This project focusses on the historic border region of the Himalayas as a central space for negotiations of power and identity in British South Asia. It particularly focusses on the standardization of mapping and surveying practices as socio-technological discourses through the 1840s to the 1920s that lead to the transformation of trans-Himalayan and Tibetan land into British territory that could be invaded, settled, and controlled. With a unique focus on subaltern agents moving through and past the Himalayas, this project writes a history of the transformation of the imaginary of the mountains, from a spatial feature that connected vibrant pre-colonial geographies to a natural resource object and a political border that delineated the limits of imperial territory. While previous scholarship has tended to examine the history of the Tibeto-Himalayan borderlands in the context of its importance to the British Indian, Indian, or Chinese nation-building practices, this project foregrounds the importance of trans-Himalayan connections and exchanges in examining the structural transformation of a region where historical forces simultaneously undermined the power of the British Indian state while reflecting the hegemony of its imperial project. Additionally, this project explores the tensions between the construction of “universal” discourses of empirical scientific practice in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which claimed to orient the practices of geography, cartography and ethnography, and the constraints of the British imperial system predicated on the same coercive technologies to identify territory. The epistemic regime governing the production of geo-knowledge about Tibet and the Himalayas rose out of a series of contestations between the appropriation and rejection of local and indigenous knowledge, networks, and actors. Tracing a near hundred-year arc, I locate geography as a unique facet of colonial modernity that dictated imperial logics of developmentalism at the frontiers of the British empire, thereby demonstrating the birth of modern geography as mired in haphazard expeditions, rather than proceeding from well-defined scientific theory and protocols. This dissertation concentrates on three main aspects to revisit the history of construction of the geo-knowledge of the Tibeto-Himalayan borderlands by focusing on situated actors and connections: the epistemological contributions of native Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese surveyors in the employ of the Survey of India, the mobilization of labor for trans-Himalayan military and surveying expeditions, and the interactions between imperial knowledge productions and “indigenous” modes of spatial thinking as related in Tibetan revelatory guidebooks detailing the space of the Himalayas. Each of these aspects was critical in the re-constitution of the Himalayan mountains as a spatial unit that divided rather than connected political communities on either side.

The thesis is about the programmatic exchange and confluence between production processes, public transportation and people. The proposed intervention would be developed to fit in with the City of Tshwane Spatial development framework and an industracity vision and framework for the location in Pretoria West, developed by the framework group. The new intervention will deal with both production process and public activity in the design of a train station and intermodal freight warehouse. The site location is in Pretoria West, a mixed use suburb with restricted industry, business, retail, flats and single residential areas. The site is the Pretoria West Power Station an intersect fir existing infrastructure and public transportation routes. The aim of the investigation is the integration of public functions with industrial functions in ways that contest monotonous urban environments, preserving the heritage of the site in the outcome. The research questions what can be done to facilitate the return of lost production, increase the interaction of people and processes and address the decaying historical fabric of the Pretoria West Power Station. The study examines the history of production and railway stations, uses descriptive survey methods, precedent studies and architectural and urban theory to inform the intervention. The aim of the design is to transform an industrial site into a vibrant integrated environment, introducing programmes that will attract people , but keep the industrial character intact. The character of the site will be conserved through the introduction of new light industries, keeping the memory of process. The design concept links into the idea of electrical input and output exchanges of a power station. It focuses on the exchanges of energy, physical and visual exchanges between heritage, people and products, service exchanges and exchanges in function between freight and passengers and in context - heritage and production. The design objectives are to extend the railway line as a suspended platform to provide access and exchange for freight and passengers and to depart from the introverted nature of the existing buildings to encourage public interaction with the history of the site and the production processes. The railway track infrastructure will serve multiple purposes. / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

