The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in bone mineral content and density between paralyzed and nonparalyzed sides of patients who had sustained strokes associated with unilateral muscle weakness, to determine the relationship between duration of stroke and degree of demineralization and to compare the degree of demineralization in upper and lower limbs. The bone mineral content and density were measured by dual photon absorptiometry (high resolution scanning mode, Lunar DP4) in ambulant patients with a history of single completed strokes associated with unilateral weakness. The bone mineral content and density of each limb was determined by the region of interest analysis program. In the 30 patients included in this study, the bone mineral content and density were significantly less on the paralyzed than on the nonparalyzed side. The degree of demineralization was more pronounced in the upper than in the lower limbs. The mean percentage differences in bone mineral content and density between paralyzed and nonparalyzed arms were 13.8% (P < 0.00001) and 7.95% (P = 0.0003), respectively, and between paralyzed and nonparalyzed legs the differences were 4.5% (P = 0.0012) and 3.42% (P = 0.0028), respectively. A better correlation was noted between the time elapsed since the stroke and the degree of demineralization in the upper limbs (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001), than in the lower limbs (r = 0.60, P = 0.0004). In conclusion, patients who have strokes associated with muscle weakness are at an increased risk of developing osteoporosis on the paralyzed side and particularly in the upper limbs.

To compare the efficacy and safety of nandrolone decanoate and calcium (NDC) with those of calcium alone (CAL) in men with idiopathic osteoporosis, a 12-month, randomized, prospective, controlled study, was performed in an outpatient clinic. Twenty-one men with idiopathic osteoporosis (as determined by radiological and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry findings) were randomly allocated to either 50 mg nandrolone decanoate intramuscularly (im) weekly and 1,000 mg oral calcium carbonate daily (NDC group) or to 1,000 mg oral calcium carbonate daily (CAL group). Bone densitometry (total body, left femur, and lumbar spine), serum, and urine biochemical parameters were measured at 3-month intervals. In the NDC group, bone mineral density initially increased, reached a plateau, and then decreased to near baseline levels at 12 months. Increases in lean muscle mass mirrored these changes. Free and total testosterone significantly decreased. Hemoglobin increased in all patients in this group. Patients in the CAL group exhibited no significant change in either total body or bone mineral density or biochemical parameters. Thus, nandrolone decanoate, 50 mg im weekly, transiently increases the bone mass of men with idiopathic osteoporosis in this preliminary study. Careful monitoring is necessary.

To better define the relationship between vascular calcification and bone mass/structure, we assessed abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), BMD, and bone microstructure in an age-stratified, random sample of 693 Rochester, MN, residents. Participants underwent QCT of the spine and hip and high-resolution pQCT (HRpQCT) of the radius to define volumetric BMD (vBMD) and microstructural parameters. AAC was quantified with the Agatston scoring method. In men, AAC correlated with lower vertebral trabecular and femoral neck vBMD (p < 0.001), but not after age or multivariable (age, body mass index, smoking status) adjustment. Separation into <50 and ≥50 yr showed this pattern only in the older men. BV/TV and Tb.Th inversely correlated with AAC in all men (p < 0.001), and Tb.Th remained significantly correlated after age adjustment (p < 0.05). Tb.N positively correlated with AAC in younger men (p < 0.001) but negatively correlated in older men (p < 0.001). The opposite was true with Tb.Sp (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp correlated with AAC in older men even after multivariable adjustment. Among all women and postmenopausal women, AAC correlated with lower vertebral and femoral neck vBMD (p < 0.001) but not after adjustment. Lower BV/TV and Tb.Th correlated with AAC (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively) in women, but not after adjustment. Our findings support an age-dependent association between AAC and vBMD. We also found that AAC correlates with specific bone microstructural parameters in older men, suggesting a possible common pathogenesis for vascular calcification and deterioration in bone structure. However, sex-specific differences exist.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Skeletal fractures due to bone disease impact an estimated 1.5 million Americans per year, creating a large economic burden on our society. Treatment of bone diseases prior to fracture often involves bisphosphonates (current gold-standard in osteoporosis care and prevention). Although bisphosphonates decrease fracture incidence, they often improve bone mass without regard for bone quality. Thus, although bisphosphonates increase the amount of bone present, the inherent bone material strength often decreases, creating a trade-off that increases the risk of atypical fractures after long-term use. This trade-off demonstrates the need for a treatment that targets both bone quality AND quantity. Although bone quality is important, the components of bone that contribute to bone quality are incompletely understood, making it difficult to create new pharmacological agents. With this in mind, my particular area of interest is in understanding how mechanical stimuli protects the formation of bone, leading to improved bone quality. Initially, this area was explored through use of tibial loading in a disease mouse model (osteolathyrism, induced by injection of beta-aminoproprionitrile) as a means of assessing how the body is able to compensate for decreased bone quality. The results of the BAPN and tibial loading studies indicated that injecting mice with BAPN may not be the ideal method to induce osteolathyrism. However, other intriguing results from the BAPN studies then led us into an exploration of how tibial loading itself contributes to bone quality.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18845号 / 理博第4103号 / 新制||理||1590(附属図書館) / 31796 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 濱田 穣, 准教授 平﨑 鋭矢, 教授 岡本 宗裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第20297号 / 人健博第45号 / 新制||人健||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 坪山 直生, 教授 山田 重人, 教授 妻木 範行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis deals with the relationship between bone quality and lifestyle factors with a focus on nutrition, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and physical activity. The theoretical part of the thesis presents general knowledge about bones, their composition, structure, bone division, growth and development of bones. The next two chapters describe the process of bone remodeling and calcium- phosphate metabolism. The work describes in detail the factors influencing the quality of bone mass, especially those that can be affected, such as the use of tobacco products, alcohol, some drugs and sufficient physical activity. A separate chapter is devoted to the influence of diet on the quality of bone mass. The most common disorders of calcium-phosphate metabolism and their treatment are described as well. The last chapter of the practical part is devoted to the examination of bone metabolism. The aim of the practical part of the diploma thesis was to examine the eating habits and other components of the lifestyle (smoking, physical activity, etc.) of patients of Osteocentre, 3rd Medical Department, General Faculty Hospital in Prague and to find out how these components correlate with the results of densitometric examination of the patients. Data collection was ensured by means of a questionnaire survey,...

