Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Behrooz Mirafzal / In this thesis, a modified version of the phasor pulse width modulation (PPWM) switching method for use in a single-stage three-phase boost inverter is presented. Because of the required narrow pulses in the PPWM method and limitations in controller resolution, e.g. dSPACE, the desired switching pattern for a boost inverter requires a costly processor. A low resolution processor can cause pulse dropping which results in some asymmetric conditions in output waveforms of the boost inverter and therefore, an increase in the THD of the output waveform. In order to solve this problem, a new switching pattern is developed which guarantees symmetric conditions in the switching pattern by discretizing the switching pattern in every switching cycle. This switching pattern has been applied to a boost inverter model developed by SimPowerSystems toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink. The model has been simulated in a wide range of input DC voltage and load. Moreover, a laboratory-scaled three-phase boost inverter has been designed, built, and tested using an identical switching pattern in the same input voltage and load range. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the new switching pattern.

Worldwide, renewable energy systems are booming with reliable distributed generation (DG) technologies to help fuel increasing global energy consumption and mitigate the corresponding environmental problems. High cost and low efficiency are major problems for such systems using traditional buck inverters with line-frequency transformers. This thesis has proposed a novel single-phase single-stage buck-boost inverter suitable for cost-effective small DG systems. The inverter was analyzed from the angle of energy exchange and transfer with two current control schemes, DCM and CCM. Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) control method, based on DCM, was discussed in details with steady state analyses, computer simulations, and laboratory tests. A concise model with underlying equations was derived to represent the physical behavior of proposed inverter. Closed-loop SPWM control was simulated and verified to have fast dynamic response and good tracking performance with robustness and insensitivity to dc input fluctuations, ac grid variations, and component parametric uncertainties. Other control strategies were also investigated from the critical DCM, CCM, or energy approach to either increase the fundamental output or further improve the performance. Comparisons demonstrated that SPWM was preferred control method with low output THD, reduced switching losses, and simple implementation. Therefore, it is concluded the proposed inverter provides a low-cost and high-efficient solution for small DG systems with low component count, minimal dc and ac filtering requirements, and improved performance.

Renewable or sustainable energy (SE) sources have attracted the attention of many countries because the power generated is environmentally friendly, and the sources are not subject to the instability of price and availability. This dissertation presents new trends in the DC-AC converters (inverters) used in renewable energy sources, particularly for photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. A review of the existing technologies is performed for both single-phase and three-phase systems, and the pros and cons of the best candidates are investigated. In many modern energy conversion systems, a DC voltage, which is provided from a SE source or energy storage device, must be boosted and converted to an AC voltage with a fixed amplitude and frequency. A novel switching pattern based on the concept of the conventional space-vector pulse-width-modulated (SVPWM) technique is developed for single-stage, boost-inverters using the topology of current source inverters (CSI). The six main switching states, and two zeros, with three switches conducting at any given instant in conventional SVPWM techniques are modified herein into three charging states and six discharging states with only two switches conducting at any given instant. The charging states are necessary in order to boost the DC input voltage. It is demonstrated that the CSI topology in conjunction with the developed switching pattern is capable of providing the required residential AC voltage from a low DC voltage of one PV panel at its rated power for both linear and nonlinear loads. In a micro-grid, the active and reactive power control and consequently voltage regulation is one of the main requirements. Therefore, the capability of the single-stage boost-inverter in controlling the active power and providing the reactive power is investigated. It is demonstrated that the injected active and reactive power can be independently controlled through two modulation indices introduced in the proposed switching algorithm. The system is capable of injecting a desirable level of reactive power, while the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) dictates the desirable active power. The developed switching pattern is experimentally verified through a laboratory scaled three-phase 200W boost-inverter for both grid-connected and stand-alone cases and the results are presented.

