We perform a rigorous mathematical analysis of the bending modes of a linear triatomic molecule that exhibits the Renner-Teller effect. Assuming the potentials are smooth, we prove that the wave functions and energy levels have asymptotic expansions in powers of ε, where ε4 is the ratio of an electron mass to the mass of a nucleus. To prove the validity of the expansion, we must prove various properties of the leading order equations and their solutions. The leading order eigenvalue problem is analyzed in terms of a parameter bË , which is equivalent to the parameter originally used by Renner. For 0 &lt bË &lt 1, we prove self-adjointness of the leading order Hamiltonian, that it has purely discrete spectrum, and that its eigenfunctions and their derivatives decay exponentially. Perturbation theory and finite difference calculations suggest that the ground bending vibrational state is involved in a level crossing near bË = 0.925. We also discuss the degeneracy of the eigenvalues. Because of the crossing, the ground state is degenerate for 0 &lt bË &lt 0.925 and non-degenerate for 0.925 &lt bË &lt 1. / Ph. D.

Born-sustainable textile reuse businesses conduct textile waste management tasks in accordance with sustainable standards. Innovation and collaboration are the core values around which these businesses have operated since inception. As there are not enough regulated channels to manage textile waste across many parts of the globe, they remain in warehouses for a long time before being discarded into landfills or incinerators. Re-using this waste globally will significantly reduce the environmental impacts of manufacturing new fabrics. However, these born-sustainable businesses frequently have difficulties managing their operations with limited resources and hence it would be challenging for them to expand their business globally. As there is a scarcity of research on born-sustainable businesses and their internationalization, the present study aims to fill this gap through a qualitative study by interviewing multiple textile reuse businesses and one of the case company business stakeholders. The analysis demonstrates that textile reuse businesses that are born sustainable are also born digital and internationalized more quickly than traditional businesses, due to innovation and digital business opportunities. Additionally, characteristics of born sustainable businesses and internationalization coexist with each other as these businesses are also Born Global. Since the textile sector is a global business, these businesses have networking opportunities and had to deal with difficulties in the institutional void from the inception.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to advance the understanding of internationalization among born global companies. In order to fulfil the purpose, three foreign market entries were investigated at a Swedish born global that offers digital streaming services for audiobooks. Method – We conducted a qualitative single case study with a grounded theory approach. The main data was collected through 22 interviews and 13 documents. The data analysis was two-folded; 1) content analysis for charting the market entries, and 2) thematic analysis for identifying challenges and how to address these. Findings – Our findings is divided into three parts. First, we present five challenges that born global companies might experience when they enter new foreign markets. These five challenges are sorted as primary; 1) lack of networks, 2) new-to-the-world, and 3) lack of partnerships, and secondary; 4) lack of market-specific knowledge, and 5) lack of support. Second, we provide eight actions that can be addressed to either one or more of the five challenges. The two actions that are most significant, i.e. can address the most challenges are; 1) utilize established investor, and 2) hire local and experienced employee on-site. Finally, the two research questions are compiled into a roadmap that provides a start-to-end guide for how conquer challenges for internationalization. Theoretical and practical implications – This study contributes to current internationalization literature by extending the view of born globals’ internationalization process. More specifically, it provides knowledge about possible challenges and how to address them, which previous literature has not explored. We believe that born globals can use the developed roadmap to increase their success rate. We also believe that the newly identified challenges can be used as a complement to the already explored success factors, in order to provide managers at born globals with a more holistic view of how to succeed with their internationalization journey.

This paper provides a systematic review of studies and opinions on the debate over whether entrepreneurs are born or made. Attention has been paid to reducing bias and locating as many credible sources as possible. Unfortunately, peer reviewed, quantitative studies and data on this topic seem to be lacking. Research on whether or not secondary, formal education is required in entrepreneurship and if so, the effects are also analyzed. After much review, information on both sides of the argument seems to be well founded and evenly split. An audience polled before and after an argument on the subject was also relatively even and any change in opinion was not statistically significant. The necessity of secondary education was also split depending on the goal. However, capital creation and financial success down the road are two areas in which the results are statistically significant and should be looked into further.

