O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência de métodos de esterilização do substrato dental sobre a microdureza de dentes extraídos (esmalte e dentina radicular) submetidos a ciclos de pH, e ainda verificar a influência destes métodos sobre a resistência adesiva do esmalte, dentina coronária e radicular. Para os testes de microdureza, dez terceiros molares extraídos foram seccionados em 40 fragmentos de esmalte e 40 de dentina radicular, sendo divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (para ambos os substratos): Controle - não esterilizado, Óxido de Etileno 7h ciclo de OE/48h aeração, Autoclave 30 à 121oC e Formalina 10% - por 7 dias. Após a esterilização, as amostras foram lavadas, reumidificadas e submetidas a ciclos de pH. Os testes de microdureza em profundidade (30, 60, 90, 120 e 300&micro;m) foram realizados no substrato hígido e desmineralizado. Para os teste de resistência adesiva, 30 terceiros molares extraídos foram seccionados em 60 fragmentos de esmalte, 60 fragmentos de dentina coronária e 60 fragmentos de dentina radicular, sendo divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (para todos os substratos): Controle, Óxido de Etileno, Autoclave e Formalina 10%. Em seguida, os sítios de adesão foram demarcados e cilindros de resina composta foram confeccionados em 3 incrementos. Após 24 horas, os espécimes foram submetidos a testes de cisalhamento. Os dados obtidos para ambas as avaliações foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Fisher (&alpha; =0,05). Para microdureza em esmalte hígido pode-se verificar que o controle apresentou maior valor de dureza e estatisticamente diferente dos outros grupos, sendo que os métodos promoveram alteração da dureza, diminuindo-a (controle>óxido de etileno>autoclave>formalina). Contudo, para as profundidades não houve diferença estatística. Para o esmalte desmineralizado, o grupo controle apresentou maiores valores de dureza diferente estatisticamente da formalina e óxido de etileno e semelhante a autoclave (controle &asymp; autoclave > Formalina &asymp; óxido de etileno). Para as profundidades, observou-se que 30&micro;m < 60&micro;m &asymp; 90&micro;m &asymp; 120&micro;m < 300&micro;m. Para dentina radicular hígida pode-se observar que grupo controle apresentou maior valor de dureza, semelhante ao óxido de etileno e a formalina e diferente da autoclave, sendo a formalina similar ao óxido de etileno e diferente da autoclave. Entretanto, para as profundidades testadas não houve diferença estatística neste substrato. Para a dentina desmineralizada pode-se observar que o método não apresentou diferença significante, contudo para as profundidades ocorreu diferença, 30&micro;m foi similar a 90&micro;m e diferente de 300&micro;m e 120&micro;m. 300&micro;m apresentou as maiores médias de microdureza. Com relação aos testes de resistência adesiva em esmalte os métodos foram semelhantes entre si, assim como em dentina coronária, contudo em dentina radicular a formalina proporcionou maiores valores de adesão. Pode-se concluir que os métodos de esterilização influenciaram na microdureza do esmalte hígido e desmineralizado, bem como, na dentina hígida não promovendo alteração na dentina desmineralizada. Entretanto, os métodos não influenciaram nos resultados dos testes de resistência adesiva em esmalte e dentina coronária, alterando apenas a adesão em dentina radicular. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sterilization methods (ethylene oxide, steam autoclave and 10% formalin) on microhardness of extracted human teeth (enamel and root dentin) submitted to pH cycling, and to determine the influence of these methods on shear bond strength (enamel, coronary and root dentin). For microhardness test, 40 root dentin and 40 enamel blocks were prepared from freshly-extracted third molars. Specimens were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to sterilization method: control group no sterilized, ethylene oxide (7h- EtO gas cycles and 48 degassing period), steam autoclave (30´ at 121oC) and 10% formalin (7 days). After sterilizing, specimens were rinsed, moisten and submitted to pH cycling. Microhardness test in different depths (30, 60, 90, 120 and 300&micro;m) was realized on sound and demineralized areas. For shear bond strength test, 60 enamel, coronary and root dentin fragments were randomly divided into 4 groups according to sterilization method: control group, ethylene oxide, steam autoclave and 10% formalin. The bonding site was delimited and a resin composite cylinder was built. After 24h, the specimens were tested to failure. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fishers test (&alpha;=0.05). Sound enamel microhardness showed the highest values for control group, followed by ethylene oxide and steam autoclave, while the 10% formalin provided the lowest values. For depths, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among them. For demineralized enamel, control group was similar to steam autoclave group and higher than formalin and ethylene oxide (control &asymp; steam autoclave > formalin &asymp; ethylene oxide). Comparing depths, it was observed that 30&micro;m < 60&micro;m &asymp; 90&micro;m &asymp; 120&micro;m < 300&micro;m. For sound root dentin, control group was similar to formalin and ethylene oxide and higher than steam autoclave, being formalin similar to ethylene oxide and different from steam autoclave. It was not verified statistical difference for depths in this substrate. For desmineralized root dentin, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among the methods. For depths, 30&micro;m was similar to 90&micro;m and different from 300 and 120&micro;m. 300&micro;m provided the highest values. For bond strength in root dentin, it was observed statistically significant difference among sterilization methods, presenting formalin the highest values. However, when enamel and dentin were evaluated, ANOVA showed no statistical difference among sterilization methods. It can be concluded that, the sterilization methods employed in this study affect the microhardness of sound and demineralized enamel and sound dentin. On the other hand, the sterilization methods did not affect the microhardness of demineralized root dentin. Shear bond strength was affected by the sterilization methods only in root dentin.