A DC to AC inverter can be classified in different topologies; some of these topologies are three level and multilevel inverter. Both types have some advantages and disadvantages. Three level inverters can be applied for low power applications because it is cheaper and has less semiconductor losses at high switching frequencies with poor total harmonic distortion (THD). Multilevel inverters (MLI) can be applied for higher power applications with less THD. However, the MLI has more cost and conductive power losses in comparison with three level inverters. In order to overcome the limitations of three and multilevel topologies, this thesis presents a new controlling topology of multilevel DC/AC inverters. The proposed multilevel inverter topology is based on a current source inverter, which consists of a buck/boost, boost and flyback converters, and an H-bridge inverter. The output voltage of the inverter is shaped through the control of just one main semiconductor switch. This new topology offers almost step-less output voltage without the need for multi DC source or several capacitor banks as in the case of other multilevel inverter topologies. The efficiency of the proposed topology is higher than other inverter topologies for medium power applications (2-10 kW). The proposed topology also generates smaller Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) compared to other inverter topologies. The two main key aspects of the proposed circuit is to keep the switching losses as low as possible and this is achieved through the control of a single switch at relatively low frequency and also to generate an improved AC Voltage waveform without the need for any filtering devices. The output frequency and voltage of the proposed circuit can be easily controlled according to the load requirements. The proposed inverter topology is ideal for the connection of renewable energy; this is due to its flexibility in varying its output voltage without the need of fixed turns-ratio transformers used in existing DC/AC inverter topologies. The harmonic contents of the output of this proposed topology can be controlled without the need of any filter. The simulation and practical implementation of the proposed circuits are presented. The practical and simulation results show excellent correlation.

Inverters play key roles in connecting sustainable energy (SE) sources to the local loads and the ac grid. Although there has been a rapid expansion in the use of renewable sources in recent years, fundamental research, on the design of inverters that are specialized for use in these systems, is still needed. Recent advances in power electronics have led to proposing new topologies and switching patterns for single-stage power conversion, which are appropriate for SE sources and energy storage devices. The current source inverter (CSI) topology, along with a newly proposed switching pattern, is capable of converting the low dc voltage to the line ac in only one stage. Simple implementation and high reliability, together with the potential advantages of higher efficiency and lower cost, turns the so-called, single-stage boost inverter (SSBI), into a viable competitor to the existing SE-based power conversion technologies. The dynamic model is one of the most essential requirements for performance analysis and control design of any engineering system. Thus, in order to have satisfactory operation, it is necessary to derive a dynamic model for the SSBI system. However, because of the switching behavior and nonlinear elements involved, analysis of the SSBI is a complicated task. This research applies the state-space averaging technique to the SSBI to develop the state-space-averaged model of the SSBI under stand-alone and grid-connected modes of operation. Then, a small-signal model is derived by means of the perturbation and linearization method. An experimental hardware set-up, including a laboratory-scaled prototype SSBI, is built and the validity of the obtained models is verified through simulation and experiments. Finally, an eigenvalue sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the stability and dynamic behavior of the SSBI system over a typical range of operation.

L'intégration actuelle des systèmes photovoltaïques dans les systèmes d'alimentation conventionnels a montré une croissance importante, ce qui a favorisé l'expansion rapide des micro-réseaux du terme anglais microgrid. Cette intégration a cependant augmenté la complexité du système d'alimentation qui a conduit à de nouveaux défis de recherche. Certains de ces défis de recherche encouragent le développement d'approches de modélisation innovantes en temps réel capables de faire face à cette complexité croissante. Dans ce contexte, une méthodologie innovante est proposée et basée sur les composants pour la modélisation et l'émulation de systèmes photovoltaïques en temps réel integers aux microgrids. L'approche de modélisation proposée peut utiliser le langage de modélisation des systèmes (SysML) pour décrire la structure et le comportement des systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés en tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques multidisciplinaires. De plus, cette étude présente le cadre de spécification de haut niveau des systèmes embarqués (HiLeS) pour transformer les modèles SysML développés en code source destinés à configurer le matériel intégré. Cette caractéristique de la generation automatique de code permet de profiter de dispositifs avec un haut degré d'adaptabilité et de performances de traitement. Cette méthodologie basée sur HiLeS et SysML est axée sur l'étude des systems photovoltaïques partiellement ombragés ainsi que des architectures flexibles en