Att bedriva internationell verksamhet är ett omtalat fenomen då vi idag handlar mer med andra delar av världen, lär oss fler nya språk och reser längre bort än förut. Internationalisering har blivit allt viktigare för tillväxten av företag och det ses som en ofrånkomlig överlevnadsstrategi som bidrar till värdefulla erfarenheter och användbart lärande. Företag anpassar sin verksamhet till internationella miljöer genom ett innovativt, proaktivt och ett risksökande beteende vilket sträcker sig utanför den egna nationens gränser. De senaste decennierna har inneburit att världen dramatiskt har förändrats och därigenom även det ekonomiska samhället. Den globala marknaden har ändrat synen på landsgränser och geografiska avstånd vilket har lett till att världen numera är mer integrerad. Förändringar har också skett genom den teknologiska revolution som pågått en längre tid. Revolutionen har medfört att företag mer effektivt kan använda information, kommunikation, tillverkning och transport i arbetet med att anpassa sina produkter till utländska marknader. De företag som är mest anpassningsbara på internationella marknader är små och medelstora företag (SMF). Genom sin flexibilitet är de skickliga på att hitta nya internationella affärsmöjligheter. Dessa SMFs är ofta fokuserade på nischmarknader med specifika produkter som därigenom skapar efterfrågan runt om i världen. För små och medelstora företag är den internationella marknaden oerhört viktig och i Sverige har en av fyra SMFs internationella aktiviteter. Vårt syfte med denna studie har varit att identifiera och förstå SMFs internationaliseringsbeteende genom att besvara frågan: Hur har internationaliseringsprocessen gått till för tillverkande små och medelstora företag? I vår slutsats kom vi fram till att båda fallföretagen internationaliserat sig genom export och att de sedan investerat i dotterbolag på utvalda marknader. Företagen har till största del gått utomlands genom proaktiva motiv i strävan mot en högre lönsamhet. Enligt vår mening gick det inte att enhetligt beskriva fallföretagens utlandsetablering genom någon av internationaliseringsmodellerna. Vi förklarar istället processen genom att sammanlänka delar av dessa teorier till olika aspekter i deras internationalisering. Något som visade sig vara relevant i vår undersökning var betydelsen av nätverk i verksamheten och att entreprenörens roll i företaget hade stor betydelse för internationaliseringsprocessens utseende. Anledningen till att internationaliseringen skett på olika sätt har till stor del berott på den kunskap och erfarenhet som entreprenören och företaget besuttit vid dess utlandsetablering.

The purpose of the study is to analyze what characterizes the interaction between preschool teachers and parents born abroad, furthermore what promotes and impedes the intercommunication between them. There is a lack of studies about the parental involvement in preschools whilst numerous studies can be found concerning the parental involvement within educational establishment subsequent to preschools. The completed study is qualitative, and based on interviews with five teachers in three different Reggio Emilia inspired preschools. The results of this study show that preschool teachers often face various challenges in their daily work. These challenges often originate in different pre- understandings about the societal norms, values and behavioral rules. The results also show that conflicts may arise between preschool teachers and the foreign-born parents because of distinct sentiments regarding previously mentioned values. Subsequently this causes the preschool teachers to obtain the role of the educator in relation to the parents. This positioning may complicate parental collaboration because it often contributes to an unequal power relationship being created. What promotes the cooperation with parents is to increase the visibility and awareness of societal structures, in order to attempt to change the communication and interaction patterns that are generally accepted in preschools and used extensively in this context.

No description available.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a major role in the development of the nation's economy by providing employment and creating the economic growth. The management of the companies that are going international considers different motives before taking the step into the international market. The internationalization process involves risks and uncertainty significantly effected by challenges and barriers to SMEs from developing countries.

