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Cold bosonic atoms trapped in optical lattices formed by standing wave interference patterns of multiple laser beams constitute excellent emulators of models of strongly correlated quantum systems of bosons. In this thesis, we develop and deploy strong-coupling expansion (i.e., an expansion in terms of the ratio of the inter-site hopping amplitude of the bosons to the strength of their interactions) techniques for studying the properties of three different instances of such systems. In the first instance, we have used strong coupling expansion techniques to calculate the density pro le for bosonic atoms trapped in an optical lattice with an overall harmonic trap at finite temperatures and large on site interaction in the presence of super fluid regions. Our results match well with quantum Monte Carlo simulations at finite temperature. We present calculations for the entropy per particle as a function of temperature which can be used to calibrate the temperature in experiments. Our calculations for the scaled density in the vacuum-to-super fluid transition agree well with the experimental data for appropriate temperatures. We also discuss issues connected with the demonstration of universal quantum critical scaling in the experiments. Experimental realizations of “atomtronic" Josephson junctions have recently been created in annular traps in relative rotation with respect to potential barriers that generate the weak links. If these devices are additionally subjected to optical lattice potentials, then they can incorporate strong-coupling Mott physics within the design, which can modify the behaviour and can allow for interesting new configurations of system generated barriers and of super fluid ow patterns. we have examined theoretically the behavior of a Bose super fluid in an optical lattice in the presence of an annular trap and a barrier across the annular region which acts as a Josephson junction. As the fluid is rotated relative to the barrier, it generates circulating super-currents until, at larger speeds of rotation, it develops phase slips which are typically accompanied by vortices. We use a finite temperature strong-coupling expansion about the mean- held solution of the Bose Hubbard model to calculate various properties of the device. In addition, we discuss some of the rich behavior that can result when there are Mott regions within the system. Rubidium-Cesium dipolar molecule formation through Feshbach resonance is an area of great current interest, for, the dipolar molecules, once formed, interact via v long range dipolar forces, leading to possibilities of novel phases. Experimentalists currently make such systems mostly using trial and error, and the resulting efficiencies for molecule formation tend to be low. With a goal to assist cold-atom experimentalists to achieve higher e ciencies of molecule formation, we have estimated the trap parameters for Rb and Cs atoms in a 3D optical lattice required to create single occupancy per site Mott phase for both the species in the same regions of the trap. We thus identify the ne tuning of the external magnetic held near Rb-Cs Feshbach resonance required to achieve highest probability for creating single Rb-Cs Feshbach molecules in the system. We have used the Falicov-Kimball model to describe the relevant system and strong-coupling expansions about the mean- held solution to calculate the density pro les for both species and efficiency for molecule formation, determined by overlapping regions of single occupancy for both Rb and Cs, up to second order in the expansion. We also calculate the entropy per particle which serves as an estimation of the temperature in the experimental system

Les modèles SU(2)xSU(2)xU(1) représentent une étape intermédiaire motivée par l'unification des groupes de jauge du Modèle Standard (MS). Un groupe de jauge étendu, par rapport a celui du MS, implique l'existence de nouveaux bosons de jauge, neutres et charges. Ces bosons dénotés Z' et W' sont recherches activement au Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Sur la base d'une analyse globale récente des contraintes sur ces modèles, provenant des expériences a basse énergie et du LEP, nous effectuons une analyse numérique au Leading Order (LO) des différentes signatures au LHC. Nous montrons que les sections efficaces totales pour les leptons et les paires de quarks de troisième génération, expérimentalement facilement accessibles, fournissent individuellement qu'uneinformation partielles sur le modèle réalise dans la nature. En revanche, les corrélations de ces mêmes sections efficaces pourraient bien conduire a une identification unique. Par la suite, nous étudions la production électrofaible d'une paire de quarks top au Next-to-Leading Order dans les extensions du MS prédisant un boson Z' supplémentaire et en supposant des couplages génériqueset diagonaux dans la base des saveurs. Nous calculons les corrections virtuelles et réelles a l'ordre de O(alS*alW^2) et les implémentons dans le générateur d'événements Monte Carlo POWHEG BOX qui permet de réaliser de manière cohérente la fusion du calcul QCD NLO avec les parton showers. Nousconstatons que les corrections QCD NLO peuvent être très importantes, mais que les K-facteurs restent modestes dans la région de masse invariante centrée autour de la masse de la résonance. / General SU(2)x SU(2)x U(1) models represent