électronique de puissance en raison de leur influence sur les microgrids actuels. En outre, cette perspective de recherche est utilisée pour évaluer les stratégies de contrôle et de supervision dans les conditions normales et de défauts. Ce travail représente la première étape pour développer une approche innovante en temps réel pour modéliser et émuler des systèmes photovoltaïques complexes en tenant compte des propriétés de modularité, de haut degré d'évolutivité et des conditions de travail non uniformes. Les résultats expérimentaux et analytiques valident la méthodologie proposée. / Nowadays, the integration of photovoltaic systems into electrical grids is encouraging the expansion of microgrids. However, this integration has also increased the power system complexity leading to new research challenges. Some of these research challenges require the development of innovative modeling approaches able to deal with this increasing complexity. Therefore, this thesis is intended to contribute with an innovative methodology component-based for modeling and emulating in real-time photovoltaic systems integrated to microgrids. The proposed modeling approach uses the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to describe the structure and behavior of integrated photovoltaic systems. In addition, this study presents the High Level Specification of Embedded Systems (HiLeS) to transform automatically the developed SysML models in embedded code and Petri nets. These characteristics of automatic code generation and design based on Petri nets allow taking advantage of FPGAs for application of real-time emulation of photovoltaic systems. This dissertation is focused on partially shaded photovoltaic systems and flexible power electronics architectures because of their relevant influence on current microgrids. Furthermore, this research perspective is intended to evaluate control and supervision strategies in normal and fault conditions. This work represents the first step to develop an innovative real-time approach to model and emulate complex photovoltaic systems considering properties of modularity, high degree of scalability, and non-uniform working conditions. Finally, experimental and analytical results validate the proposed methodology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sampaio_lp_me_ilha.pdf: 1553174 bytes, checksum: 4a7ad1f1c4400135903509fd327b3112 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem na metodologia de operação para o inversor Boost monofásico, como estrutura base para o aproveitamento de fontes alternativas e renováveis de energia elétrica. Considerando-se que equipamentos eletro/eletrônicos convencionais em CA (corrente alternada) necessitam, normalmente, de níveis e formato de tensão diferentes daqueles fornecidos por essas fontes de energia, o inversor proposto é uma estrutura integrada que tem a capacidade de operar como conversor elevador de tensão e inversor, apresentando um número reduzido de componentes e rendimento maior, quando comparado às formas tradicionais de se associar em cascata o conversor elevador com o inversor. O projeto convencional do inversor fonte de corrente (CSI) exige uma indutância elevada de entrada, além disso, o modelo a pequeno sinais do CSI é semelhante ao do conversor Boost no modo de condução contínua, apresentando um zero no semi-plano direito na função de transferência para o controle da tensão de saída, sendo que este zero causa o conhecido efeito de fase não-mínima. Desta forma, uma metodologia especial de projeto é apresentada resultando numa indutância Boost reduzida e numa técnica de controle utilizando um sistema multi-malhas, com alimentação direta, devidamente projetada de forma a possibilitar elevadas dinâmicas de transferência de energia. Adicionalmente, o inversor apresenta tensão de saída com reduzidas distorções harmônicas (DHT), número reduzido de componentes de potência e, consequentemente, elevada densidade de potência. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as análises qualitativa e quantitativa do inversor, a modelagem e técnica de controle proposta, metodologia de projeto, os principais resultados de simulação e experimentais com a finalidade de demonstrar a viabilidade de aplicação da proposta. / This work presents a new methodology for the operation and control of a single-phase current-source Boost Inverter, it is used as base structure for alternative and renewable electric energy sources. The electro/electronics devices normally require eletrical source in AC (alternate current) in different voltage levels and shapes those provided by the alternative and renewable electrical sources. The proposed inverter is an integrated structure able to operate as step-up DC-DC converter and inverter, it presents a reduced number of components, high efficiency when compared with the traditional technique of step-up and inverter for cascade association. The conventional design of current source inverter (CSI) require a large boost inductance, therefore, the small-signal model is similar to continuous-current-mode (CCM) Boost converter, which has a right-half-plane (RHP) zero in its control-to-output transfer function, and this RHP zero causes the well-known non-minimum-phase effects. In this context, a special design with small boost inductance and a multi-loop control is proposed in order to assure stability and very fast dynamics. Furthermore, the inverter presents output voltage with very low total harmonic distortion (THD), reduced number of components and high power density. In addition, this work presents the Boost CSI operation, the proposed control technique, the main simulation and experimental results