abstract: Niobium is the primary material for fabricating superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. However, presence of impurities and defects degrade the superconducting behavior of niobium twofold, first by nucleating non-superconducting phases and second by increasing the residual surface resistance of cavities. In particular, niobium absorbs hydrogen during cavity fabrication and promotes precipitation of non-superconducting niobium hydride phases. Additionally, magnetic flux trapping at defects leads to a normal conducting (non-superconducting) core which increases surface resistance and negatively affects niobium performance for superconducting applications. However, undelaying mechanisms related to hydride formation and dissolution along with defect interaction with magnetic fields is still unclear. Therefore, this dissertation aims to investigate the role of defects and impurities on functional properties of niobium for SRF cavities using first-principles methods. Here, density functional theory calculations revealed that nitrogen addition suppressed hydrogen absorption interstitially and at grain boundaries, and it also decreased the energetic stability of niobium hydride precipitates present in niobium. Further, hydrogen segregation at the screw dislocation was observed to transform the dislocation core structure and increase the barrier for screw dislocation motion. Valence charge transfer calculations displayed a strong tendency of nitrogen to accumulate charge around itself, thereby decreasing the strength of covalent bonds between niobium and hydrogen leading to a very unstable state for interstitial hydrogen and hydrides. Thus, presence of nitrogen during processing plays a critical role in controlling hydride precipitation and subsequent SRF properties. First-principles methods were further implemented to gain a theoretical perspective about the experimental observations that lattice defects are effective at trapping magnetic flux in high-purity superconducting niobium. Full-potential linear augmented plane-wave methods were used to analyze the effects of magnetic field on the superconducting state surrounding these defects. A considerable amount of trapped flux was obtained at the dislocation core and grain boundaries which can be attributed to significantly different electronic structure of defects as compared to bulk niobium. Electron redistribution at defects enhances non-paramagnetic effects that perturb superconductivity, resulting in local conditions suitable for flux trapping. Therefore, controlling accumulation or depletion of charge at the defects could mitigate these tendencies and aid in improving superconductive behavior of niobium. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2019

Cette thèse aborde les mots "cuico" et "flaite" comme des catégories qui sont devenues fondamentales dans la représentation des classes sociales aujourd’hui au Chili. Fruits à la fois de transformations sociales et culturelles récentes, et héritières de rapports historiques qui ont été tissés entre les différents groupes qui composent notre société, ces deux catégories expriment dans un langage courant et informel la méfiance qu’il existe de nos jours entre les classes sociales dans le pays. Constituant toutes les deux des catégories péjoratives, cuico, associée à la classe supérieure, et flaite, associée aux classes populaires dangereuses, servent non seulement à identifier des groupes reconnus comme différents et spécifiques en ce moment dans la société chilienne, mais aussi à tracer des frontières morales entre les groupes. Elles rendent compte ainsi de l’importance du langage moral lorsqu’on parle des classes sociales aujourd’hui au Chili. / This thesis addresses the terms cuico and flaite as categories that have become fundamental in the representation of social classes in Chile today. They are the result of the recent social and cultural transformations and the historical reports that have been woven between groups that compose our society. These two categories express in a language both common and informal the mistrust that exists these days between social classes. Both constituting pejorative categories, cuico, associated to the upper class, and flaite, associated with dangerous popular classes, serve not only to identify this different and specific groups in this moment in Chilean society, but also to trace moral boundaries between the two. They account for the importance of moral language when speaking of social classes in Chile today.

Traditional historiographic research is challenged by the very nature of post-modernism which, in terms of one of its less radical viewpoints, views history not so much as truth-seeking, nor objective activity, but rather re-interpreting it as story-telling and as history reflective of itself -an approach which have determined the nature and style of this study. The study was prompted firstly by my exposure to the legacy of apartheid with regards to land and past planning policies while working at the Department of Land Affairs, and secondly by my personal involvement in Hammanskraai/Temba. The latter straddles the border of a former homeland, formed part of the previous governments' border industry programme, suffers tenure problems on land-ownership issues and is bisected by two present provincial boundaries. For a long time to come Hammanskraai/Temba will struggle to overcome results of modernistic grand apartheid policies as reflected in gross inequalities, uncertainty and the like. The aim of this study was therefore to form an understanding of the grand generalising and local narratives regarding borders, boundaries and barriers in the Hammanskraai/Temba area, as well as the influence of the discourses of development intent on the area and its people. In order to address the issues it was necessary to deconstruct the discourses in development intent that affected the Hammanskraai/Temba area, and to tell the respective role players' stories of the shaping of borders, boundaries and barriers in the area, as well as to play off the various discourses in grand, local and expressive narratives, as it is still unfolding. Instead of giving an 'all encompassing truth' or deliberately simplifying the 'story' in order to fit into a logical, chronological structure (arguing 'modernisticly', so that the reader cannot do otherwise than to agree with the argument), I rather opted towards telling some of the stories reflecting on various experiences regarding borders, boundaries and barriers in the area. There are stories of artificial boundaries, of racists and capitalists, of land and tenure, of division, separation, independence and later integration, of reserves and their underdevelopment, of people suffering and struggling, and of unviable towns and demarcations. In these stories the immense influence and effect of policies and development intent on peoples lives, as well as on the physical, social and economical environment, are illustrated. However, the stories illustrate that not only were complicated barriers created, but also how in some cases, they were perpetuated and enhanced. The value of this historical narrative, lies in the way it makes sense of events, actions and experiences, bringing forward stories that 'deserve to be told', thus opening up a new way of looking at planning and planning history. It illustrates the complexity and intriguing relationships and problems of an area influenced by a magnitude of modernistic planning policies and actions, casting a glimpse on the effect of borders, boundaries and barriers on the lives of those who have to live with it, cross it, or in the worst instances, struggle against it - somehow always with a glimmer of hope. / Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 1997. / gm2014 / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