Objetivou-se observar a influência da fluorose dental nas características do padrão de condicionamento ácido e na penetração de sistemas adesivos no esmalte, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e na resistência de união de sistemas adesivos ao esmalte, por teste de microtração. Para tal, 196 dentes permanentes posteriores foram classificados seguindo o Índice Thylstrup e Fejerskov (TF= 0, 1 e 4), sendo selecionados 69 deles. Adesivos de 2 passos, um autocondicionante, Clearfil SE Bond®, e um de condicionamento ácido total, Adper Single Bond 2® foram usados. Para análise em MEV do padrão de condicionamento e das réplicas de resina, 27 pré-molares foram seccionados no sentido mesiodistal e divididos em 9 grupos (n=3). As superfícies vestibulares foram selecionadas e seccionadas no sentido longitudinal, sendo metade para cada análise. Os espécimes pertencentes ao grupo do ácido fosfórico foram condicionados com tempos de 15 ou 60 segundos, lavados com ar/água por 20 segundos e secos. Os espécimes do grupo Clearfil SE Bond® receberam aplicação do primer do material, e em seguida, tratamento para removê-lo. Para obter as réplicas de resina, as superfícies foram delimitadas (2x2mm) com fita isolante, tratadas com cada adesivo, e submetidas à construção de bloco de resina (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M do Brasil) com 2 mm de altura. Esses espécimes foram imersos em HCl a 18% por 48h e lavados com água destilada em ultra-som por 15 minutos. O teste de microtração foi realizado na superfície vestibular intacta de 42 terceiros molares divididos em 7 grupos e subdivididos de acordo com grau de fluorose e com sistemas adesivos sendo que no grupo TF4 foram usados dois tempos condicionamento (15 e 60 segundos). Após profilaxia com pedra-pomes, lavagem e secagem, procedeu-se à aplicação dos sistemas adesivos. e construção de bloco de resina composta Filtek Z250TM (3M ESPE) de 5x5x5mm sobre a superfície tratada. Após 24h, os blocos foram seccionados no sentido X e Y perpendiculares à interface de união, obtendo-se palitos com área aproximada de 1mm2. Os palitos foram submetidos às forças de tração à velocidade de 1mm/min e os valores obtidos à Análise de Variância (p<0,05). As superfícies condicionadas, as réplicas e palitos fraturados foram processados para análise em MEV. Houve diferença estatística significativa entre os adesivos (p = 0,008), sendo que o Single Bond 2® apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união. A severidade da fluorose não influenciou nos valores de resistência de união, no padrão de condicionamento ou na formação de tags de resina. O aumento do tempo de condicionamento, testado em TF4 influenciou na resistência de união, mostrando menores valores em 60 segundos. Concluiu-se que o adesivo de condicionamento ácido total mostrou-se melhor que o autocondicionante em termos de resistência de união, padrão de condicionamento e penetração de sistemas adesivos, independentemente do grau de fluorose. O aumento do tempo de condicionamento na fluorose mais severa (TF4) prejudicou a resistência de união. / The purpose of this study was to observe the influence of dental fluorosis on the characteristics of the acid etch pattern and penetration of adhesive systems into enamel, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and on the bond strength of adhesive systems to enamel, through microtensile testing. In order to do so, 196 permanent posterior teeth were classified according to the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TF= 0.1 and 4) and 69 of them were selected. Two-steps adhesive systems, one self-etching, Clearfil SE Bond®, and one total-etching, Adper Single Bond 2®, were used. For SEM analysis of the etch pattern and of the resin replicas, 27 premolars were sectioned mesiodistally and divided into 9 groups (n=3). The buccal surfaces were selected and longitudinally sectioned, using the half for each analysis. Specimens of the phosphoric acid gel at 37% (Magic acid®) group were etched using the two etching times (15 and 60 seconds), washed with air/water for 20 seconds and dried. Specimens of the Clearfil SE Bond® group received application of the material?s primer followed by a treatment to remove it. In order to obtain the resin replicas, the surfaces were outlined (2x2mm) using insulating tape, they were treated with each adhesive and underwent the building of a resin block (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M ESPE Brazil) of 2mm height. These specimens were immersed in 18% HCl for 48 hours and washed with distilled water under ultrasonication for 15 minutes. Microtensile testing was conducted on the intact buccal surface of 42 third molars that were divided into 7 groups and subdivided according to the degree of fluorosis and to the type of adhesive system, being that two etch times (15 and 60 seconds) were used in the TF4 group. After prophylaxis with pumice, washing and drying, the