in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Banca: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Denizar Cruz Martins / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem na metodologia de operação para o inversor Boost monofásico, como estrutura base para o aproveitamento de fontes alternativas e renováveis de energia elétrica. Considerando-se que equipamentos eletro/eletrônicos convencionais em CA (corrente alternada) necessitam, normalmente, de níveis e formato de tensão diferentes daqueles fornecidos por essas fontes de energia, o inversor proposto é uma estrutura integrada que tem a capacidade de operar como conversor elevador de tensão e inversor, apresentando um número reduzido de componentes e rendimento maior, quando comparado às formas tradicionais de se associar em cascata o conversor elevador com o inversor. O projeto convencional do inversor fonte de corrente (CSI) exige uma indutância elevada de entrada, além disso, o modelo a pequeno sinais do CSI é semelhante ao do conversor Boost no modo de condução contínua, apresentando um zero no semi-plano direito na função de transferência para o controle da tensão de saída, sendo que este zero causa o conhecido efeito de fase não-mínima. Desta forma, uma metodologia especial de projeto é apresentada resultando numa indutância Boost reduzida e numa técnica de controle utilizando um sistema multi-malhas, com alimentação direta, devidamente projetada de forma a possibilitar elevadas dinâmicas de transferência de energia. Adicionalmente, o inversor apresenta tensão de saída com reduzidas distorções harmônicas (DHT), número reduzido de componentes de potência e, consequentemente, elevada densidade de potência. Neste trabalho são apresentadas as análises qualitativa e quantitativa do inversor, a modelagem e técnica de controle proposta, metodologia de projeto, os principais resultados de simulação e experimentais com a finalidade de demonstrar a viabilidade de aplicação da proposta. / Abstract: This work presents a new methodology for the operation and control of a single-phase current-source Boost Inverter, it is used as base structure for alternative and renewable electric energy sources. The electro/electronics devices normally require eletrical source in AC (alternate current) in different voltage levels and shapes those provided by the alternative and renewable electrical sources. The proposed inverter is an integrated structure able to operate as step-up DC-DC converter and inverter, it presents a reduced number of components, high efficiency when compared with the traditional technique of step-up and inverter for cascade association. The conventional design of current source inverter (CSI) require a large boost inductance, therefore, the small-signal model is similar to continuous-current-mode (CCM) Boost converter, which has a right-half-plane (RHP) zero in its control-to-output transfer function, and this RHP zero causes the well-known non-minimum-phase effects. In this context, a special design with small boost inductance and a multi-loop control is proposed in order to assure stability and very fast dynamics. Furthermore, the inverter presents output voltage with very low total harmonic distortion (THD), reduced number of components and high power density. In addition, this work presents the Boost CSI operation, the proposed control technique, the main simulation and experimental results in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal. / Mestre

Ces travaux de thèse consistent en la conception et la réalisation d’une chaîne de tractionintégrée pour véhicule hybride plug-in. L’étude s’oriente vers une solution de convertisseur mutualisé,dans l’objectif de partager la traction et les modes chargeurs de batteries, la structure en NPC à 3niveaux est retenue. Le chargeur monophasé se base une topologie de redresseur à MLI monophaséavec trois bras entrelacés, avec l’utilisation des enroulements du moteur pour le filtrage. En chargeurtriphasé nous adaptons la topologie pour réaliser un montage en double boost triphasé. Pour chaqueconfiguration, les passifs sont dimensionnés pour répondre aux contraintes en courant BF et HF. Lecontrôle adopté se base sur les correcteurs résonants. Enfin, un prototype de 5 kW a été réalisé pourvalider les différents modes de l’application.Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une solution de chargeur isolé sans étage continu auprimaire à double ponts actifs (DAB). La topologie est modélisée au premier harmonique et unecommande assurant l’absorption sinusoïdale est étudiée. Une configuration isolée triphasée permetl’accès aux puissances plus élevées ainsi que la réduction des ondulations de courant BF en sortie. / This thesis consists on the design and realization of a plug-in hybrid vehicle integrated tractiondrive supply. The work turns to a solution of a mutualized converter, in the objective to imagine asolution which shared drive and battery chargers modes, the three-level NPC topology has beenretained. The single phase charger is based on an interleaved PWM rectifier, and motor windings areused as smoothing inductors. A double-boost PFC configuration is introduced to ensure the threephasecharger. Passives are sized in each configuration in order to take in account the whole currentconstraints (LF and HF). The PFC behavior is based on the resonant controllers. Then, a 5 kWprototype has been realized to validate the different application modes.In a second part, a single-stage isolated charger based on a Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) isproposed. The topology is modeled to the fundamental and the PFC control law is studied. A threephaseconfiguration is simulated in order to achieve higher charging powers and to reduce batterycurrent low-frequency ripple.