Recent, post-1980, immigration patterns have had a dramatic effect on U.S. labor markets, leading to considerable debate about the impact of immigration on native-born black workers. This research examines immigrant and black labor markets, across metropolitan areas, using Public Use Microdata and Summary File data from Census 2000 to generate low, mid, and high classifications of immigrant and black occupations based on socio-economic index (SEI). Multivariate findings indicate that the effect of recent immigration on black labor market outcomes differs by occupational level. Competition for low-skilled jobs is identified for native-born blacks in low-level jobs while a “bump-up” effect is identified for blacks in mid-level jobs. For example, production occupations with low language and skill requirements are shown to be contested among the groups. On the other hand, service and administrative functions emerge as bump-up mechanisms that create opportunity for black workers who amass the human capital required of these occupations. Thus, the ramifications of immigration for native-born blacks are shown to be quite different for low- and mid-SEI jobs.

Much research has shown that Born Global firms are an important component of the global economy today. The Born Global firms bring innovations and welfare to the nations that they establish themselves in as well as make the world a more integrated place. Since these firms are important, they also face many difficulties on the global market, and in general the survival rate of these firms is considered lower, in comparison to the firms that use the more traditional way of internationalize. Therefore the motivations behind these firms can be useful to bring more welfare and development to the world market, as well as an understanding of the main factors behind the fast internationalization process. This thesis is based on the work of Andersson and Wictor (2003), model of the four influence factors governing Born Global firms; the globalization, the entrepreneur, the industry and the network. This thesis incorporates two other aspects of motivation, the resource perspective and the governmental, and has viewed four cases from four different industries in a qualitative case study.     This thesis demonstrates that there are two motivational factors which are above the others, The Entrepreneur(s) as well as the Industry and Market factors. Besides these two, three other sub - themes, the strategic alliances, the resource orientation as well as the knowledge as a resource of the entrepreneur, were found to be of importance. This thesis examines the main motivating factors of fast internationalization, as well as establishing the roles of the influence.

As a result of the rapid globalization process and growth of competition, companies are fostered to expand in the international markets in order to maintain competitive advantages and keep on growing. The thesis focuses on the concepts of networking and environments which are perceived to be major factors for the internationalization process. The aim of this study is to examine the significance of networking and environmental issues for the internationalization process in the Lithuanian market. The study is carried out in the context of Born Global companies. The theoretical framework of this thesis focuses on three main points. The first approach considered within the literature review is the internationalization process. The following one is networking, considering formal and informal networks in particular. The last approach of importance for the thesis involves environmental factors regarding a particular country’s market. This theoretical framework guides the reader through the collection and analysis of empirical data, as well as concluding thoughts for the study. The single case study of the selected company from Halmstad was carried out by employing a qualitative research method. Semi-structured personal interviews enabled the author to collect the empirical data which was supplemented with the secondary data received by using web sites, documentation and scientific articles. The results of the case study indicate that networking and environmental issues influence to a considerable extent the internationalization processes. Moreover, the significance of informal networks was emphasized in particular. However, the study has not shown the obvious evidence that environmental factors affect a company’s performance within the Lithuanian market considerably. The single case study enabled me to give practical implications for a real case, considering the introduction of a particular product into the Lithuanian market.

This study strives to investigate why some small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from Northeast Italy internationalize at inception and some internationalize gradually. The main literature regarding both, Born Globals and Stage-Models, were reviewed. In face of a high degree of fragmentation in the Born Global literature the study was developed through an abductive logic of reasoning. This basically means that we started by clustering already accepted internal and external factors, working then, towards a unified explanation. A qualitative study was developed with four SMEs. The main results show that no factor can singularly drive a company to internationalize at inception. Instead, the interaction of internal and external factors determines how SMEs internationalize. The findings provide empirical insights on the internationalization behavior of SMEs and redress the apparent theoretical gap in this field.

The traditional internationalization theories suggest that the process of going international is gradual. Recent theories about “born global” firms state they internationalize from the day they are founded or shortly thereafter. TAT (The Astonishing Tribe) is a small but growing Swedish software technology and design company and a “born global” company. TAT has a small number of very large companies as their customers, which could be unsafe if they were to lose one of these important clients. The strategic states model show the need for different combination of competitive edges and presents optimum strategies to reach high performance. To move to a more desirable state in the model the theory of customer capitalism is suggested in this thesis. The theory is supposed to make the customer “lock on” to a corporation for a win-win long term relationship. Two aspects of the theory that are more distinguished than the four others has been identified, these being relationship and developer.