adhesive systems were applied and the composite resin blocks (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M ESPE Brazil) of 5x5mm were built upon a treated surface. After 24 hours, the blocks were sectioned in the X and Y directions perpendicular to the bond interface in order to obtain stick-shaped specimens with an area of approximately 1mm2. The sticks were submitted to tensile forces at a speed of 1mm/min and the values obtained underwent variance analysis (p<0.05). The etched surfaces, the replicas and fractured sticks were processed for analysis by SEM. There was a statistically significant difference between the adhesives (p = 0.008), being that Single Bond 2® presented the highest bond strength values. The severity of fluorosis did not influence the bond strength values, the etch pattern or the formation of resin tags. The increase in etch time, tested in TF4, influenced the bond strength, showing lower values for the 60 seconds time. In conclusion, the total-etch adhesive presented better results than the self-etch one in terms of bond strength, etch pattern and penetration of adhesive systems, regardless of the degree of fluorosis. The increase in etch time for the most severe fluorosis (TF4) cases impaired bond strength.

Objetivou-se observar a influência da fluorose dental nas características do padrão de condicionamento ácido e na penetração de sistemas adesivos no esmalte, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e na resistência de união de sistemas adesivos ao esmalte, por teste de microtração. Para tal, 196 dentes permanentes posteriores foram classificados seguindo o Índice Thylstrup e Fejerskov (TF= 0, 1 e 4), sendo selecionados 69 deles. Adesivos de 2 passos, um autocondicionante, Clearfil SE Bond®, e um de condicionamento ácido total, Adper Single Bond 2® foram usados. Para análise em MEV do padrão de condicionamento e das réplicas de resina, 27 pré-molares foram seccionados no sentido mesiodistal e divididos em 9 grupos (n=3). As superfícies vestibulares foram selecionadas e seccionadas no sentido longitudinal, sendo metade para cada análise. Os espécimes pertencentes ao grupo do ácido fosfórico foram condicionados com tempos de 15 ou 60 segundos, lavados com ar/água por 20 segundos e secos. Os espécimes do grupo Clearfil SE Bond® receberam aplicação do primer do material, e em seguida, tratamento para removê-lo. Para obter as réplicas de resina, as superfícies foram delimitadas (2x2mm) com fita isolante, tratadas com cada adesivo, e submetidas à construção de bloco de resina (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M do Brasil) com 2 mm de altura. Esses espécimes foram imersos em HCl a 18% por 48h e lavados com água destilada em ultra-som por 15 minutos. O teste de microtração foi realizado na superfície vestibular intacta de 42 terceiros molares divididos em 7 grupos e subdivididos de acordo com grau de fluorose e com sistemas adesivos sendo que no grupo TF4 foram usados dois tempos condicionamento (15 e 60 segundos). Após profilaxia com pedra-pomes, lavagem e secagem, procedeu-se à aplicação dos sistemas adesivos. e construção de bloco de resina composta Filtek Z250TM (3M ESPE) de 5x5x5mm sobre a superfície tratada. Após 24h, os blocos foram seccionados no sentido X e Y perpendiculares à interface de união, obtendo-se palitos com área aproximada de 1mm2. Os palitos foram submetidos às forças de tração à velocidade de 1mm/min e os valores obtidos à Análise de Variância (p<0,05). As superfícies condicionadas, as réplicas e palitos fraturados foram processados para análise em MEV. Houve diferença estatística significativa entre os adesivos (p = 0,008), sendo que o Single Bond 2® apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união. A severidade da fluorose não influenciou nos valores de resistência de união, no padrão de condicionamento ou na formação de tags de resina. O aumento do tempo de condicionamento, testado em TF4 influenciou na resistência de união, mostrando menores valores em 60 segundos. Concluiu-se que o adesivo de condicionamento ácido total mostrou-se melhor que o autocondicionante em termos de resistência de união, padrão de condicionamento e penetração de sistemas adesivos, independentemente do grau de fluorose. O aumento do tempo de condicionamento na fluorose mais severa (TF4) prejudicou a resistência de união. / The purpose of this study was to observe the influence of dental fluorosis on the characteristics of the acid etch pattern and penetration of adhesive systems into enamel, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and on the bond strength of adhesive systems to enamel, through microtensile testing. In order to do so, 196 permanent posterior teeth were classified according to the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TF= 0.1 and 4) and 69 of them were selected. Two-steps adhesive systems, one self-etching, Clearfil SE Bond®, and one total-etching, Adper Single Bond 