Shark tagging is used as a source of data for shark migration and behaviors. Different tags can collect temperature, salinity, or depth data points while the shark is in motion. There are a variety of shark tagging methods used to monitor sharks. Of these methods, shark bolting has caused some concern. Shark bolting is the method of drilling holes into the first dorsal fin of pelagic sharks and placing steel screws into the fin to secure a satellite (SAT) tag. Bolted SAT tags cause concern due to the limited ways of removal, high probability of excessive biofouling, infections, and increased drag while swimming in many species of sharks. The objective of this study is to assess if bolting is a non-impact shark tagging method in terms of resulting shark health and behavior and, further, whether it should be considered a humane or inhumane practice by examining the present knowledge of dorsal fin anatomy and functionality.

Mit dem neu entwickelten Berechnungsmodell für vorgespannte Spreizkopfanker zur Firstsicherung im Kali- und Steinsalzbergbau können die Ankertechnologie und das Tragverhalten der Anker realistisch berücksichtigt werden. Für das Last-Verformungsverhalten bei Scherbeanspruchung und dynamischer Beanspruchung durch Sprengerschütterungen werden auf experimenteller Basis theoretische Modellvorstellungen neu entwickelt und numerisch umgesetzt. In einem in situ-Sprengversuch können wesentliche Erkenntnisse zum Schwingungsverhalten des Salinargesteins im unmittelbaren Nahbereich einer Gewinnungssprengung gefunden werden. Mit Hilfe messtechnisch instrumentierter Anker wird der Verlauf der Vorspannkraft während des gesamten Sprengzyklus gemessen. Aus der Berechnung und Analyse komplexer numerischer Modelle werden Aussagen zum Einfluss des Ankerabstandes von der Firstkante auf die Vorspannkraftreduktion abgeleitet und das Ankerverhalten unter dem Einfluss des mehrfachen Übersprengens im Gewinnungszyklus diskutiert. / The newly developed calculation model for pre-stressed expansion-shell rock bolts for roof support in potash and rock salt mining enables the bolting technology and the load-bearing behavior of the rock bolts to be realistically taken into account. For the load-deformation behavior under shear stress and dynamic stress due to blasting vibrations, theoretical model concepts are newly developed on an experimental basis and numerically implemented. In an in situ blasting test, fundamental insights into the vibration behavior of the saline rock in the immediate vicinity of a mining blast can be found. With the help of instrumented rock bolts, the development of the pre-stressing force is monitored during the entire blasting cycle. From the calculation and analysis of complex numerical models, statements on the influence of the bolt's distance from the face on the pre-stressing force's reduction are derived and the bolt's behavior under the influence of multiple overblasting in the extraction cycle is discussed.

Orientador: Norberto da Silva / Banca: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Banca: Paulo César Tavares de Melo / Resumo: Com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade genética para florescimento prematuro e outras características em uma população de cenoura 'Brasília' com produção de sementes sem necessidade de vernalização, foram estimados parâmetros genéticos em três ciclos de seleção em semeadura de outono-inverno. Os três ciclos foram avaliados simultaneamente num único experimento, em 2007, na Fazenda Experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu/UNESP, localizada no município de São Manuel/SP a 22º44'50" de latitude Sul e 48º34'00" de longitude Oeste. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 48 progênies de meios-irmãos do ciclo original de seleção, 48 progênies de meios-irmãos do primeiro ciclo de seleção, 50 progênies de meios-irmãos do segundo ciclo de seleção e oito testemunhas comuns para os três ciclos: 'Nantes', 'HT-2000', 'Shin Kuroda', 'Brasília' de quatro diferentes procedências e 'Londrina'. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 3 repetições e parcelas de 2m2 constituídas de oito sulcos transversais de semeadura espaçados de 25 cm de distância. A colheita foi feita 100 dias após a semeadura, com exceção das testemunhas 'Nantes' e 'Shin Kuroda', que por serem mais tardias foram colhidas aos 120 dias após a semeadura. Durante a colheita as raízes foram separadas em comerciais, apresentando comprimento de 17 a 25 cm e menos que 5 cm de diâmetro, sem a presença de cenouras deformadas, deterioradas, quebradas, rachadas e com outros defeitos que as tornem impróprias para o consumo, em refugo, isto é, fora dos padrões comerciais, e em raízes que apresentavam florescimento prematuro. A produção comercial, expressa em gramas, foi avaliada ao nível de parcela e obtida