a well-motivated intermediate step towards the unication of the Standard Model (SM) gauge groups. Extended gauge group sector, as compared to that of the SM, leads to additional neutral and charged gauge bosons. These so-called Z' and W' bosons are actively searched for at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Based on a recent global analysis of low-energy and LEP constraints of these models, we perform numerical scans of their various signals at the LHC at Leading Order accuracy. We show that total cross sections for lepton and third-generation quark pairs, while experimentally easily accessible, provide individually only partial information about the model realized in Nature. In contrast, correlations of these cross sections in the neutral and charged current channels may well lead to a unique identification. Subsequently we study the electroweak top-pair production at Next-to-leading Order (NLO) accuracy in the SM extensions with an additional Z' boson assuming general flavour-diagonal couplings. We calculate the virtual and real corrections at order O(alS*alW^2) and implement them in the POWHEG BOX framework which allows for consistent matching of NLO QCD calculations with parton showers. We find that the NLO corrections can be very important but the K-factors in the invariant mass region around the resonance mass are modest.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchezvega_bl_dr_ift.pdf: 617259 bytes, checksum: af2a12ec5a0dfc67abebc7c87568c022 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta tese, partículas tais como áxions, Májorons e neutrinos são consideradas em duas extensões eletrofracas do modelo padrão da física de partículas. Especificamente, os modelos considerados estão baseados nas simetrias de gauge SU(3)L ⊗ U(1)X eSU(2)L ⊗U(1)Y⊗U(1)B−L. Primeiramente, no contexto do modelo 3-3-1 com um sector escalar mínimo é realizado um estudo detalhado referente à implementção da simetria de Peccei-Quinn (PQ) para resolver o problema CP forte. Para a versão original do modelo, que possui apenas dois tripletos escalares, é mostrado que a Lagrangiana total é invariante sobre uma simetria PQ. No entanto, o áxion não é produzido porque um sub-grupo permanece sem quebrar. Embora, neste caso, o problema CP forte possa ser resolvido, a solução é amplamente desfavorecida porque três quarks não têm massa em todas as ordens da teoria de perturbação. A adição de um terceiro tripleto escalar resolve o problema dos quarks sem massa, mas o áxion que aparece é visível. Para fazer o modelo realístico teremos que modificá-lo. É mostrado que a adição de um singleto escalar junto com uma simetria de gauge discreta ZN é capaz de levar a cabo esta tarefa e proteger o áxion de efeitos da gravidade quântica. Para ter segurançaa que a simetria de gauge discreta que protege o áxion é livre de anomalias, é usada uma versão discreta do mecanismo de Green-Schwarz. A seguir, é considerado um modelo eletrofraco baseado na simetria de gauge SU(2)L ⊗U(1)Y⊗U(1)B−L, no qual temos neutrinos de mão direita com números quânticos exóticos e diferentes. Devido a esta particular caraterística, é possível termos de massa e de Yukawa para os neutrinos, com campos escalares que podem adquirir valores esperados do vácuo (VEVs) pertencendo a escalas de energia... / In this doctoral thesis axions, Majorons and neutrinos are considered into different electro weak extensions of the standar dmodel of the particle physics. Specifically, the two models considered are based on theSU(3)L ⊗U(1)X andSU(2)L⊗U(1)Y⊗ U(1)B−Lgaugesymmetries. Firstly, in the framework of a 3-3-1 model with a minimal scalar sector a detailed study concerning the implementation of the PQ symmetry in order to solve the strong CP problem is made. For the original version of the model, with only two scalar triplets, it is shown that the entire Lagrangian is invariant under a PQ-like symmetry but no axion is produced since aU(1) subgroup remains unbroken. Although in this case the strong CP problem can still be solved, the solution is largely disfavored since three quark states are left massless to all orders in perturbation theory. The addition of a third scalar triplet removes the massless quark states but the resulting axion is visible. In order to become realistic the model must be extended to account for massive quarks and invisible axion. It is shown that the addition of a scalar singlet together with aZN discrete gauge symmetry can successfully accomplish these tasks and protect the axion field against quantum gravitational effects. To make sure that the protecting discrete gauge symmetry is anomaly free, a discrete version of th eGreen-Schwarz mechanism is used. Secondly, an electroweak model based on the gauge symmetrySU(2)L ⊗U(1)Y⊗ U(1)B−L which has right-handed neutrinos with different quantum numbers is considered. Because of this particular feature it is possible to write Yukawa terms, and neutrino mass terms, with scalar fields that can develop VEVs belonging to different energy scales. A detailed study of the scalar and the Yukawa neutrino sectors is made to show that this model is compatible with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Une particule compatible avec le boson de Higgs du modèle standard de la physique des particules a été découverte au grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) en juillet 2012 par les expériences Atlas et CMS. A ce jour, l'ensemble des mesures des couplages de ce boson de Higgs sont compatibles avec ceux prédits par le modèle standard. Toutefois le modèle standard possède des limitations et d'autres théories, telles la supersymétrie, ont été bâties afin de pallier à ces manques. Certaines de ces théories prédisent en particulier un secteur scalaire enrichi avec la présence de bosons de Higgs additionnels.D'un point de vue expérimental, le canal de désintégration du boson de Higgs en deux photons offre une signature claire et permet d'explorer le secteur de Higgs avec une grande précision. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont été effectués dans le cadre de l'expérience CMS au LHC.La première partie est dédiée à l'étude de la reconstruction expérimentale des photons. Tout d'abord, une méthode de correction en énergie des photons est exposée. Puis des prospectives concernant l'évolution de la qualité de leur reconstruction avec le vieillissement du détecteur sont présentées.La deuxième partie fait l'objet de la recherche d'un second boson de Higgs de basse masse(en dessous de 110 GeV) dans le canal di-photon. Les résultats complets obtenus avec le jeu de données collecté en 2012, ayant fait l'objet d'une publication officielle, sont tout d'abord présentés. Les premiers résultats obtenus avec le jeu de données collecté en 2015 sont enfin introduits / A particle compatible with the Standard Model Higgs boson has been discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in July 2012 by Atlas and CMS experiments. All the couplings measurements are so far compatible with those predicted by the Standard Model. However, this model is not able to address several fundamental physics issues and theories beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry, have been proposed to address these questions. Some of them predict an extended Higgs sector with additional scalar or pseudoscalars at low mass.On the experimental point of view, the diphoton decay channel provides a clear signature and allows us to explore the Higgs sector with high precision.The studies presented in this thesis have been performed using the data collected by CMS at the LHC.The first part of the document is dedicated to photon reconstruction studies. First, a photon energy correction method is presented. Then, photon reconstruction performance is assessed in the context of the Phase I and Phase II detector upgrades, in high luminosity conditions.The second part of the document is dedicated to the search for an additional light Higgs boson (with a mass below 110 GeV) in the diphoton channel. First, the official results corresponding to the full 2012 dataset are exposed. Finally, results corresponding to 2015 data are presented

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des gaz tridimensionnels de bosons de spin 1 avec interaction ferromagnétique. Nous montrons que la transition superfluide à température finie peut être étudiée par une théorie des champs classique de symétrie O(3)*O(2). Ce type de modèle est utilisé pour décrire le magnétisme frustré dans de nombreux matériaux, en particulier les antiferroaimants sur réseau triangulaire. La nature de la transition de phase dans le modèle O(3)*O(2) (premier ou second ordre) fait l'objet d'une controverse d'ordre à la fois expérimental, numérique et théorique. Notre approche théorique est basée sur le groupe de renormalisation non-perturbatif et prédit une transition faiblement du premier ordre avec un comportement "pseudo-critique". Nous relions ce dernier au comportement critique observé dans le modèle O(N)*O(2) lorsque N est supérieur ou égal à 5.3. Dans les gaz de bosons de spin 1 (87Rb, 41K et 7Li), la longueur de corrélation à la transition est grande devant la taille typique des gaz dans les expériences actuelles. Néanmoins les comportements en loi de puissance observés près de la transition permettent de définir des exposants "pseudo-critiques" non-universels. La valeur de ces exposants varie d'un gaz à l'autre. Nous discutons dans quelle mesure la détermination expérimentale de ces exposants permettrait d'apporter des éléments concrets en faveur d'une transition du premier ordre dans le modèle O(3)*O(2). / We study tridimensional spin-1 Bose gases with ferromagnetic interaction. The superfluid transition at finite temperature can be studied by a classical field theory with O(3)*O(2) symmetry. This kind of model has been used to describe frustrated magnetism in several materials, in particular antiferromagnets on a triangular lattice. The nature of the phase transition in the O(3)*O(2) model (first or second-order) has been the subject of experimental, numerical and theoretical controversy. Our theoretical approach is based on the nonperturbative renormalization group and predicts a weakly first-order transition with "pseudo-critical'' behavior. We relate the latter to the critical behavior observed in the O(N)*O(2) model when N is greater than or equal to 5.3. In spin-1 Bose gases (87Rb, 41K and 7Li), the correlation length at the transition is larger than the typical size of the system in current experiments. However the power-law behavior observed near the transition allows one to define nonuniversal "pseudo-critical" exponents. The value of these exponents varies from one gas to the other. We discuss to what extent the experimental determination of these exponents could support the claim of a first order transition in the O(3)*O(2) model.