2®, were used. For SEM analysis of the etch pattern and of the resin replicas, 27 premolars were sectioned mesiodistally and divided into 9 groups (n=3). The buccal surfaces were selected and longitudinally sectioned, using the half for each analysis. Specimens of the phosphoric acid gel at 37% (Magic acid®) group were etched using the two etching times (15 and 60 seconds), washed with air/water for 20 seconds and dried. Specimens of the Clearfil SE Bond® group received application of the material?s primer followed by a treatment to remove it. In order to obtain the resin replicas, the surfaces were outlined (2x2mm) using insulating tape, they were treated with each adhesive and underwent the building of a resin block (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M ESPE Brazil) of 2mm height. These specimens were immersed in 18% HCl for 48 hours and washed with distilled water under ultrasonication for 15 minutes. Microtensile testing was conducted on the intact buccal surface of 42 third molars that were divided into 7 groups and subdivided according to the degree of fluorosis and to the type of adhesive system, being that two etch times (15 and 60 seconds) were used in the TF4 group. After prophylaxis with pumice, washing and drying, the adhesive systems were applied and the composite resin blocks (Filtek Z250TM ? 3M ESPE Brazil) of 5x5mm were built upon a treated surface. After 24 hours, the blocks were sectioned in the X and Y directions perpendicular to the bond interface in order to obtain stick-shaped specimens with an area of approximately 1mm2. The sticks were submitted to tensile forces at a speed of 1mm/min and the values obtained underwent variance analysis (p<0.05). The etched surfaces, the replicas and fractured sticks were processed for analysis by SEM. There was a statistically significant difference between the adhesives (p = 0.008), being that Single Bond 2® presented the highest bond strength values. The severity of fluorosis did not influence the bond strength values, the etch pattern or the formation of resin tags. The increase in etch time, tested in TF4, influenced the bond strength, showing lower values for the 60 seconds time. In conclusion, the total-etch adhesive presented better results than the self-etch one in terms of bond strength, etch pattern and penetration of adhesive systems, regardless of the degree of fluorosis. The increase in etch time for the most severe fluorosis (TF4) cases impaired bond strength.

Objective: To determine the relationship between mineral density and microtensile bond strength of caries-affected dentin (CAD). Methods: Sixty-three extracted human molars with carious lesions and nine extracted sound human molars are collected and flattened to expose the dentin. Caries is removed using Caries Detector (Kuraray Medical, Tokyo, Japan) leaving a firm light pink stained dentin and then bonded with RBC (Z100, shade T, 3M ESPE, Germany) using an etch-and-rinse 3-step adhesive system (Optibond FL,Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). The bonded teeth are stored overnight at 37ºC before vertically sectioned with diamond saw blades (IsoMet 1000, Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL, USA). The sticks are then trimmed into dumbbell-shaped specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm2 and a gauge length of 1 mm. Tensile testing is performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min (Zwick Materials Testing Machine Z2.5/TN1S, Zwick, Ulm, Germany). X-ray microtomography was used to examine the fractured specimens (Micro-CAT II, Siemens Preclinical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) at maximum resolution of 27 microns. The mean mineral densities at the resin-dentin interface of the bonded specimens are calculated using a custom BMD (bone mineral density) analyzer software (Iowa City, IA, USA). Mineral density (image intensity) will be plotted against uTBS (MPa) to determine correlation between these two properties based on Spearman rank correlation test at 0.05 level of statistical significance. Results:There was a statistically significant relationship between µTBS and image intensity (p< 0.0001). However, the correlation coefficient was weak (0.31). Significant effect of the failure mode on the image intensity and the µTBS were observed (p < 0.0001). No significant difference in the mean image intensity was found between the 2 levels (p = 0.6519) and 3 levels of dye staining (p = 0.2531). Intra- and inter-examiner reliability was near perfect (0.99; 0.98) for mineral density measurements. Conclusion: Within the limits imposed in the experimental design, we concluded that the degree of mineralzation of CAD has an influence on its failure mode and µTBS. Positive increasing relationship was also found between CAD's failure mode and its µTBS. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between levels of dye staining and the degree of mineralization.