There is a wide range of factors that impact the balance between vertical acquisitions and strategic outsourcing, which not only can be explained in terms of efficiency. These factors are multi-layered and can be found in the individuals who set the strategy, the organizations as a whole, and also the environment in which they operate, which has shown to be dynamic. Depending on the vertical integration strategy of firms, the concept of organizational boundaries are applied very differently. Numerous organizational boundaries expand and contract when a company vertically integrates with an acquisition or when non-integrating by strategically outsourcing tasks along the value-chain.

This paper deals with an idea of boundaries that christians and non-christians construct and the way these boundaries emerge and reproduce. Based on the analysis of twelve in-depth interviews, I show that the concept of moral boundaries is relevant for the relationship between christians and non-christians. Although many emphasize tolerance and understanding, they define themselves as opposed to each other in many ways. Christians consider God's commandments to be the source of morality, non-christians think it is rooted in people themselves. Christians consider relationship with God, love and good christian life to be the highest values and they think non-christians prefer money, health and family. Those admit these values, but they emphasize that being christian does not automatically mean being a good person. As a respond to today's situation, I analyze creating social distance and symbolic boundaries against ethnic and national minorities. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Speakers break their otherwise continuous speech stream into meaningful segments, the edges of which are marked by audible cues such as pauses, rate changes and pitch movement. Prosodic boundaries, as these segment edges and the cues marking them are known, play a role critical to language processing and spoken language acquisition. While great progress has been made in quantifying the complicated range of acoustic cues that mark boundaries, little is understood about the cognitive processes by which these cues guide linguistic interpretation. Further, while prosodic boundary measures typically treat critical cues from pitch and timing independently, evidence suggests that pitch and timing are perceptually interdependent. In fact, pitch factors may at times distort perceived duration. This dissertation presents 3 pairs of perception experiments investigating pitch-­time interaction, including putative distortion of perceived duration from dynamic pitch and cross-‑silence pitch jumps (i.e., the kappa effect). Each pair uses the same set of stimuli, resynthesized with crossed continua of pitch and timing manipulations, in two different tasks: one psychoacoustic judgment of duration, and one of linguistic interpretation. Results suggest that perceptual interaction of major cues from timing (preboundary lengthening and pauses) and pitch (edge tones and reset) can be analyzed as reflecting gestalt-­like grouping principles (proximity, similarity and continuity) that have been shown to play a role in perceptual grouping in other cognitive domains, including vision and non-speech auditory perception. In addition to these potentially more cognitive­‐general principles, a new role is introduced for learned and potentially language-­specific patterns to prosodic grouping, in particular intonational schemas, i.e., recognizable cross-­phrase pitch patterns. Beyond this, results also support the hypothesis that perceived grouping is the driving force behind several types of pitch­based auditory illusions, including the auditory kappa effect. This dissertation offers insights into why prosodic boundaries are expressed with the particular pitch and timing cues that are common cross-­linguistically. While much language form is arbitrary, the expression of grouping by way of acoustic cues appears to be much less so. This research has potential toexplain the perceptual foundations of boundary cues, and therefore the cross-­linguistic similarities of prosodic grouping cues.