No / Almost all studies in health research control or investigate socioeconomic position (SEP) as exposure or confounder. Different measures of SEP capture different aspects of the underlying construct, so efficient methodologies to combine them are needed. SEP and ethnicity are strongly associated, however not all measures of SEP may be appropriate for all ethnic groups. Methods We used latent class analysis (LCA) to define subgroups of women with similar SEP profiles using 19 measures of SEP. Data from 11,326 women were used, from eight different ethnic groups but with the majority from White British (40%) or Pakistani (45%) s, who were recruited during pregnancy to the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. Results Five distinct SEP subclasses were identified in the LCA: (i) "Least socioeconomically deprived and most educated" (20%); (ii) "Employed and not materially deprived" (19%); (iii) "Employed and no access to money" (16%); (iv) "Benefits and not materially deprived" (29%) and (v) "Most economically deprived" (16%). Based on the magnitude of the point estimates, the strongest associations were that compared to White British women, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were more likely to belong to groups: (iv) "benefits and not materially deprived" (relative risk ratio (95% CI): 5.24 (4.44, 6.19) and 3.44 (2.37, 5.00), respectively) or (v) most deprived group (2.36 (1.96, 2.84) and 3.35 (2.21, 5.06) respectively) compared to the least deprived class. White Other women were more than twice as likely to be in the (iv) "benefits and not materially deprived group" compared to White British women and all ethnic groups, other than the Mixed group, were less likely to be in the (iii) "employed and not materially deprived" group than White British women. Conclusions LCA allows different aspects of an individual’s SEP to be considered in one multidimensional indicator, which can then be integrated in epidemiological analyses. Ethnicity is strongly associated with these identified subgroups. Findings from this study suggest a careful use of SEP measures in health research, especially when looking at different ethnic groups. Further replication of these findings is needed in other populations.

No / Ester Garne and Joan Morris are correct that the Born in Bradford birth cohort data for congenital anomalies do not include pregnancies that terminated before 28 weeks: the data we report refer to liveborn and stillborn infants only. We reported a protective effect of education on anomaly rates but we did not propose any theory to account for the finding because we had no further data that related to this observation.

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how networking is influenced by the choice of internationalization strategy of software firms with a born global mindset. To achieve this purpose, the following research questions were answered: How applicable is previous research on traditional internationalization strategies to born global software firms? How does networking vary between the different choices of internationalization strategy for born global software firms? Method – The research philosophy of this thesis was interpretivistic, supported by an abductive qualitative multi-method approach of exploratory character. Additionally, the data collection methods were literature studies, interviews and documentation conducted from six case companies. The collected data form the base of the developed networking and internationalization model which serves to support the general understanding of how born global software firms can internationalize and use networks to benefit their operations. Findings – By forming clusters and looking into how networking varies between the different choices of internationalization strategy, several types of internationalization strategies of born global software firms were identified, these being referred to as Nascent Global, Cautiously Global, Regionally Global and Instantly Global. Additionally, the results show that it is the choice of internationalization strategy that influences the choice of the networking activity. Nascent Global firms are firms who has not yet launched their service or decided upon internationalization strategy, they mostly network in order to strategize and plan; Cautiously Global firms operates nationally or have recently internationalized into another country, for them the networking focus lies on the process of learning to minimize the risk of mistakes or failure; Regionally Global firms are internationalizing incrementally with a regional focus and networking to access sources of knowledge; Instantly Global firms are those who are global right from inception where the focus is targeted at growth opportunities. Moreover, the findings show that Instantly Global firms are the ones that truly contradict traditional theory on internationalization strategies. Research limitations – The first limitation of this study is that we have solely focused on networking from the firm’s perspective and have not gone into the actual external network of each firm. Additionally, it would be appropriate to include a larger amount of case companies, in order to increase the level of generalizability. Nevertheless, due to limitations concerning the scale of work and time-constraints, six case companies were included. Further research – If practitioners would conduct a similar investigation of born global software firms, it would be interesting to conduct a quantitative study, analyzing potential linkages between the use of networks and internationalization. Also, since this study was cross-sectional, opportunities exist of conducting a longitudinal study, looking into how born global software firms change over time.