Diboson resonance searches are an essential test of electroweak symmetry breaking theories beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Vector or scalar resonances decaying to dibosons are predicted by various models going beyond theSM, such as Grand Unified theories, Little Higgs models, Composite Higgs models or models with extended Higgs sector (such as Super Symmetry (SUSY) or two-Higgs-doublet models). This thesis presents a search for resonant WZ production in the fully leptonic decay channel ℓν ℓℓ (ℓ = e or μ) with two production modes : quark-antiquark fusion or vector-boson fusion. Using 36.1 fb−1 of recent data collected by the ATLAS detector in pp collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at 13 TeV, constraints are obtained on models going beyond the SM. Since this analysis considers the fully leptonic decays of the vector bosons, events with exactly three leptons in the final state and a substantial missing transverse energy are selected. One signal region is established for each production mode of the resonance, either by quark-antiquark or vector boson fusion. For heavy vectorial resonances produced by quark fusion the W and Z bosons are required to carry a substantial fraction of the resonance energy (pWT /mWZ > 0.35 and pZT /mWZ > 0.35)). Events with resonances produced by vector boson fusion are characterised by two jets with a large invariant mass and a large separation in pseudorapidity. Therefore, in the search for this production mode, events are required to have at least two jets with an invariant mass (mj j ) greater than 500 GeV and a separation in pseudorapidity ( ηj j ) of at least | ηj j | > 3.5. In each signal region the distribution of the invariant mass of the WZ system will then be examined to determine the presence or absence of new resonances that manifest themselves as localised excesses in the invariant mass of the diboson system (mWZ). No significant excess was observed in the signal regions. Limits have then been set on the cross section times branching ratio for a heavy vector resonance produced by either quark-antiquark or vector boson fusion. Additionally, limits on the coupling parameters and masses are obtained for a charged Higgs boson in the Georgi-Machacek produced by vector boson fusion. / Les recherches de résonances di-boson constituent un test essentiel des théories de brisure de symétrie électrofaible au-delà du modèle standard (MS). Plusieurs scénarios, comme les théories de grande unification, les modèles Little Higgs, les modèles de Higgs Composés ou celles avec un secteur de Higgs élargi (par example SUSY ou le two-Higgsdoublet model), prédisent des résonances vectorielles ou scalaires. Cette thèse présente une recherche de résonances lourdes se désintégrant en WZ dans le canal leptonique WZ → ℓν ℓℓ (ℓ = e ou μ). Deux modes de production sont considérés : par fusion de quark-antiquark ou par fusion de boson vectoriels. Se basant sur les récentes données recueillies par le détecteur ATLAS lors de collisions pp à 13 TeV au LHC au cours des années 2015 et 2016, avec une luminosité intégrée de 36.1 fb−1, on établira des contraintes sur des modèles allant au-delà du MS de la physique des particules. Puisqu’on considère la désintégration leptonique des bosons WZ, on sélectionne les événements ayant trois leptons et une grande énergie transverse manquante. Des régions de signal sont choisies pour chaque mode de production : fusion par quarks ou par bosons vectoriels. Pour les résonances produites par fusion de quark, on considère des résonances vectorielles lourdes. On sélectionne donc des événements où les bosonW et Z portent une fraction importante de l’énergie de masse de la résonance (pWT /mWZ > 0.35 et pZT /mWZ > 0.35). Les résonances produites par fusion de bosons sont caractérisées par deux jets ayant une grande séparation en pseudorapidité et une grande masse invariante. Pour la région de signal, dans ce cas, on requiert alors au moins deux jets avec une masse invariante supérieure à mj j > 500 GeV et une grande séparation en pseudorapidité | ηj j | > 3.5. Pour les deux régions, la distribution en masse invariante du système WZ sera examinée pour déterminer la présence ou non de nouvelles résonances qui se manifesteraient par un excès localisé. En fin de compte, aucun excès significatif n’a été observé dans les régions de signal, ce qui permet d’établir des limites sur le produit de la section efficace et du rapport d’embranchement d’un boson massif vectoriel dans les deux canaux de production. Des contraintes sont également obtenues sur la masse et le couplage d’un boson de Higgs chargé du modèle Georgi-Machacek, produites par fusion de bosons vectoriels.