This in vitro study evaluated the bond and compression strength of cemented leucite reinforced glass ceramics in bovine tooth enamel, comparing three etching times with hydrofluoric acid 10% of the ceramic surface (20, 60 and 90 seconds) and two adhesive treatments (adhesive system + silane and universal adhesive system). For the bond strength test, 120 ceramic cylinders (2mm diameter x 2mm length; n=20) were etched and cemented (80m thick) in enamel with a dual resin cement, varying the adhesive treatment, obtaining the groups: UEXC20s, UEXC60s, UEXC90s, USBU20s, USBU60s, USBU90s. After 24 hours, the shear bond strength test was performed on a universal test machine (0.5mm/min, 50kgf). For the compression test, 30 ceramic plates (5x5mm with 1mm thick, n=5) were etched, received the same adhesive treatments and were cemented (80m) in enamel, obtaining the following groups: CEXC20s, CEXC60s, CEXC90s, CSBU20s, CSBU60s, CSBU90s. After 24 hours of cementation, the compression test (0.5mm/min, 500kgf) was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (=.05). For the shear bond strength test significant differences were found among the adhesives (p<.05). For the etching times there were no differences (p=.059). However, there was a significant interaction between the adhesives and the etching times (p=.021). At 60 seconds, the Silane + ExciTE F DSC Adhesive presented the highest bond strength values (47.53±16.70Mpa). And at 20 seconds, the Universal adhesive presented the lowest bond strength values (27.72±10.76Mpa). For the compression test there were no significant differences between the adhesives (p=.571) and between the times (p=.154). The group that presented the highest values of compression force was the Universal adhesive at 60 seconds (1757.89±200.47N). The lowest values were also the Universal adhesive, but at 90 seconds (1213.30±546.34N). The study concluded that the silane associated with the ExciTE F DSC adhesive showed the highest bond strength values at the etching time of 60 seconds with 10% hydrofluoric acid, without compromising the compressive strength of the leucite reinforced ceramic. / Este estudo in vitro avaliou a resistência de união e compressão da cerâmica reforçada por cimentada em esmalte de dentes bovinos, comparando-se três tempos de condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico 10% da superfície cerâmica (20, 60 e 90 segundos) e dois tratamentos adesivos (sistema adesivo + silano e sistema adesivo universal). Para o teste de resistência de união (U), 120 cilindros cerâmicos (2mm diâmetro x 2mm comprimento; n=20) foram condicionados e cimentados (80 m de espessura) em esmalte, com cimento resinoso dual, variando-se o tratamento adesivo, obtendo-se os grupos: UEXC20s, UEXC60s, UEXC90s, USBU20s, USBU60s, USBU90s. Após 24h, foi realizado o teste de cisalhamento (0,5mm/min, 50kgf). Para o teste de compressão (C), 30 placas cerâmicas (5x5mm com 1mm de espessura; n=5) foram condicionadas, receberam os mesmos tratamentos adesivos e foram cimentadas (80m) em esmalte, obtendo-se os grupos: CEXC20s, CEXC60s, CEXC90s, CSBU20s, CSBU60s, CSBU90s. Após 24h da cimentação, foi realizado o teste de compressão (0,5mm/min, 500kgf). Foi realizada a análise estatística por meio de ANOVA dois critérios e teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). Para o teste de cisalhamento diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre os adesivos (p<0,05). Para os tempos de condicionamento não houve diferenças significativas (p=0,059). No entanto, houve interação significativa entre os adesivos e os tempos de condicionamento (p=0,021). No tempo de 60 segundos, o silano + adesivo ExciTE F DSC apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união (47,53±16,70Mpa). E no tempo de 20 segundos, o adesivo Universal apresentou os menores valores de resistência de união (27,72±10,76Mpa). Para o teste de compressão não houve diferenças significativas entre os adesivos (p=0,571) e entre os tempos (p=0,154). O grupo que apresentou maiores valores de força de compressão foi o adesivo Universal no tempo de 60 segundos (1757,89±200,47N). Já os menores valores, foi também o adesivo Universal, mas no tempo de 90 segundos (1213,30±546,34N). Pode-se concluir que, o Silano associado ao adesivo ExciTE F DSC, mostrou os maiores valores de resistência de união no tempo de condicionamento de 60 segundos com ácido fluorídrico a 10%, sem comprometer a resistência a compressão da cerâmica reforçada por leucita.

In marine environments and where de-icing salts are applied, the degradation of reinforced concrete structures due to chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcement is a major problem. The expansive nature of the corrosion process results in cracking of the concrete and eventually spalling. In order to select suitable remedial measures it is necessary to make an assessment of the residual strength and the residual life. In order to investigate the effect of corrosion on bond strength of the reinforcement, specimens comprising square prismatic sections containing steel reinforcement in the four corners have been subjected to a wet-dry cycle and corrosion has been accelerated by polarising the bars. The research has studied the change of bond strength with level of corrosion for 12 mm and 16 mm bars with concrete cover of 1 and 3 times the bar size. The bond strength is assessed by means of pull out tests and the corresponding extent of corrosion has been assessed in terms of the mass loss. Observations and measurements of the form of the corrosion (pit dimensions and loss of bar diameter) are also presented. The relationship between bond strength and surface crack width has been investigated. Results show that the surface crack width may be a good indicator of residual bond strength. In addition, the influence on bond strength of concrete compressive strength, reinforcement cover, bar position and bar size on the change of bond strength has been explored. It should be noted that all conclusions drawn in this project are based on tests on specimens without shear reinforcement (unconfined) and that accelerated corrosion (by impressed current) has been adopted. Consequently, care should be exercised in applying these results directly to structures in the field. Additional research is needed to assess the influence of impressed current on crack patterns and the effect of shear reinforcement.