Climate change was the most covered issue in the media in Sweden during 2019 and the use of terms such as “climate emergency” and “climate crisis” increased significantly (Vi-skogen, 2020). These developments and the climate issue pose questions of future practices and purpose of journalism and therefore also its professional boundaries, not the least towards other social actors and institutions. This study focuses on journalists professional boundaries with their sources, specifically non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Environmental NGOs play an important role in climate- and international politics, such as for instance in the setting of United Nations’ climate summits (COPs), and are themselves engaged in producing public information (Powers, 2015b; Wozniak et al. 2017). The study therefore explores journalists’ conceptions of NGOs for climate journalism and these organizations’ roles in the climate reporting during COP25 in Madrid. It uses a theory of boundary work in journalism and applies a methodology of online interviews with journalists from Swedish national news organizations and with two representatives from environmental NGOs based in Sweden. The findings demonstrate four overlapping roles of NGOs in climate journalism based on the practices and views of the participating journalists: dependency; established source; partnering watchdog; and agenda-driven player. It further concludes that the climate issue and COP25 offer a context for blurred boundaries between the two actors, however, it is limited as journalists maintain control over NGOs’ participation in the news making process.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur fastighetsgränser markerats ur ett historiskt perspektiv. Detta är en kunskap som är nödvändig då en mätingenjör gör utsökning av gränsmarkeringar i fält och gränsutvisning av fastighetsgräns.Studien syftar även till att belysa de svårigheter mätingenjörer kan möta vid gränsutvisning samt hur arbetet bör planeras. Arbetet är avgränsat till att endast gälla fyra fastigheter i ett utvalt område i Värmland. Genom inmätning och gränsutvisning av gränsmarkeringar med GNSS mottagare och nätverks-RTK där resultatet sedan jämfördes med motsvarande gränsmarkeringar iregisterkartan. I studien ingår även en litteraturöversikt över fastigheters tillkomst genom historien och fastighetsreformer samt fastighetsbildningsåtgärder, detta för att ge en förståelse för fastighetsgränsers uppkomst och dess betydelse för gränsmarkeringar. En översikt över fastighetsgränser, hur de markerats och hävdas. Fallstudien belyser mätingenjörens arbetsgång vid gränsutvisning. Arbetsgången innehåller arkivutredning, gränsutsökning och gränsgång. Arkivutredningen av de fyra fastigheterna visar gränser från storskifte och laga skifte samt fastighetsbildningsåtgärder som hemmansklyvning, avsöndring och ägostyckning. Vid gränsutvisning och gränsutsökning återfanns 31 änd- och brytpunkter längsde olika fastighetsgränserna. De markeringstyper som återfanns var 15 råstenaroch åtta rör i mark övriga var gränshävd.Medelvärde på den beräknade radiella avvikelsen i tätort i fallstudien är 0,17 meter medan avvikelsen på landsbygd är mellan 5,27 och 4,03 meter. Slutsatsenav fallstudien är att registerkartans avvikelser inom studieområde har ett medelvärde på runt fem meter och att skillnaderna är stora. / The study aims to investigate the knowledge a surveyor needs before border expulsion. The study contains a literature review addressing how property boundary are marked from a historical perspective. The aim is to highlight the difficulties that the surveyor may encounter working with border expulsion. This study is limited to four properties in one selected area in Värmland. The problem this study addressing is relevant because this service has been excluded from Lantmäteriet that oversees the cadastre system in Sweden. The result is a gap that need to be meet when many property owners are unsure of their property boundaries. By measuring and delineating boundary markings with GNSS receivers and network RTK where the result was then compared with corresponding boundary markings in the register map. The study also provides a literature review to give an understanding of the origin of property boundaries and their importance for property boundary. An overview of property boundaries, how they are marked and maintained. The case study sheds light on the surveyor's work process at border expulsion. The workflow includes among other archive investigation and border search. At border expulsion and border search, 31 end- and break points were found along the selected property boundaries. The mean value of the calculated radial deviation in urban areas in the case study was 0.17 meters, while in the countryside the mean value of the calculated radial deviation was between 5.27 and 4.03 meters. The study shows that the register map in this area in Värmland has an average of deviations of around five meters.