através da massa de raízes comerciais, a produção total, expressa em gramas,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: To study the genetic variability for bolting and other characteristics in 'Brasilia' carrots with production of seeds without vernalization, genetic parameters in three cycles of selection in autumn-winter sowing were estimated. The three cycles were evaluated simultaneously in only one experiment in 2007 in the Experimental Farm of the Agronomy School, Botucatu/UNESP Campus, in São Manuel/SP (22ºS44' and 48ºW34'). The treatments were constituted by 48 lineages of half-sibling from the original cycle of selection, 48 lineages of half-siblings of the first cycle of selection, 50 lineages of half-siblings from the second cycle of selection and eight witnesses for the three cycles: 'Nantes', 'HT-2000', 'Shin Kuroda', 'Brasilia' from four different origins and 'Londrina'. The experimental outline of randomized blocks was used, with 3 replications and 2m2 lots of eight sowing transversal ridges spaced out at 25cm of distance. Harvest was carried out 100 days after sowing, exception for 'Nantes' and 'Shin Kuroda' witnesses, which for being late crops had to be harvested 120 days after sowing. During the harvest the roots were separated in commercials, presenting length of 17 the 25cm and less than 5cm of diameter, without the presence of deformed, spoiled carrots, broken, cracked or any other defects for consumption, in rubbish roots, that is out of commercial standards, and in roots presenting bolting. The commercial production, expressed in grams, was evaluated to the level of lots and obtained by the mass of commercial roots. The total production, expressed in grams, was obtained by the addition of the mass of commercial roots and rubbish, except those with premature floral connecting rods. Also obtained the percentage of rubbish mass, the percentage of plants not bolting and the percentage of orange shoulder in relation to the commercial production...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cette thèse porte sur l’utilisation de présoutènements pour réduire les tassements, c’est-à-dire la mise en place de boulons au front et d’une voute parapluie au-dessus du front. Elle cherche à fournir des outils pour évaluer l’impact des techniques de construction sur les tassements au moyen de calculs numériques par éléments finis. Une attention particulière est portée aux conséquences des choix de simulation sur les résultats obtenus.Le chapitre 1 présente une comparaison de différentes approches de simulation du creusement d’un tunnel peu profond en déformation plane. Les résultats ne justifient pas de privilégier les approches alternatives par rapport à l’approche classique qui utilise des forces de déconfinement. D’autre part, la disposition des présoutènements impose de réaliser des modélisations tridimensionnelles. Dans toute la suite du mémoire, on se place donc dans le cadre tridimensionnel. Dans un premier temps, le chapitre 2 présente une étude de l’influence de la géométrie du front de taille d’un tunnel sur sa stabilité : on compare le cas d’un front de taille vertical et d’un front de taille incliné ou courbe.Le chapitre 3 porte sur la prise en compte dans les simulations numériques du renforcement du front de taille par boulonnage. Nous avons comparé différentes approches, et montrer l’apport des modélisations qui prennent en compte de manière détaillée l’interaction sol-boulon, pour la simulation d’essais effectués en centrifugeuse.Dans le chapitre 4, on étudie l’influence des boulons au front sur les tassements. Nous avons cherché à discuter l’utilité de décrire en détail certains aspects du processus de construction, comme le cycle de renouvellement des boulons au front. Nous avons également discuté l’influence de la distance de pose du radier en arrière du front.Le chapitre 5 étudie l’influence de la voute parapluie sur les tassements. Nous avons établi une modélisation qui prend en compte la géométrie conique de la voute parapluie et du soutènement et le cycle de renouvellement des tubes de la voute. Enfin, on a proposé une modélisation originale du procédé de réduction des tassements au moyen d’injections réalisées à partir des tubes de la voute, appelé « présoutènement actif ».Les résultats fournissent des éléments pour le dimensionnement des procédés de présoutènements, en montrant, par exemple qu’il existe une valeur limite à partir de laquelle il n’est plus utile d’augmenter le nombre de boulons ou de tubes. Ils montrent également que certains choix de modélisation ont peu d’influence sur les tassements, ce qui justifie de prendre en compte des hypothèses qui simplifient la réalisation pratique des études numériques.La thèse a été financée par le projet FUI Newtun, piloté par Solétanche-Bachy / This thesis focuses on