We evaluated coxofemoral joints from museum specimens of: Vulpes lagopus; Vulpes vulpes; Vulpes velox; Nyctereutes procyonoides; Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Aenocyon [Canis] dirus; Canis latrans; Canis lupus lupus; Canis lupus familiaris; C. l. familiaris × latrans; and Canis dingo. Acetabular components included: fossa; articular surface; medial and lateral articular margins; and periarticular surfaces. Acetabular components variably revealed: osteophyte-like features; varying appearance of articular margin rims (especially contour changes); rough bone surfaces (especially fossa and articular surface); and surface wear. Proximal femoral components included: articular surface; articular margin; periarticular surfaces; and joint capsule attachment. Femoral components variably revealed: rough bone surface; bone loss; articular margin osteophyte-like features; caudal post-developmental mineralized prominence; and enthesophytes along the joint capsule attachment. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to analyze right-left asymmetric relationships between observed traits, across taxa. Significantly different acetabular trait asymmetry involved only C. latrans-C. l. familiaris; V. vulpes-N. procyonoides, and U. cinereoargenteus-N. procyonoides. There were no significant lateralized differences in proximal femoral traits involving modern canids, ancient and modern C. l. familiaris, or modern vulpines. Thus, the observations were strongly bilateral. We hypothesized high similarity of traits across taxa. The data confirm the hypothesis and strongly suggest broad and deep morphological and mechanistic conservation that almost certainly pre-existed (at least) all modern canids. Further zoological studies are needed to evaluate phylogenic implications in greater detail.

The release of pollutants by the oil sands industry and pulp and paper mills has been an ongoing environmental concern for decades. Such toxins have been linked to declining reproductive and skeletal health in wildlife species, as they have known endocrine disrupting properties that interfere with hormones responsible for proper reproduction and bone development. As such, declining population sizes because of pollutant exposure has been correlated with altered bone health in mammals. For the purposes of environmental monitoring, the development of a biomarker of pollutant exposure would be a beneficial tool to assess pollution impact on wildlife populations. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify this biomarker in the American mink based on measures of their bone health. Mink from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region and an area surrounding a pulp and paper mill in Quebec were collected. From each mink, a hindlimb femur and the baculum (for males) were dissected. Bones were evaluated through a series of tests to quantify key cortical and cancellous bone structural and material properties. These included dimensional analysis, three-point bending and micro-Computed Tomography. Toxicology reports of trace element exposure levels in the minks were also provided by ECCC. Principal component analyses and correlation matrices were used to identify potential relationships between the bone metrics and trace element levels, followed by linear regression modeling. Results found that the baculum and femur structural properties were correlated with selenium, rubidium and iron concentrations, suggesting that these elements had the strongest influences on bone health for the mink studied here. This work provides the basis for future research on identifying a biomarker determinant of bone health to be used in environmental monitoring effects programs. The results here indicate that baculum bone measures are dominated by trace element effects rather than loading effects and are thus a useful bone to investigate for biomonitoring programs. This will provide a simple and reliable method for determining whether there are unsustainable levels of pollution in regions across North America. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Environmental pollution in regions across Canada puts the health of communities and wildlife at risk. To better measure the impact of pollution in these regions, the implementation of a species monitoring program would benefit those communities who are at the greatest risk. Therefore, this research was aimed at developing an indicator of harmful pollution exposure in mink, an abundant species in Canada, by investigating their bone health. A group of mink from Alberta and Quebec were collected and their femur and penile bones tested for a variety of bone health measurements. In addition, information on the heavy metal levels in the mink livers were provided. The bone health measurements and heavy metal levels were then compared to look for any relationships between them. This research found that selenium, rubidium and iron had the strongest effects on bone health. The methods used have set the groundwork for using minks to monitor pollution levels across North America.

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