During the lift-off of a launch vehicle, the acoustic pressure fluctuations caused by the engine exhaust gases produce high noise levels inside the cavity of the fairing and can damage the payload inside the fairing. Hence reducing the noise transmitted into the payload bay is an important area of research. Work presented in this thesis investigates the external acoustic pressure excitations on the fairing of a launch vehicle during the lift-off acoustic environment. In particular, it investigates the external sound pressure levels in the low frequency range from 50Hz to 400Hz, on the fairing during the lift-off of a launch vehicle. This study establishes theoretical and numerical models for the prediction of external sound pressure loading on composite structures representing launch vehicles, such as a large composite cylinder referred to as a Boeing cylinder and a Representative Small Launch Vehicle Fairing (RSLVF). To predict the external sound pressure loading, various incident wave conditions were investigated, including incident plane waves, oblique plane waves and oblique plane waves with random phases that strike the circumference of the composite structures. For the theoretical model, both the incident and scattered sound pressure fields due to incident plane waves; perpendicular to an idealised long cylinder were investigated. The results show that the scattered sound pressure field plays a major role in determining the total circumferential sound pressure field at the surface of the cylinder and cannot be ignored for the launch case. The theoretical model was developed further for a point source, line source and oblique incident waves, and modified to determine the incident, scattered and total sound pressure fields away from the cylinder. The approach developed overcomes some limitations of previous analytical derivations. An experiment was undertaken to determine the sound pressure patterns at the surface of a cylinder at various frequencies due to a point source positioned at a finite distance from the cylinder surface. The experimental work confirmed the accuracy of the theoretical model for a point source at a finite distance from the cylinder. The Boundary Element Method (BEM), approach was used for the numerical investigation of the acoustic loadings. The numerical analysis was developed for various acoustic loading conditions and verified with the theoretical results, which showed that the numerical and theoretical models agree well. Both models were extended to a Boeing composite cylinder and an RSLVF for various acoustic loading conditions. The complex acoustic environment generated during the lift-off of a launch vehicle was investigated and used as a basis for the acoustic loading on an RSLVF. To predict the acoustic excitations on an RSLVF, two different source allocation techniques were investigated, which considered acoustic sources along the rocket engine exhaust flow. The investigations were conducted both numerically and analytically. Both results agree well and show that it is possible to predict the acoustic loads on the fairing numerically and analytically. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1347443 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2008

We present the application of the boundary integral equation method for solving the motion of biological cell or particle under Stokes flow in the presence of electrostatic field. The huge dense matrix-vector product from the boundary integral method poses a computationally challenging problem for solving the large system of equations generated. In our work, we used the precorrected-FFT (pFFT) method to reduce the computational time and memory usage drastically, so that large scale simulations can be performed quickly on a personal computer. Results on the force field acting on the particle, as well as the behavior of the particle through cell trap are presented. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Method of Moments (MoM) is routinely used for the numerical solution of electromagnetic surface integral equations. Solution errors are inherent to any numerical computational method, and error estimators can be effectively employed to reduce and control these errors. In this thesis, gradient recovery techniques of the Finite Element Method (FEM) are formulated within the MoM context, in order to recover a higher-order charge of a Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) MoM solution. Furthermore, a new recovery procedure, based specifically on the properties of the RWG basis functions, is introduced by the author. These recovered charge distributions are used for a posteriori error estimation of the charge. It was found that the newly proposed charge recovery method has the highest accuracy of the considered recovery methods, and is the most suited for applications