the use of pre-reinforcements to reduce the settlements, namely the reinforcement of the tunnel face by bolts, or the installation of a pipe-roof umbrella placed above the face. It seeks to provide tools to evaluate the influence of the construction techniques on the settlements by means of finite element simulations. A special attention is paid to the consequences of the choices of simulation on the numerical results obtained.Chapter 1 presents a comparison between different approaches of simulation for the excavation of a shallow tunnel in plane strain. The results show that the alternative approaches do not give better results, in terms of width of the predicted settlement trough, than the classical approach based on excavation forces. On the other hand, the implementation of the pre-reinforcements imposes to carry out three-dimensional simulations. In this context, ones discusses, in chapter 2, the influence of the geometry of the tunnel face of a tunnel on his stability: we compare the case of a vertical tunnel face and with an inclined or curved tunnel face.Chapter 3 focuses on the techniques that can be used to take into account in the numerical simulations the reinforcement of the tunnel face by bolting. We have compared different approaches, and showed that models that take into account in more detail the soil-bolt interaction give better results for the simulation of centrifuge tests.In Chapter 4, we discuss the influence of the bolts on the settlements. We have discussed the utility of taking into account in the simulation some aspect of the construction process, such as the renewal of the bolts. Also, we have discussed the influence of the distance between the tunnel face and the invert.Chapter 5 studies the influence of the pipe umbrella on the settlements. We have established a model that takes into account the conical geometry of the pipe umbrella and the lining, and the cycle of renewal of the pipes. In the last place, we have proposed an original modelling of the technique of aiming at reducing the settlements by means of injections carried out from the pipes, called “active pre-reinforcement”.The results provide some elements for the design of the pre-reinforcement elements, and show for example that there exists a threshold value above which it is not useful to increase the number of bolts or of pipes. On the other hand, they show that some choices of simulation have little influence on the computed settlements, which justifies some assumptions that can be useful to reduce the complexity of three dimensional numerical models.The thesis has been funded by the project FUI Newtun (under the coordination of Solétanche-Bachy)

Depuis l'utilisation des boulons au XVème siècle pour assembler deux pièces, les assemblages boulonnés posent des questions quant à la compréhension de leur fonctionnement et de leurs défaillances, telles que la variation de la tension de serrage entrainant, le desserrage, le dévissage, la perte d'étanchéité, l'initialisation de fissures, ... Pour comprendre leur fonctionnement, une méthodologie d'analyse tribologique a été mise en place, permettant de démonter un assemblage boulonné sans le desserrer, afin de ne pas modifier les conditions de contact lors du desserrage. Ainsi, toutes les interfaces d'assemblages (‘‘filets’’ écrou/vis et ‘‘autres que filets’’) formant des triplets tribologiques, ont été étudiées durant les trois phases de leur cycle de vie (fabrication, serrage, service) par le biais de cas-tests de matériaux différents. Un dialogue interactif entre les expérimentations (corrélations d'images, expertises) et la simulation numérique (Eléments Finis, Eléments Discrets) a permis de dégager des interprétations, notamment concernant les trois phases. Lors de la fabrication, le roulage des vis engendre des transformations tribologiques superficielles au niveau des sous-surfaces des filets formés. Le cœur des vis (noyau) restant non-déformé, ce procédé crée ainsi une différence de microstructure au sein de ces vis, ce qui est une source d'altération de leurs propriétés en fatigue. Lors du serrage, il se forme à l'interface ‘‘filets’’ une mixture de troisièmes corps ‘‘sec-solide’’, accommodant la vitesse entre la vis et l'écrou. Cette mixture résulte d'une réactivité entre une graisse utilisée pour le serrage et des particules, détachées d'un revêtement appliqué sur les filets d'écrous et/ou de vis. En fin de serrage, une partie de la mixture reste piégée entre les filets, jouant le rôle de maintien de la tension de serrage. Dans ces conditions, il apparaît que le frottement varie en fonction de la rhéologie de la mixture, conditionnant la variation de la tension de serrage. En service, des instabilités de contact (glissement, décollement, ...) ont été identifiées au niveau des interfaces. Ces instabilités engendrent dans