<p>The traditional internationalization theories suggest that the process of going international is gradual. Recent theories about “born global” firms state they internationalize from the day they are founded or shortly thereafter. TAT (The Astonishing Tribe) is a small but growing Swedish software technology and design company and a “born global” company. TAT has a small number of very large companies as their customers, which could be unsafe if they were to lose one of these important clients.</p><p>The strategic states model show the need for different combination of competitive edges and presents optimum strategies to reach high performance. To move to a more desirable state in the model the theory of customer capitalism is suggested in this thesis. The theory is supposed to make the customer “lock on” to a corporation for a win-win long term relationship. Two aspects of the theory that are more distinguished than the four others has been identified, these being relationship and developer.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Physics and Astronomy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-102). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29318

The research overviewed in this dissertation concerns highly accurate variational calculations of small molecular systems without assuming the Born--Oppenheimer approximation. The centerpiece of the research is the use of different forms of explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions. These basis functions allow analytical evaluation of all necessary matrix elements and provide a very powerful tool for solving quantum mechanical problems encountered in various areas of physics. Most of the derivations presented in the dissertation are done within the formalism of matrix differential calculus that has proven to be a very handy and effective way of dealing with explicitly correlated Gaussians. As this fomalism is not widely used in physics or chemistry, some mathematical background is provided. The expressions obtained theoretically were implemented in a computer code that was run quite extensively on several parallel computer systems during the period of the author's Ph.D. study. The results of many such calculations are presented and discussed. The dissertation is primarily based on the content of the papers that were published in coathorship with my scientific advisor and other collaborators in several scientific journals. It also includes some topics that were not considered in the publications but are essential for the completeness and good understanding of the presented work.

The purpose of this study is to identify a successful way of expanding a business on a global market, focusing on innovation products. An analysis was also made to see how internationalization theories are useful in businesses with innovation products. Four companies have been interviewed where two of them have innovation products (Proline AB and Q-Med AB) and the others are widely successful in exporting to a global market (Safegate Group and Weda Poolcleaners AB). Furthermore four interviews have been made with support organizations that have great experience in helping companies in this area (Svenska Uppfinnareföreningen, Almi Företagspartner AB, Exportrådet and The Swedish-American Chambers of Commerce). One of the results that can be identified is the diverse view and will to expand the business. The inventor often has a born global strategy in mind whereas the helping organizations rather expand step by step and only to one country at a time. Hence a cleft arises and the inventor does not get the right support to launch the innovation. Moreover, successful strategies for inventors to establish a market position abroad have been identified. Depending on the monetary strength and the will to cooperate with others and then loose control over the company, the inventor can choose exporting, licensing or joint venture agreements. Common for all of the forms is the importance of building a network, which is a useful source for information and experience on a new market.

Internationalization is a key concept in today’s globalized world. Globalization has brought about a major shift in the way firms internationalize. Previously, large firms were thought to follow an incremental internationalization process. However, as a result of the rise of international new ventures, the internationalization process has seen a dramatic shift in the internationalization process of firms. Firms no longer follow the traditional models of internationalization. Instead, there are three general phases an international new venture may pass through which are identified by Leonidou and Katsikeas (1996, p. 524): namely: pre-engagement, initial, and advanced.   The change in the internationalization process of firms has led firms access networks to internationalize. The use of networks have been shown to help international new ventures to skip the traditional phases of internationalization  and expand rapidly by linking themselves to established networks (Coviello &amp; Munro, 1995, p. 53). Participation in networks, among other benefits, includes acquiring the necessary knowledge for international operations.   Several important network forms have been identified by different authors. This raises the question what effect these network forms have at the phases of the internationalization process. Three major networks were identified, namely, social, business and intermediaries where each form has its own benefits in the internationalization process of an Small-to-Medium-Size Enterprise (SME). The forms of networks are often described as positive drivers for internationalization. We, however, think that there might also be negative aspects concerning the use of network for internationalization. This study sets out to find what the benefits of each form of network is and also how the networks are used in the internationalization process of an SME. We take into account the perspective of the entrepreneurs as to how they perceive network forms affecting SMEs’ performance at each phase of the internationalization process.  Along with that, we also aim to find out how the forms of networks interact with each other and how they evolve from one network to the other.   We use qualitative methods, in our study, by interviewing six SMEs located in northern Sweden. Multiple case studies were developed, in order to analyse the collected data from the semi-structured interviews. The collected data was transcribed and categorized in order to find the phases of internationalization, benefits of networks, interaction between networks and the negative aspects of networks. It was then analysed using the three predefined forms of networks: social, business and intermediaries.   The findings of the study show that business networks were the most widely used network form throughout the phases of the internationalization process. Social networks and intermediaries were used equally. However, social networks had a greater influence than intermediaries. Our research also identified three phases in the internationalization process. Networks were found to influence each other at all the phases of internationalization and therefore cannot be seperated from each other.