Motivated by the sustained interest in Bose Einstein condensates and the recent progress in the understanding of topological phases in condensed matter systems, we study quantum condensates and possible topological phases of bosons in coupled light-matter excitations, so-called polaritons. These bosonic quasi-particles emerge if electronic excitations (excitons) couple strongly to photons. In the first part of this thesis a polariton Bose Einstein condensate in the presence of disorder is investigated. In contrast to the constituents of a conventional condensate, such as cold atoms, polaritons have a finite life time. Then, the losses have to be compensated by continued pumping, and a non-thermal steady state can build up. We discuss how static disorder affects this non-equilibrium condensate, and analyze the stability of the superfluid state against disorder. We find that disorder destroys the quasi-long range order of the condensate wave function, and that the polariton condensate is not a superfluid in the thermodynamic limit, even for weak disorder, although superfluid behavior would persist in small systems. Furthermore, we analyze the far field emission pattern of a polariton condensate in a disorder environment in order to compare directly with experiments. In the second part of this thesis features of polaritons in a two-dimensional quantum spin Hall cavity with time reversal symmetry are discussed. We propose a topological invariant which has a nontrivial value if the quantum spin Hall insulator is topologically nontrivial. Furthermore, we analyze emerging polaritonic edge states, discuss their relation to the underlying electronic structure, and develop an effective edge state model for polaritons.

No description available.

The efficient identification of photons is a crucial aspect in the search for the Higgs boson at ATLAS. With the high luminosity and collision energies provided by the Large Hadron Collider, rejection of backgrounds to photons is of key importance. It is often not feasible to fully simulate background processes that require large numbers of events, due to processing time and disk space constraints. The standard fast simulation program, ATLFAST-I, is able to simulate events ∼1000 times faster than the full simulation program but does not always provide enough detailed information to make accurate background estimates. To bridge the gap, a set of photon reconstruction efficiency parameterisations, for converted and unconverted photons, have been derived from full simulation events and subsequently applied to ATLFAST-I photons. Photon reconstruction efficiencies for isolated photons from fully simulated and ATLFAST-I, plus parameterisations, events are seen to agree within statistical error. A study into a newly proposed Two Higgs Doublet Model channel, gg → H → hh → γγγγ, where the light Higgs (h) boson is fermiophobic, has been investigated. The channel is of particular interest as it exploits the large production cross-section of a heavy Higgs (H) boson via gluon-fusion at the LHC in conjunction with the enhanced branching ratio of a light fermiophobic Higgs (h) boson to a pair of photons. This channel is characterised by a distinct signature of four high pT photons in the final state. Samples of signal events have been generated across the (mh,mH) parameter space along with the dominant backgrounds. An event selection has been developed with the search performed at generator-level. In addition, the search was also performed with simulated ATLFAST-I events utilising the above photon reconstruction efficiency parameterisations. For both analyses, the expected upper limit on the cross-section at 95% confidence level is determined and exclusion regions of the (mh,mH) parameter space are defined for integrated luminosities of 1 f b−1 and 10 f b−1 in seven fermiophobic model benchmarks.