les interfaces ‘‘autres que filets’’ la formation d'un troisième corps oxydé. Ce dernier constitue un surplus de matière qui peut entrainer l'augmentation des contraintes mécaniques dans les assemblages. A l'interface ‘‘filets’’ écrou/vis, il a été constaté que si la mixture de troisièmes corps piégée en serrage n'est pas cohésive, elle est extrudée des contacts, initialisant la perte de la tension de serrage. A partir de ces interprétations, des interactions entre plusieurs circuits tribologiques conduisent à converger vers un scénario de fonctionnement des assemblages boulonnés, permettant de solutionner leurs défaillances par la re-conception (mise en place de gorge de décharge, ...). / Since the use of bolts in the fifteenth century to assemble two parts, the bolted assemblies have the interrogations according to the understanding of their operating and failures occurring, such as the variation of the clamping force leading to, self-loosening, loss of sealing performance, cracks initialization, ... In order to understand their operating, a methodology focused on tribological approach was established, enabling to disassemble a bolted assembly without loosen its, allowing to not change the contact conditions during loosening. So, all the bolted assemblies interfaces (nut/screw ‘‘threads’’ and ‘‘others than threads’’) constituting tribological triplets, have been studied according to the three stages of their full life-cycle (manufacturing, tightening and service) using configurations of different materials. An interactive dialogue between the experiments (fields measuring by digital images correlation, tribological analysis) and the numerical simulation (Finite Element Method, Discrete Element Method) has led to interpretations about the three stages. During the manufacturing, the rolling of screws generates tribological superficial transformations in subsurfaces of machined threads. Contrariwise, inside the volume of these machined screws, there is no tribological transformation. So, this manufacturing process creates a difference of microstructure in these screws, that could be a source of their fatigue properties destruction. During the tightening, it produces at ‘‘threads’’ interface a ‘‘dry-solid’’ mixture of third bodies, accommodating the speed jump between the screw and the nut. This mixture is the result of a reactivity between a grease used for bolted tightening and the particles, detached by plastic flow from a coating initially applied on the threads of nuts and/or bolts. At the end of the process, a part of the mixture remains trapped in the threads, playing the role of maintaining the clamping force. In these conditions, it appears that the friction varies depending of the rheology of the mixture, conditioning the variation of the clamping force. In service, contact instabilities (slip, peeling off, ...) have been identified in the interfaces. These instabilities lead to the formation of an oxidized third body in ‘‘others than threads’’ interfaces. This oxidized third body represents a surplus of material and can increase mechanical stresses in the assemblies. In the nut/screw ‘‘threads’’ interface, it was found that if the mixture of third bodies trapped during the tightening stage is not cohesive, it is extruded, initializing the loss of clamping force. Based on the findings, the interactions between multiple tribological circuits lead to converge to a scenario of bolted assemblies operating, allowing to solve their failures by re-designing (create discharge grooves, ...).

This thesis deals with the design and assessment of footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists in the city of Hranice, Rybare district. The footbridge will serve as a crossing point over the river Bečva and will conect cycling trail with the street Rybarska. The content of this paper is to propose two different variants of structures. One of these options is selected based on their economic evaluation and further processed. Length of the bridge is 50m.

The thesis describes the application of anchors in mining and tunneling and gives an up-to-date overview about anchor types, design principles and the interaction mechanisms between anchors and rockmass. A constitutive model was developed, implemented and tested for the 2- and 3-dimensional numerical codes FLAC and FLAC3D to simulate non-linear anchor behaviour including unloading and reloading. The interaction between rockbolts and rockmass was studied in detail via numerical simulations for 5 Vietnamese coal mines. An extended version of the so-called c-Φ reduction method and a new introduced reinforcement factor were applied to quantify the effect of bolting. Mine specific and generalised relations were deduced to quantify the influence of anchor length and distance between anchors on the effect of bolting.