within recovery based error estimation. In addition to charge recovery, the possibility of recovery procedures for the MoM solution current are also investigated. A technique is explored whereby a recovered charge is used to find a higher-order divergent current representation. Two newly developed methods for the subsequent recovery of the solenoidal current component, as contained in the RWG solution current, are also introduced by the author. A posteriori error estimation of the MoM current is accomplished through the use of the recovered current distributions. A mixed second-order recovered current, based on a vector recovery procedure, was found to produce the most accurate results. The error estimation techniques developed in this thesis could be incorporated into an adaptive solver scheme to optimise the solution accuracy relative to the computational cost. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Moment Metode (MoM) vind algemene toepassing in die numeriese oplossing van elektromagnetiese oppervlak integraalvergelykings. Numeriese foute is inherent tot die prosedure: foutberamingstegnieke is dus nodig om die betrokke foute te analiseer en te reduseer. Gradiënt verhalingstegnieke van die Eindige Element Metode word in hierdie tesis in die MoM konteks geformuleer. Hierdie tegnieke word ingespan om die oppervlaklading van 'n Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) MoM oplossing na 'n verbeterde hoër-orde voorstelling te neem. Verder is 'n nuwe lading verhalingstegniek deur die outeur voorgestel wat spesifiek op die eienskappe van die RWG basis funksies gebaseer is. Die verhaalde ladingsverspreidings is geïmplementeer in a posteriori fout beraming van die lading. Die nuut voorgestelde tegniek het die akkuraatste resultate gelewer, uit die groep verhalingstegnieke wat ondersoek is. Addisioneel tot ladingsverhaling, is die moontlikheid van MoM-stroom verhalingstegnieke ook ondersoek. 'n Metode vir die verhaling van 'n hoër-orde divergente stroom komponent, gebaseer op die verhaalde lading, is geïmplementeer. Verder is twee nuwe metodes vir die verhaling van die solenodiale komponent van die RWG stroom deur die outeur voorgestel. A posteriori foutberaming van die MoM-stroom is met behulp van die verhaalde stroom verspreidings gerealiseer, en daar is gevind dat 'n gemengde tweede-orde verhaalde stroom, gebaseer op 'n vektor metode, die beste resultate lewer. Die foutberamingstegnieke wat in hierdie tesis ondersoek is, kan in 'n aanpasbare skema opgeneem word om die akkuraatheid van 'n numeriese oplossing, relatief tot die berekeningskoste, te optimeer.

Este trabalho apresenta a formulação e implementação numérica do método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) para elasticidade linear tri-dimensional, com avaliação direta das integrais fracamente e fortemente singulares. A implementação segue a formulação tradicional do MEC direto, e a discretização do contorno das variáveis do problema é realizada com elementos descontínuos, permitindo o uso de malhas desconectadas ao longo das superfícies. O cálculo das integrais singulares é realizado através do uso de expansões assintóticas calculadas em torno de um ponto singular genérico. As expressões analíticas destas expansões são apresentadas no trabalho. Estas expansões serão subtraídas do núcleo original regularizando-o e a parte singular é integrada analiticamente, restando apenas uma integral regular, tornando ambas as integrais possíveis de serem calculadas com quadraturas de Gauss. É concluído que o presente método requer menos pontos de integração para o mesmo nível de erro quando comparado com outras técnicas. Alguns casos de elasticidade são resolvidos para ilustrar a eficiência e precisão do método. / This work presents the formulation and implementation of the boundary element method (BEM) to three dimensional linear elastostatics, with the direct evaluation of the strongly singular integral equations. The implementation follows the traditional direct BEM formulation, and the discretization of the boundary is carried out with discontinuous elements, enabling the use of disconnected meshes along the surfaces. The computation of the singular integral equations is accomplished by using the asymptotic expansions derived around a generic singular point. The analytical expressions for these expansions are presented in this work. The expansions are subtracted from the kernel to regularize it. This subtracted part is then added by computing a regular line integral along the boundary of the element. Both the integrals can be calculated with Gauss-type quadratures. It's observed that the present method needs less integration points for the same level of error when compared with other techniques. Several elasticity benchmarks are solved to demonstrate the eficiency and the accuracy of the present method.

