Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barra_bn_me_bauru.pdf: 3958792 bytes, checksum: ae72a72eb4a06ae0fd87c7806e05b455 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a inserção da variável ambiental no comércio internacional, as negociações adquirem novo parâmetro de competitividade, pois as organizações reguladoras do comércio mundial buscam, por meio da rotulagem ambiental, minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ambiente, decorrentes das atividades produtivas. Neste sentido, os rótulos ambientais vêm informar aos consumidores as boas práticas produtivas empregadas pelos fabricantes para que possam tomar decisões conscientes no ato da compra. O Brasil, um dos maiores exportadores de couro, contempla para sua produção as atividades de cria, recria e engorda e, devido à demanda internacional pela carne, o setor da pecuária nacional avança suas fronteiras para implantação de novas pastagens. Esse fato, aliado ao manejo inadequado do rebanho, à liberação de efluentes e às emissões atmosféricas durante seu processamento, agravam os impactos ambientais Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo averiguar se os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados, que possuem critérios instituídos para o couro bovino, contemplam os princípios das normas, em especial, os princípios das normas, em especial, os principais aspectos do ciclo de vida do couro. Neste contexto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, que identificou o programa Nordic Swan como sendo o mais completo por abranger um número maior de requisitos para o couro. Entretanto, constatou-se ainda que, os programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados não contemplam a totalidade do ciclo de vida deste material e, desta forma desprezam diversos impactos ambientais relacionados à sua produção. Assim, com base nos objetivos propostos verifica-se que os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental se mostram deficientes, visto que, ao abordar o ciclo de vida de forma parcial, seus produtos rotulados não cumprem o objetivo de informar, ao consumidor, os efeitos nocivos da produção de couro. / With the insertion of the environmental factor in international trade, negotiations acquire new competitiveness parameter, for the world trade regulary organizations seek, through environmental labelling, minimize the adverse effects to the environment, caused by productive activities. In this sense, environmental labels come to inform consumers the good productive practices employed by manufacturers, so they can take aware decisions in the act of purchasing. Brazil, one of the largest leather exporters, contemplates for its production, the activities of breeding, restocking and fatterning and, due to the international demand for meat, the sector of national catle-breeding puts its borders for the establishment of new pastures. This fact, allied to the cattle inadequate management, the effluents releasing and the atmospheric emissions during is processing, increases the environmental impacts. Facing this scenario, this research aims to investigate whether the five environmental labelling programs studied, which have established criteria for the cowhide, include the principles of standards, in particular the main aspects of the life cycle of the leather. In this context, an exploratory research was accomplished, which identified the Nordic Swan program as being the most comprehensive by covering a larger number of requirements for the leather. However, it was still observed that the environmental labelling programs studied do not cover the entire life cycle of this material and thus they despise several environmental impacts related to its production. Thus, based on the objectives it is proposed that the five programs of environmental labelling is shown disabled because, in addressing the life cycle in part, labeled their products do not meet the objective of informing, the consumer, the harmfull effects the production of leather.

Resumo: Com a inserção da variável ambiental no comércio internacional, as negociações adquirem novo parâmetro de competitividade, pois as organizações reguladoras do comércio mundial buscam, por meio da rotulagem ambiental, minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ambiente, decorrentes das atividades produtivas. Neste sentido, os rótulos ambientais vêm informar aos consumidores as boas práticas produtivas empregadas pelos fabricantes para que possam tomar decisões conscientes no ato da compra. O Brasil, um dos maiores exportadores de couro, contempla para sua produção as atividades de cria, recria e engorda e, devido à demanda internacional pela carne, o setor da pecuária nacional avança suas fronteiras para implantação de novas pastagens. Esse fato, aliado ao manejo inadequado do rebanho, à liberação de efluentes e às emissões atmosféricas durante seu processamento, agravam os impactos ambientais Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo averiguar se os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados, que possuem critérios instituídos para o couro bovino, contemplam os princípios das normas, em especial, os princípios das normas, em especial, os principais aspectos do ciclo de vida do couro. Neste contexto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, que identificou o programa Nordic Swan como sendo o mais completo por abranger um número maior de requisitos para o couro. Entretanto, constatou-se ainda que, os programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados não contemplam a totalidade do ciclo de vida deste material e, desta forma desprezam diversos impactos ambientais relacionados à sua produção. Assim, com base nos objetivos propostos verifica-se que os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental se mostram deficientes, visto que, ao abordar o ciclo de vida de forma parcial, seus produtos rotulados não cumprem o objetivo de informar, ao consumidor, os efeitos nocivos da produção de couro. / Abstract: With the insertion of the environmental factor in international trade, negotiations acquire new competitiveness parameter, for the world trade regulary organizations seek, through environmental labelling, minimize the adverse effects to the environment, caused by productive activities. In this sense, environmental labels come to inform consumers the good productive practices employed by manufacturers, so they can take aware decisions in the act of purchasing. Brazil, one of the largest leather exporters, contemplates for its production, the activities of breeding, restocking and fatterning and, due to the international demand for meat, the sector of national catle-breeding puts its borders for the establishment of new pastures. This fact, allied to the cattle inadequate management, the effluents releasing and the atmospheric emissions during is processing, increases the environmental impacts. Facing this scenario, this research aims to investigate whether the five environmental labelling programs studied, which have established criteria for the cowhide, include the principles of standards, in particular the main aspects of the life cycle of the leather. In this context, an exploratory research was accomplished, which identified the Nordic Swan program as being the most comprehensive by covering a larger number of requirements for the leather. However, it was still observed that the environmental labelling programs studied do not cover the entire life cycle of this material and thus they despise several environmental impacts related to its production. Thus, based on the objectives it is proposed that the five programs of environmental labelling is shown disabled because, in addressing the life cycle in part, labeled their products do not meet the objective of informing, the consumer, the harmfull effects the production of leather. / Orientador: Adilson Renofio / Coorientador: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle / Banca: Otávio José de Oliveira / Banca: Aldo Roberto Ometto / Mestre

This report covers a preliminary life cycle assessment (LCA) on imitation leather made from hemp fiber (hemp leather) and a comparison to bovine leather, to examine whether hemp leather is an environmentally sustainable alternative. The bovine leather industry is responsible for heavy chemical use and emissions, detrimental effects to the environment as well as to human health. The United Nations (UN) and other organizations call for immediate action against the animal product industry sector to greatly reduce emissions and protect the environment. Hemp is a versatile plant that can be used for many things, including paper, composites, textiles, food and medicine, and is probably a suitable material for imitation leather. The hemp plant requires little inputs, grows fast and without pesticides, has positive effects on the environment and can be cultivated on every inhabited continent. The preliminary LCA was based on a patent describing the manufacturing process of hemp leather completed with data from literature and a few assumptions made. LCA-results for bovine leather were collected from literature and the two leather fabrics were then compared. The comparison showed that hemp leather is superior to bovine leather in all compared categories except for water consumption and hazardous waste. Bovine leather had 99% more energy use, 78% higher acidification potential (AP), 99,9% higher eutrophication potential (EP) and 83% higher global warming potential (GWP) than hemp leather. The large water consumption in the manufacturing phase of hemp leather is possible to be explained by over dimensioning of inputs. The report concludes that hemp leather would be the environmentally and ethically admirable choice between the two leathers and that more research on more modern methods of manufacturing it should be performed. / Denna rapport omfattar en preliminär livscykelanalys (LCA) på syntetiskt läder gjort av hampfiber (hampläder) och en jämförelse med nötskinn, för att undersöka om hampläder är ett miljövänligt alternativ. Nötskinnsindustrin är ansvarig för stor kemikalieanvändning och tunga utsläpp, skadlig inverkan på miljö samt människors hälsa. Förenta nationerna och andra organisationer fordrar till omedelbar handling mot djurindustrisektorn för att drastiskt minska utsläpp och skydda miljön. Hampa är en mångsidig växt som kan användas inom många olika applikationer, såsom till papper, kompositer, textiler, mat och medicin, och är förmodligen ett passande material till imitationsläder. Hampan behöver liten mängd tillförd energi, växer fort och utan bekämpningsmedel, har positiva effekter på miljön och kan odlas på alla bebodda kontinenter. Den preliminära LCA:n är baserad på ett patent beskrivande hampläders produktionsprocess, kompletterat med data från litteratur samt några antaganden. LCA-resultat från nötskinnsproduktion samlades från litteratur och resultaten från de två lädertyperna jämfördes sedan. Jämförelsen visade att hampläder är överlägset nötskinn i alla jämförda kategorier utom vattenkonsumtion och farligt avfall. Nötskinn har 99% högre energianvändning, 78% högre försurningspotential (AP), 99,9% högre övergödningspotential (EP) och 83% högre potential till global uppvärmning (GWP) än hampläder, enligt resultaten. Hampläders produktionsprocess stora vattenkonsumtion kan troligtvis förklaras av en överdimensionering av indata. Denna rapport drar slutsatsen att hampläder skulle vara det mest miljövänliga och etiskt försvarbara valet mellan de två lädertyperna och att modernare produktionsmetoder för hampläder bör studeras.