Dans les années 80, de nouvelles techniques, basées sur la mise en place de système de présoutènements à l’avant du front de taille, se sont développées dans le domaine du creusement de tunnels dans des terrains difficiles. Ce travail de thèse représente une contribution à l’étude des effets de deux types de présoutènements mis en œuvre, le boulonnage au front et la voûte parapluie, sur les déformations du massif et sur la valeur du taux de déconfinement. L’objectif étant d’améliorer les méthodes de prévision des tassements en surface pour les tunnels réalisés avec des techniques de présoutènements. Pour atteindre ce but, l’étude s’est basée sur deux étapes principales : dans un premier temps, une participation active au suivi régulier des déformations enregistrées sur le chantier du tube sud de Toulon ; dans un deuxième temps, l’élaboration d’analyses en retour à l’aide de modélisations numériques calées sur les observations collectées sur le chantier. Le suivi des déformations du massif et la mise en place de deux sections ins-trumentées ont permis d’acquérir une importante base de données sur laquelle les simulations numériques ont été validées. Les mesures enregistrées in situ ont mis en évidence que le champ de déformation provoqué par le creusement du tunnel est tridimensionnel. L’analyse de l’évolution des mouvements en surface a également conduit à proposer une expression analytique de prévision des tassements de surface, qui a été ensuite utilisée pour le pilotage du creusement du tunnel. Des analyses en retour, basées sur les mesures enregistrées in situ, ont été réalisées avec des simulations numériques bidimensionnelles et tridimensionnelles. L’approche 2D a souligné la forte influence du choix de la valeur du taux de déconfinement sur les résultats numériques. Afin de lever cette incertitude, un modèle 3D a été mis au point et a permis d’étudier l’influence des différents systèmes de (pré)soutènements sur la réaction du massif encaissant. Le boulonnage au front de taille et la distance de retard du contreradier ont montré avoir un rôle prépondérant sur le développement des mouvements dans le massif. Des calculs bidimensionnels ont été effectués en parallèle et les résultats ont été calés sur ceux du calcul 3D afin de trouver le taux de déconfinement correspondant à chaque configuration de (pré)soutènement testée. Les deux approches numériques, 2D et 3D, ont enfin été calées sur une section du tunnel de Toulon et la correspondance très satisfaisante avec les mesures in situ a permis de valider nos simulations. Une réflexion finale sur les résultats obtenus semble montrer que le taux de décon-finement est beaucoup plus influencé par le phasage des travaux et le présoutènement, que par les caractéristiques géomécaniques intrinsèques du massif. / During the 80s, new technologies, based on face reinforcement systems, were developed in the field of tunnels excavation in complex soils. The following thesis is a further contribution to the analysis on the effects of two types of pre-reinforcements, tunnel face bolting and pipe umbrella, in the massif deformations and in the stress release value. The aim being to improve methodologies of surface settlements prevision for tunnels built through pre-reinforcement techniques, this study has been divided into two main steps. At first, deformations monitoring registered on site during the Toulon south tube excavation has been actively followed. Secondly, back analysis based on ob-servations collected on site has been elaborated using numerical modelling. The numerical simulations have been validated thanks to an important database obtained by deformations monitoring and by setting up two instrumental sections. Measures registered on site have shown that the deformation field caused by tunnel excavation is tridimensional. Furthermore, analysis on surface movement evolution has led to an analytical expression for surface settlements predictions, which has been used for tunnelling process adaptation. Afterwards, back analyses based on measures registered on site have been realised using bi-dimensional and tri-dimensional numerical simulations. The 2D approach stressed out the strong impact of the stress release value on numerical results. For this reason, a 3D model has been built and eventually used to study reinforcement systems influence on the ground mass reaction. Tunnel face bolting and tunnel invert position have shown to be of huge importance for the ground movements development. At the same time, bi-dimentional calculations have been made and results have been fitted on 3D calculation ones. This operation has permitted to find the stress release value corresponding to each pre-reinforcement configuration tested before. Finally, both 2D and 3D numerical approaches have been fitted on one area of Toulon tunnel and the satisfactory matching with measures taken on site has validated our simulations. In conclusion, one further analysis on results seems to show that stress release value is much more influenced by workflow steps and pre- reinforcement than by ground geomechanical characteristics.

The construction of the concourse is designed from steel.Construction was designed in 2 variants.The construction of the hall is radially curved in plan view with a circular sector on the longitudinal side.Roof structure consists of eight trusses at an axial distance of 9 m.Tracks are arched truss designed as a parallel.Trusses are designed to span 40m.Maximum ground clearance hall at the top is 14 meters.Letištní hala byla řešena v programu Scia Engineer 2014 a součástí je i výkresová dokumentace.

The thesis describes the application of anchors in mining and tunneling and gives an up-to-date overview about anchor types, design principles and the interaction mechanisms between anchors and rockmass. A constitutive model was developed, implemented and tested for the 2- and 3-dimensional numerical codes FLAC and FLAC3D to simulate non-linear anchor behaviour including unloading and reloading. The interaction between rockbolts and rockmass was studied in detail via numerical simulations for 5 Vietnamese coal mines. An extended version of the so-called c-Φ reduction method and a new introduced reinforcement factor were applied to quantify the effect of bolting. Mine specific and generalised relations were deduced to quantify the influence of anchor length and distance between anchors on the effect of bolting.