Este trabalho apresenta a formulação e implementação numérica do método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) para elasticidade linear tri-dimensional, com avaliação direta das integrais fracamente e fortemente singulares. A implementação segue a formulação tradicional do MEC direto, e a discretização do contorno das variáveis do problema é realizada com elementos descontínuos, permitindo o uso de malhas desconectadas ao longo das superfícies. O cálculo das integrais singulares é realizado através do uso de expansões assintóticas calculadas em torno de um ponto singular genérico. As expressões analíticas destas expansões são apresentadas no trabalho. Estas expansões serão subtraídas do núcleo original regularizando-o e a parte singular é integrada analiticamente, restando apenas uma integral regular, tornando ambas as integrais possíveis de serem calculadas com quadraturas de Gauss. É concluído que o presente método requer menos pontos de integração para o mesmo nível de erro quando comparado com outras técnicas. Alguns casos de elasticidade são resolvidos para ilustrar a eficiência e precisão do método. / This work presents the formulation and implementation of the boundary element method (BEM) to three dimensional linear elastostatics, with the direct evaluation of the strongly singular integral equations. The implementation follows the traditional direct BEM formulation, and the discretization of the boundary is carried out with discontinuous elements, enabling the use of disconnected meshes along the surfaces. The computation of the singular integral equations is accomplished by using the asymptotic expansions derived around a generic singular point. The analytical expressions for these expansions are presented in this work. The expansions are subtracted from the kernel to regularize it. This subtracted part is then added by computing a regular line integral along the boundary of the element. Both the integrals can be calculated with Gauss-type quadratures. It's observed that the present method needs less integration points for the same level of error when compared with other techniques. Several elasticity benchmarks are solved to demonstrate the eficiency and the accuracy of the present method.

Desenvolvem-se a formulação do Método dos Elementos de Contorno e correspondente algoritmo (para implementação em microcomputador) para a análise de propagação de fraturas em domínios bidimensionais. São utilizados elementos lineares isoparamétricos, tanto para discretizar o contorno quanto para simular a fratura. Os elementos de fratura são descontínuos. A formulação é baseada em equações integrais de tensões e de deslocamentos, onde o termo que considera tensões iniciais concentradas na linha de fratura é formulado a partir da definição de dipolos. O critério adotado é o modelo de fratura coesiva. Os termos singulares e hiper-singulares da formulação são tratados analiticamente e os termos quase-singulares são calculados através de um esquema numérico baseado na utilização de sub-elementos. Os valores dos dipolos são estimados ponto a ponto. Ao longo das fraturas, o valor máximo da tensão normal de tração permite definir novos elementos. As tensões de cisalhamento são removidas para manter a direção principal durante o processo. / The Boundary Element Method formulation and corresponding algorithrn (for microcomputer implementation) are developed for crack growth analysis in two-dimensional domains. Linear isoparametric elements are used to discretize both boundary and crack path. Fracture elements are assumed to be discontinuous. The formulation is based on stress and displacement integral equations, where the term that takes into account initial stresses concentrated along fracture line is formulated from dipoles definition. The coesive fracture rnodel is the criterium adopted. Singular and hipersingular formulation terms are anallitically treated and quasi-singular terms are computed by a numerical scheme based on element subdivision. Dipole values are estirnated point by point. Along fractures, the maximum normal tensile strenght is used to define new elements. Shear stresses are also removed to maintain the principal direction during the process.

