda, primeiramente, uma análise da literatura sobre a ebulição convectiva de fluidos convencionais em microcanais, na qual são discutidos critérios para a transição entre macro e microcanais e os padrões de escoamentos observados em canais de reduzido diâmetro. Métodos para a previsão das propriedades de transporte de nanofluidos foram levantados da literatura e estudos experimentais da convecção forçada, da ebulição nucleada e da ebulição convectiva de nanofluidos foram discutidos. Um método para a previsão do coeficiente de transferência de calor de nanofluidos em microcanais durante a ebulição convectiva foi proposto baseado em modelos convencionais da literatura ajustados para nanofluidos. O ajuste dos modelos convencionais foi realizado através de análise regressiva de dados experimentais para ebulição nucleada e convecção forçada de nanofluidos levantados da literatura, e da análise crítica de adimensionais que capturassem a influência das nanopartículas no processo de transferência de calor. De maneira geral o método proposto neste estudo apresenta concordância razoável com dados experimentais independentes, referente ao acréscimo do coeficiente de transferência de calor com o incremento da concentração volumétrica de nanopartículas. No entanto, a escassez de estudos experimentais sobre a ebulição convectiva de nanofluidos, especialmente em microcanais, impossibilitou uma análise mais aprofundada do método proposto. / The present work aims the theoretical study of convective boiling of nanofluids in small diameter channels (called microchannel). It discusses an analysis of the literature on convective boiling of conventional fluids in microchannels which presents criteria for the transition between conventional and microchannels and the flow patterns observed in small diameter channels. Methods for predicting the transport properties of nanofluids were compiled from the literature and experimental studies of forced convection, nucleate boiling and convective boiling of nanofluids were discussed. A method for predicting the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids in microchannels during convective boiling was proposed based on conventional models from literature adjusted to nanofluids. The conventional models fitting was performed by regression analysis of experimental data for nucleate boiling and forced convection of nanofluids compiled from the literature and by critical analysis of dimensionless numbers which enable to capture the influence of nanoparticles on heat transfer process. In general the proposed method in this work presents reasonable agreement with independent experimental data regarding the increase in heat transfer coefficient with increasing nanoparticles volume fraction. However the scarcity of experimental studies on the convective boiling of nanofluids, especially in microchannels, precluded further analysis of the proposed method.

The production of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for use in the automotive and construction industries requires complex control of runout table (ROT) cooling. Advanced high strength steels require coiling at temperatures below 500 °C in order to produce a complex multi-phase microstructure. The research described here will investigate the boiling conditions that occur for moving plate experiments when steel is cooled towards low coiling temperatures. Experiments were performed on a pilot-scale ROT located at the University of British Columbia using industrially supplied steel plates. Tests were performed for four different speeds (0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.3 m/s) and three different initial plate temperatures(350, 500 and 600 °C). Each plate was instrumented with thermocouples in order to record the thermal history of the plate. The results show that cooling is more effective at slower speeds within the stagnation zone for surface temperatures over 200 °C. Outside the stagnation zone regardless of speed cooling is primarily governed by air convection and radiation with minor effects from latent heat caused by splashing water. The maximum peak heat flux value increases with decreasing speed and occurs at a surface temperature of approximately 200 °C, regardless of speed. Below a surface temperature of 200 °C, speed has a negligible effect on peak heat flux. The maximum integrated heat flux seems to vary with speed according to a second order polynomial. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Eulerian-Eulerian Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques continue to show promise for characterizing the internal flow and near-field spray for various fuel injection systems. These regions are difficult to observe experimentally, and simulations of such regions are limited by computational expense or reliance on empiricism using other methods. The physics governing spray atomization are first introduced. Impinging jet sprays and Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) are selected as applications, and modern computational/experimental approaches to their study are reviewed. Two in-house CFD solvers are described and subsequently applied in several case studies. Accurate prediction of the liquid distribution in a like-doublet impinging jet spray is demonstrated via validation against X-Ray data. Turbulence modeling approaches are compared for GDI simulations with dynamic mesh motion, with results validated against previously available experimental data. A new model for turbulent mixing is discussed. Code performance is thoroughly tested, with new mesh motion techniques suggested to improve scaling. Finally, a new workflow is developed for incorporating X-Ray scanned geometries into moving-needle GDI simulations, with full-duration injection events successfully simulated for both sub-cooled and flash-boiling conditions.