Drilled shafts are cast-in-place concrete, deep foundation elements that require high levels of quality control to ensure the borehole does not become unstable either during excavation or during concreting. Bentonite slurry is a popular choice among state DOT officials nationwide to maintain borehole stability as it has a long history with reasonable load carrying performance. However, specifications developed to replicate successful shaft construction are largely based on empirical data. Further, as slurry construction is a blind process, the final as-built shaft is rarely visually inspected and much of the perceived concrete flow and slurry interaction with rebar and the soil interface are largely unverified. This thesis presents the wide range of nationwide specifications for slurry viscosities (upper and lower) and notes that in only one case out of a hundred (50 states with an upper and lower viscosity limit) is there a rational basis for setting the limit. To this end, the objective of this thesis was to provide compelling evidence to support or dispute present upper viscosity limits. The study was part of a larger scope to show the effects of high viscosity slurry on concrete / soil interface and rebar bond. However, this thesis addresses only the latter via large scale testing to show concrete flow patterns, the build-up of bentonite slurry on rebar, and the degradation of rebar pull-out capacity as a function of bentonite slurry viscosity. Pull-out test results from 126 specimens, comprised of No. 8 rebar embedded in 42in diameter shafts, showed that rebar bond degraded as much as 70%#37; and more when in the presence of bentonite slurry that conformed to most state viscosity specifications (40 to 90 sec/qt). Visual inspection which is rarely possible on drilled shafts showed convincingly that the concrete that flowed through the cage to form the cover concrete does not fully encapsulate the rebar. In most cases a void/crease was formed reflecting the cage grid and which would provide a pathway from the soil pore water directly to the reinforcing steel. While present specifications nationwide dictate bentonite slurry ranges from a minimum of 28 to a maximum of 60 sec/qt, the study findings indicate that only viscosity levels of 30 sec/qt and below are reasonable from both a bond and durability stand point. As pure water has a viscosity of 26 sec/qt, this leaves only a very slight window of acceptability which is unlikely to provide sufficient lateral borehole stability.

In the past ten years, there have been 194 hurricane-damaged platforms in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), each with many wells that have not been permanently abandonment. This could lead to disastrous environmental consequence. The wells where their platforms were destroyed by hurricanes cannot be abandoned by conventional methods. Our research showed that barite-weighted epoxy material could be potentially used for well abandonment for those wells in GOM. Shear bond strength tests showed that between two candidates epoxy systems - the bisphenol A system and the bisphenol F system, the latter was less sensitive to barite weighting material. The shear bond strength of besphenol A system was deteriorated as barite increased, while bisphenol F system showed slightly increasing trend when barite was added. The minimum bond strength given by bisphenol A system appears around 68 wt% of barite, which is around 1290 psi. The maximum value of 2200 psi comes at 0 wt% of barite. And the bisphenol F system can stand a minimum of 1010 psi bond strength at 0 wt% of barite, and a maximum of 1160 psi of bond strength with 70 wt% of barite. Moreover, mixing with seawater did influence the shear bond strength between epoxy system and low-carbon steel. The influence that seawater has on the F system is less than that of the A system. The time that the epoxy system needs to fully develop the bond is far longer than curing time determined in our parallel research. Bond strength is lower in both seawater environment and at high temperature.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, ex vivo, a influência da irradiação do laser Er,Cr:YSGG na resistência de união do material obturador à base de resina epóxica à dentina radicular, por meio do teste de push-out, e na interface dentina/material obturador, por meio de microscopia confocal a laser. Avaliou-se, ainda, a variação de temperatura externa da dentina radicular durante irradiação. Para tanto, 96 caninos foram instrumentados com sistema rotatório K3 até #45/.02 e irrigados com 2 mL de água destilada e deionizada entre os instrumentos utilizados. Os espécimes foram distribuídos em 3 grupos (n=32) em função do protocolo de irrigação final (10 mL): água destilada e deionizada, NaOCl 1% e EDTAC 17%. Em seguida, foram redistribuídos em 4 subgrupos (n=8), de acordo com a irradiação do laser: não irradiado, 2 W/20 Hz, 3 W/20 Hz e 4 W/20 Hz. Durante a irradiação, foram aferidos os valores máximo e mínimo de temperatura na parede radicular externa nos terços cervical, médio e apical e no ápice radicular. Após irradiação, os espécimes foram obturados com cimento AH Plus e guta-percha pela técnica de condensação lateral. Decorridos três vezes o