Este trabalho trata da formulação do método dos elementos de contorno para a análise não linear de pavimentos de concreto armado. A teoria utilizada é a de Reissner, que mostrou-se eficiente tanto para placas esbeltas quanto para as moderadamente espessas. Considera-se a ocorrência de cargas concentradas, distribuídas em sub-regiões da placa e em linha. Admite-se também a possibilidade de um campo de momentos iniciais, que viabiliza o estudo da não linearidade física nos problemas. Foram utilizados campos de momentos iniciais aplicados apenas em pontos internos ao domínio. As integrais que envolvem as células de domínio foram modificadas, eliminando-se os núcleos complexos e as aproximações através de séries. Foi desenvolvida uma formulação para a análise de placas vinculadas a estruturas quaisquer em seu domínio, com o uso de cargas aplicadas incógnitas atuando como enrijecedores. O acoplamento MEC/MEF foi empregado utilizando-se modelos simples, porém robustos. O sistema de equações algébricas foi otimizado com a utilização da técnica dos mínimos quadrados. O concreto foi modelado adotando-se o modelo de dano de Mazars; para as armaduras um modelo elastoplástico uniaxial com endurecimento isótropo. A análise não linear do problema é efetuada utilizando-se procedimento incremental-iterativo. São apresentados alguns exemplos simples que mostram a precisão da técnica usada. / This work refers to the formulation of the boundary element method for non-linear analysis of building floor structures. The plate bending theory adopted to develop the work wad due to Reissner, which has demonstrated to be efficient for thick, moderated thick and thin plates. The kinds of load applied on the plate medium surface have been taken into account: concentrated loading, distributed over sub-domains; distributed along internal lines. The presence of initial moment fields convenient to model temperature effects and to be used to build up non-linear solutions has also been considered in the formulation. The domain integrals containing complex kernels to take into account the initial moment field influences were modified by introducing their primitive functions, avoiding therefore using series expansions. To integrate the initial moments fields only approximations based on internal nodal points were used. The resulting cell integrals have been transformed to the cell boundary which results into regular integral only. A boundary element formulation to treat structural system defined by combining plates with other structural element was developed, using interface force as unknowns. The BEM/FEM coupling developed to treat this case is simple but robust; only displacements have been coupled avoiding important singularities that may happen when coupling rotations. The resulting system of algebraic equations has been regularized by using the least square method. The concrete material was modeled by using the Mazar\'s damage model, while the steel reinforcement was assumed to behave as elastoplastic material with isotropic hardening. Finally, some examples are shown to illustrate the accuracy of the presented formulation and the numerical schemes proposed in this work.

Neste trabalho a formulação direta do Método dos Elementos de Contorno é utilizada para o estudo da interação de placas com o meio contínuo. O solo, considerado como um meio contínuo, tem a sua reação representada pelo acréscimo de uma integral de domínio nas equações integrais usuais de placas. Essa integral de domínio é tratada utilizando-se células internas, o processo da reciprocidade dual e uma formulação alternativa. Inicialmente a reação do solo é aproximada utilizando-se a teoria de Winkler. Em seguida, o solo é considerado como sendo um sólido tridimensional elástico de domínio semi-infinito, e analisado pelo Método dos Elementos de Contorno utilizando-se as soluções fundamentais de Boussinesq-Cerruti e Mindlin, neste caso a interação entre a placa e o solo, é feita impondo-se o equilíbrio dos esforços e a compatibilidade de deslocamentos transversais, em todos os pontos da interface. Adotando-se um critério de plastificação simples e bilinear, é considerada a não-Iinearidade da reação do solo. Em cada caso, são apresentadas aplicações numéricas utilizando-se as três formulações, cujos resultados são comparados entre si e com valores teóricos, mostrando a eficiência das mesmas. / In this work the direct formulation of Boundary Element Method is adopted to study interaction of plates in bending with the continuum medium. The soil material, assumed as a continuum medium, applies on the plate surface what is represented in the usual integral equations by a domain integral. That domain integral is treated by approaching the subgrade reaction using cells, the dual reciprocity method or an alternative procedure. Initially, the reaction of soil is given by assuming the Winkler\'s theory. Then, the soil is assumed as a semi-infinite three-dimensional elastic solid for which the Boundary Element Method is applied using the Boussineq-Cerruti and Mindlin\'s fundamental solutions. In this case, the interaction of the plate with the soil is made by enforcing displacement compatibility and equilibrium at all interface points define by the plate surface discretization. Non-linear behaviour is also assumed to govern the interaction reaction between plate and the soil medium. For that, a simple non symmetric stress-strain curve is taken to represent the elastoplastic responses. In each case, numerical examples, using the three subgrade reaction approximations discussed here, are shown to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed models.