Although Filipinos are becoming one of the largest Asian groups in the U.S there is limited research regarding mental health challenges Filipino women experience specifically regarding body satisfaction and self-image. The goal of this explorative qualitative study was to explore the relationship between objectified images of women in the media and the reported levels of body dissatisfaction in a sample of 8 American-born Filipino women and 8 Philippine-born Filipino women. Objectification theory was used to guide this research and levels of sociocultural influences, body satisfaction, and body consciousness were explored through a qualitative research design using statements from the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3, the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, and the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale. Participants were interviewed individually and the data were coded in order to determine patterns and themes. Results revealed that the Philippine-born participants relied more on images in the media than the American-born participants of the study in relation to what is attractive and fashionable. However as a whole, the data found that the majority of the participating women felt comfortable with their bodies and physical appearance. The results of this study could help create greater awareness of the issues that Filipino American women deal with in relation to their bodies and self-image through the development of initiatives to treat Filipino American women who may be suffering from mental health issues due to objectification as culturally Filipinos typically do not seek psychological intervention. If programs could be designed specifically for Filipinos targeting issues with body satisfaction, fewer Filipinos may be affected by poor body-image.

<p>The Swedish old-age care will in the near future face an extensive need to recruit enrolled nurses by virtues of the demographical development. The generation born in the 1940s will soon retire, and at the same time the rest of the population is growing older. One thing that becomes more important in how to draw more people to the old-age care, is to understand how the ones who allready work there experience their own worksituation.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to find out how enrolled nurses from two different generations experienced their own occupational role and make similarities and differences between the two generations experiences visible. The topics of interest in our study are the respondents own thoughts about their education, their worksituation today, what they think of the future and how they believe others regard their work. To fulfill the purpose of our study we used qualitative interviews. We have performed interviews with three enrolled nurses between 50 and 57 years of age and four enrolled nurses between 20 and 25 years of age.</p><p>The result was then analyzed with the help of Ingleharts theory “The silent revolution” and the concept of generations. The results showed that there were differences between the two generations. We can´t either on the basis of the small selection of respondents in our study draw any general conclusions. But some differences that show is that the older generation in a larger extent identify with their own occupational role. We also experience that the older are more satisfied with their work situation. They see possibilities to develop in their profession, which the younger don´t. The younger make demands on more possibilities and are more restless then the older generation. From the result we can also see that eatch generation is relative homogeneous. When their is differences between the generations their is often similarites within the own generation. One thing that both generations have in common and that shows clear in the interviews are the importens of empathy and good treatment.</p>

The Swedish old-age care will in the near future face an extensive need to recruit enrolled nurses by virtues of the demographical development. The generation born in the 1940s will soon retire, and at the same time the rest of the population is growing older. One thing that becomes more important in how to draw more people to the old-age care, is to understand how the ones who allready work there experience their own worksituation. The purpose of this study was to find out how enrolled nurses from two different generations experienced their own occupational role and make similarities and differences between the two generations experiences visible. The topics of interest in our study are the respondents own thoughts about their education, their worksituation today, what they think of the future and how they believe others regard their work. To fulfill the purpose of our study we used qualitative interviews. We have performed interviews with three enrolled nurses between 50 and 57 years of age and four enrolled nurses between 20 and 25 years of age. The result was then analyzed with the help of Ingleharts theory “The silent revolution” and the concept of generations. The results showed that there were differences between the two generations. We can´t either on the basis of the small selection of respondents in our study draw any general conclusions. But some differences that show is that the older generation in a larger extent identify with their own occupational role. We also experience that the older are more satisfied with their work situation. They see possibilities to develop in their profession, which the younger don´t. The younger make demands on more possibilities and are more restless then the older generation. From the result we can also see that eatch generation is relative homogeneous. When their is differences between the generations their is often similarites within the own generation. One thing that both generations have in common and that shows clear in the interviews are the importens of empathy and good treatment.