tempo de endurecimento o tempo de do cimento, as raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura. Dois slices de cada terço foram submetidos ao push-out em máquina universal de ensaios e o tipo de falha foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica e classificado em: adesiva ao material obturador, adesiva à dentina, mista, coesiva no material obturador e coesiva na dentina. O slice restante foi submetido à análise em microscopia confocal a laser, onde avaliou-se a porcentagem de perímetro da secção transversal do canal radicular com tags de cimento e a profundidade dos tags na interface dentina/material obturador de forma quali-quantitativa. Os dados de resistência de união (Mpa) e porcentagem de perímetro com tags foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA; enquanto os dados da variação de temperatura (ºC) e profundidade dos tags (&mu;m) por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, ambos seguidos de teste de Tukey. A irradiação do laser Er,Cr:YSGG aumentou a resistência de união do cimento obturador à dentina, independente da irrigação final, sendo que os maiores valores foram obtidos para as potência de 3 W (4,02±1,32) e 4 W (4,18±0,98) e os menores valores para o grupo não irradiado (2,64±0,58) (p<0,05). A potência de 2 W (3,28±0,91) apresentou valores intermediários. A irrigação final com EDTAC 17% resultou em maiores valores de resistência de união (4,01±1,02) quando comparado à água destilada (3,11±1,09) e ao NaOCl 1% (3,47±1,18) (p<0,05). Em relação aos terços radiculares, o terço cervical (4,01±1,21) apresentou valor de resistência de união estatisticamente maior que o terço apical (3,04±0,89), enquanto o terço médio apresentou valores intermediários (3,54±1,15) (p<0,05). Em todos os grupos foi observado maior percentual de falhas adesivas e mistas. Nos grupos irradiados com 3 W [21,1 (14,1-27,7)] e 4 W [17,8 (11,9-23,7)] foi observado maior profundidade de tags do material obturador quando comparado ao grupo não irradiado [12,9 (9,0-20,0)]; a potência de 2 W promoveu valores intermediários [15,6 (11,7-23,3)] de profundidade de tags. Os maiores percentuais de perímetro com tags foram observados para os grupos irradiados, não havendo diferença estatística entre eles (p>0,05). O aumento da temperatura foi proporcional ao aumento da potência do laser, não excedendo 3 ºC. Concluiu-se que o laser Er,Cr:YSGG promoveu aumento da resistência de união do cimento à base de resina epóxica à dentina radicular, com maior formação de tags em todas as potências estudadas, principalmente quando associado à irrigação final com EDTAC 17%; o aumento da temperatura durante a irradiação não foi considerado elevado a ponto de prejudicar os tecidos adjacentes. / The aim of this study was to evaluate ex vivo the influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin, using the push-out test, and on the dentin/filling material interface, using confocal laser microscopy. The temperature variation on the outer root dentin during irradiation was also evaluated. For this purposes, 96 canines were instrumented with K3 rotary system up to the #45/.02 instrument, irrigating with 2 mL of distilled and deionized water at each change of instrument. The specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=32), according the final irrigation protocol (10 mL): distilled and deionized water, 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTAC. They were next reassigned into 4 subgroups (n=8), according to the laser irradiation parameters: non-irradiated, 2 W/20 Hz, 3 W/20 Hz and 4 W/20 Hz. During irradiation, the maximum and minimum temperatures were measured on the outer root dentin wall in the cervical, middle and apical thirds as well in the root apex. Following irradiation, the canals were filled with lateral condensation of AH Plus sealer and gutta-percha cones. After a period three times longer than the sealers setting time, the roots were sectioned transversally to obtain 1-mm-thick slices. Two slices from each third were subjected to a push-out test in a universal testing machine and the failure mode was analyzed with stereoscopic lens and classified as: adhesive to the filling material, adhesive to dentin, mixed, cohesive in the filling material and cohesive in dentin. The remaining slice was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy to evaluate the percentage of the perimeter of the root canal cross-section with sealer tags. The depth of tags at the dentin/filling material interface was evaluated in a quali-quantitative manner. Bond strength (MPa) data and the percentage of perimeter with tags were analyzed by ANOVA, while temperature variation (ºC) and tag depth (&mu;m) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, both followed by Tukeys test. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation increased sealer bond strength to dentin, regardless of the final irrigation protocol. The highest values were obtained for 3 W (4.02±1.32) and 4 W (4.18±0.98) powers and the lowest for the non-irradiated group (2.64±0.58) (p<0.05). The use of 2 W power (3.28±0.91) resulted in intermediate values. Final irrigation with 17% EDTAC provided higher bond strength (4.01±1.02) compared with distilled water (3.11±1.09) and 1% (NaOCl 3.47±1.18) (p<0.05). Regarding the root thirds, the cervical third (4.01±1.21) presented significantly higher bond strength than the apical third (3.04±0.89), while the middle third presented intermediate values (3.54±1.15) (p<0.05). In all groups, there was a greater percentage of adhesive and mixed failures. In the groups irradiated with 3 W [21.1 (14.1-27.7)] and 4 W [17.8 (11.9-23.7)], it was observed a greater depth of filling material tags compared with the non-irradiated group [12.9 (9.0-20.0)]; 2 W power produced intermediate tag depth values [15.6 (11.7-23.3)]. The greatest percentage of canal perimeter with sealer tags was observed in the irradiated groups, with no statistically significant difference among them (p>0.05). The temperature rise was proportional to the increase of laser power, not surpassing 3 °C. It was therefore concluded that Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation increased the bond strength of an epoxy resin-based sealer to root dentin, with greater formation of sealer tags when for all tested powers, especially if combined with final irrigation with 17% EDTAC; temperature rise during irradiation was not considered high enough to cause harmful effects to the adjacent tissues.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-05-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jacques_p_me_arafo.pdf: 6578711 bytes, checksum: 7ce3c1075cc06b0164a5b42ddcb9c7d0 (MD5) / A resistência adesiva de um sistema auto-condicionante e um convencional simplificado, Clearfil SE Bond e Single Bond, respectivamente, quando aplicados à dentina superficial tratada com diferentes agentes condicionadores, foi avaliada por meio de ensaios mecânicos de microtração. Superfícies planas de dentina, obtidas removendo-se a superfície oclusal de 30 terceiros molares humanos foram polidas com lixa de granulação 600 antes da aplicação de diferentes agentes condicionadores, SE Primer, ácido fosfórico ou EDTA. O primer acidificado SE Primer foi aplicado sobre a superfície por 20 segundos, seguido de suave secagem com jatos de ar. O ácido fosfórico a 37% foi aplicado por 15 segundos, seguido de lavagem e remoção do excesso de água com papel absorvente e a solução de EDTA 0,5M pH7,2 foi aplicada por 30 segundos, também seguida de lavagem e secagem. Com exceção das superfícies que receberam a aplicação do primer acidificado, as demais foram mantidas úmidas para a posterior aplicação dos sistemas adesivos avaliados. Sobre a superfície coberta pelo sistema adesivo foi construída uma coroa em resina composta Z250 e os dentes foram mantidos em água a 37% por 24h. Após 500 ciclos térmicos em temperaturas de 5o e 55oC, cortes paralelos no sentido mesio-distal e cortes perpendiculares aos primeiros, no sentido vestibulo-lingual, permitiram a obtenção de amostras com área de secção transversal quadrangular de 1,0mm2 em número mínimo de 10 para cada dente. Cada amostra foi colada a um dispositivo especialmente desenvolvido, e este foi acoplado à uma máquina universal de testes operada à velocidade de 0,5mm/min. O lado correspondente à dentina de aproximadamente 50% das superfícies fraturadas após o ensaio mecânico foi analizado em MEV. Os resultados mostraram que o maior valor médio de resistência adesiva foi observado para a associação SE Primer... . / Microtensile bond strength of a self-etching primer and a conventional one-bottle system, Clearfi SE Bond and Single Bond, respectively, bonded to superficial dentin treated with different conditioners was investigated. Flat dentin surfaces obtained by removing the occlusal enamel with a diamond saw were ground with 600-grit SiCs under wet conditions to create the smear layer before the conditioners application. Three different dentin conditioning was performed, SE Primer, phosphoric acid and EDTA. The SE Primer was applied on dentin for 20 seconds followed by slight air-drying. Phosphoric acid (37%) was applied for 15 seconds followed by rinsing. EDTA 0.5M pH7.2 was applied for 30 seconds, also followed by water rinsing. Except for the surfaces that received the SE Primer conditioner, the surfaces were left moist by blot-drying the excess water. The adhesive systems were applied and a 5mm high composite resin (Z250) was built up covering the whole surface. After 24h of storage in water at 37oC the teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles at preset temperatures of 5o and 55oC. The teeth were sectioned with a diamond saw, perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce beams with 1.0mm2 of adhesive area. These specimens were then attached to a testing apparatus and a tensile load was applied by a universal machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. After the micro-tensile bond test, the dentin side of 50% of the fractured surfaces was examined under a scanning electron microscope. The highest tensile bond strength mean was found for the association of SE Primer and Single Bond, 58.51MPa, followed by the association Clearfil SE Bond and EDTA, 47.81MPa. The remaining associations showed mean tensile bond strength statistically similar, except for the association Single Bond and EDTA, which showed the lowest... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).