A three-dimensional parabolic equation (PE) and perturbation approach is used to invert for the depth- and range-dependent geoacoustic characteristics of the seabed. The model assumes that the sound speed profile is the superposition of a known range-independent profile and an unknown depth- and range-dependent perturbation. Using a Green’s function approach, the total measured pressure field in the water column is decomposed into a background field, which is due to the range-independent profile, and a scattered field, which is due to the range-dependent perturbation. When the Born approximation is applied to the resulting integral equation, it can be solved for the range-dependent profile using linear inverse theory. Although the method is focused on inverting for the sound speed profile in the bottom, it can also invert for the sound speed profile in the water column. For simplicity, the sound speed profile in the water column was assumed to be known with a margin of error of ± 5 m/s. The range-dependent perturbation is added to the index of refraction squared n2(r), rather than the sound speed profile c(ro). The method is implemented in both Cartesian (x,y,z) and cylindrical (r,q,z) coordinates with the forward propagation of the field in x and r, respectively. Synthetic data are used to demonstrate the validity of the method [1]. Two inversion methods were combined, a Monte Carlo like algorithm, responsible for a starting approximation of the sound speed profile, and a steepest descent method, that fine-tuned the results. In simulations, the inversion algorithm is capable of inverting for the sound speed profile of a flat bottom. It was tested, for three different frequencies (50 Hz, 75 Hz, and 100 Hz), in a Pekeris waveguide, a range-independent layered medium, and a range-dependent medium, with errors in the inverted sound speed profile of less than 3%. Keywords: Three-dimensional parabolic equation method, geoacoustic inversion, range-dependent sound speed profile, linear inversion, Born approximation, Green’s functions. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This paper studies data from a 25-year period in the history of Sweden and the US, ranging from 1993 to 2017. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the impact of immigration on the income inequality of the respective countries while also considering the impact of other specific variables. In order to estimate the impact of the variables, both static and dynamic models were used, with the Gini coefficient being the dependent variable. With the ordinary least square giving short-run estimates and the error correction model providing short- and long- run estimates simultaneously, the main variable for immigration, being the foreign-born population, showed a strong positive relationship with income inequality. For the estimation, the immigration variable was also split into high- and low-skilled immigrants as well as different age groups. In conclusion, we find that immigration in Sweden and the US has high levels of influence on the income inequality for both countries.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores que fueron influyen en la internacionalización del emprendimiento temprano del Perú en el año 2015. Es un estudio no experimental, correlacional causal de nivel explicativo aplicado a una población conformada por 474 emprendedores de pymes en etapa de emprendimiento temprano de la base Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 Perú. Se encuentra entre los factores que se relacionan positivamente con la internacionalización dentro de los factores internos: producto innovador y expectativa de crecimiento; dentro de los factores de mercado y entorno: expansión de mercado sin tecnología; Factores del emprendedor: nivel educativo y actitud al riesgo. Una vez que se han encontrado factores que se relacionan positivamente con las pymes con exportaciones mayores al 25% (Born Global): factores internos: poca competencia; Factores del entorno o mercado: expansión con tecnología; Factores del emprendedor: edad. / The objective of the study was to determine the factors that were influencing the internationalization of early entrepreneurship in Peru in 2015. It is a non-experimental causal correlation study of an explanatory level applied to a population made up of 474 entrepreneurs of SMEs in the early stage of entrepreneurship. of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015 base in Peru. It is among the factors that are positively related to internationalization within internal factors: innovative product and expectation of growth; within the market and environment factors: market expansion without technology; Factors of the entrepreneur: educational level and attitude to risk. Once we have found factors that are positively related to SMEs with exports greater than 25% (Born Global): internal factors: little competition; Factors of the environment or market: expansion with technology; Factors of the entrepreneur: age. / Tesis

<p>The purpose of this study is to identify a successful way of expanding a business on a global market, focusing on innovation products. An analysis was also made to see how internationalization theories are useful in businesses with innovation products. Four companies have been interviewed where two of them have innovation products (Proline AB and Q-Med AB) and the others are widely successful in exporting to a global market (Safegate Group and Weda Poolcleaners AB). Furthermore four interviews have been made with support organizations that have great experience in helping companies in this area (Svenska Uppfinnareföreningen, Almi Företagspartner AB, Exportrådet and The Swedish-American Chambers of Commerce).</p><p>One of the results that can be identified is the diverse view and will to expand the business. The inventor often has a born global strategy in mind whereas the helping organizations rather expand step by step and only to one country at a time. Hence a cleft arises and the inventor does not get the right support to launch the innovation. Moreover, successful strategies for inventors to establish a market position abroad have been identified. Depending on the monetary strength and the will to cooperate with others and then loose control over the company, the inventor can choose exporting, licensing or joint venture agreements. Common for all of the forms is the importance of building a network, which is a useful source for information and experience on a new market.</p>

Many geophysical inverse problems are ill-posed and have to be regularized. The most often used solution methods for solving ill-posed problems are based on the use of quadratic regularization that results in smooth solutions. Solutions of this type are not to be suitable when the model parameter is piecewise continuous blocky and edges are desired in the regularized solution. To avoid the smoothing of edges, which are very important attributes of an image, an edge-preserving regularization (non-quadratic regularization) term has to be employed. Total Variation (TV) regularization is one of the most effective regularization techniques for allowing sharp edges and the existence of discontinuities in the solutions. The edge-preserving regularization based on the TV method for small-scale geophysical inverse problems to the problem of estimating the acoustic velocity perturbation from a multi-source-receiver geophysical experiment is studied. The acoustic velocity perturbation is assumed to be piecewise continuous and blocky. The problem is based on linearization acoustic modeling using the framework of the single-scattering Born approximation from a known constant background medium. To solve this non-linear and ill-posed problem, an iterative scheme based on the conjugate gradient method is employed. The TV regularization method provides us with the opportunity to recover more useful information of velocity profiles from the measured seismic data. Though it requires more effort in implementing the TV term to control the smoothing and regularization parameter, the algorithm possesses the strong ability of marking the discontinuities and ensures their preservation from over-smoothing. / Geophysics

Traditionella internationaliseringsmodeller, såsom Uppsalamodellen, har under de senaste decennierna utmanats av internationaliseringsprocesser utförda av företag beskrivna som Born Globals. De internationaliseras tidigt och uppnår en utländsk försäljningsvolym på minst 25% inom företagets första tre år. Dock beskrivs tillvägagångssättet som mer individuellt än i de traditionella modellerna. Uppsatsens syfte är att studera Born Global-fenomenet baserat på en fallstudie av Wrapp, där det tillvägagångssätt och de interna faktorer som möjliggjort internationaliseringsprocessen kartläggs samt utreds för graden av överensstämmelse med det befintliga teoretiska ramverket. Slutsatserna inkluderar att de möjliggörande faktorerna överensstämmer i hög utsträckning med de teoretiska förutsägelserna, med undantag för några avvikelser såsom synen på "first-mover advantages" samt tillvägagångssättets tämligen opportunistiska karaktär. Vidare belyses att nätverket, den tekniska kompetensen samt kopplingen till riskkapitalisterna varit av väsentlig betydelse. Slutligen ger studien teoretiska insikter, praktiska implikationer samt underlag för framtida forskning.