Este trabalho trata da análise de problemas planos de chapa compostos por materiais anisotrópicos, definidas em uma região ou no domínio por completo, utilizando-se o método dos elementos de contorno. As soluções fundamentais para problemas anisotrópicos, embora existentes, mostram-se difíceis de serem utilizadas devido à complexidade de sua formulação matemática ou da necessidade de se encontrar partes da solução numericamente. Nesse sentido, a formulação alternativa mostrada nesse trabalho permite o estudo de meios anisotrópicos utilizando-se as soluções fundamentais para meios isotrópicos nas representações integrais de problemas planos com campo de tensões iniciais. A região do domínio com propriedades anisotrópicas ou diferentes das propriedades elásticas de um meio isotrópico usado como referência é discretizada em células triangulares, enquanto que o contorno do problema é discretizado em elementos lineares. As componentes do tensor de tensões iniciais da região anisotrópica são definidas como uma correção das tensões elásticas do material isotrópico de referência através de uma matriz de penalização. Essa matriz, por sua vez, é obtida através de relações envolvendo as constantes elásticas de rigidez do meio desejado e os coeficientes elásticos de flexibilidade do meio isotrópico de referência. Essa técnica é particularmente adequada para a análise de inclusões anisotrópicas onde há a necessidade de discretizar apenas uma parte pequena do domínio, aumentando, portanto, pouco o número de graus de liberdade do sistema. Os resultados obtidos com a formulação proposta são comparados com os resultados numéricos existentes na literatura. / This work deals with elastic 2D problems characterized by the presence of zones with different materials and anisotropic inclusions using the boundary element method. The anisotropy can be assumed either over the whole domain or defined only over some particular inclusions, which is the most usual case. Fundamental solutions for anisotropic domains, although well-known, lead to more complex formulations and may introduce difficulties when the analysis requires more complex material models as for instance plastic behavior, finite deformations, etc. The alternative formulation proposed in this work can be applied to anisotropic bodies using the classical fundamental solutions for 2D elastic isotropic domains plus correction given by an initial stress field. The domain region with anisotropic properties or only with different isotropic elastic parameters has to be discretized into cells to allow the required corrections, while the complementary part of the body requires only boundary discretization. The initial stress tensor to be applied to the anisiotropic region is defined as the isotropic material elastic stress tensor correction by introducing a local penalty matrix. This matrix is obtained by the difference between the elastic parameters between the reference values and the anisotropic material. This technique is particularly appropriate for anisotropic inclusion analysis, in which the domain discretization is required only over a small region, therefore increasing very little the number of degrees of freedom of the final algebraic system. The numerical results obtained by using the proposed formulation have demonstrated to be very accurate in comparison with either analytical solutions or the other numerical values.

Este trabalho apresenta a formulação e implementação numérica do método dos elementos de contorno (MEC) para elasticidade linear tri-dimensional, com avaliação direta das integrais fracamente e fortemente singulares. A implementação segue a formulação tradicional do MEC direto, e a discretização do contorno das variáveis do problema é realizada com elementos descontínuos, permitindo o uso de malhas desconectadas ao longo das superfícies. O cálculo das integrais singulares é realizado através do uso de expansões assintóticas calculadas em torno de um ponto singular genérico. As expressões analíticas destas expansões são apresentadas no trabalho. Estas expansões serão subtraídas do núcleo original regularizando-o e a parte singular é integrada analiticamente, restando apenas uma integral regular, tornando ambas as integrais possíveis de serem calculadas com quadraturas de Gauss. É concluído que o presente método requer menos pontos de integração para o mesmo nível de erro quando comparado com outras técnicas. Alguns casos de elasticidade são resolvidos para ilustrar a eficiência e precisão do método. / This work presents the formulation and implementation of the boundary element method (BEM) to three dimensional linear elastostatics, with the direct evaluation of the strongly singular integral equations. The implementation follows the traditional direct BEM formulation, and the discretization of the boundary is carried out with discontinuous elements, enabling the use of disconnected meshes along the surfaces. The computation of the singular integral equations is accomplished by using the asymptotic expansions derived around a generic singular point. The analytical expressions for these expansions are presented in this work. The expansions are subtracted from the kernel to regularize it. This subtracted part is then added by computing a regular line integral along the boundary of the element. Both the integrals can be calculated with Gauss-type quadratures. It's observed that the present method needs less integration points for the same level of error when compared with other techniques. Several elasticity benchmarks are solved to demonstrate the eficiency and the accuracy of the present method.