[pt] A utilização de redes de Bragg com chirp em fibra, para compensação dos efeitos da dispersão cromática, é uma técnica promissora que permite o aumento progressivo da capacidade de canalização dos sistemas ópticos. Dentre as diversas técnicas para a compensação da dispersão, sendo propostas nos tempos correntes, o emprego da rede de Bragg em fibra tem se mostrado o mais exequível em virtude de serem passivas, relativamente fáceis de fabricar, de boa reprodutibilidade e alto grau de integrabilidade aos sistemas. Este trabalho mostra a aplicação desse dispositivo em experimentos de compensação de dispersão com o emprego de modulação direta e externa em diferentes taxas de transmissão. / [en] The use of in-fibre Bragg gratings with dispersion compensating purposes, is a promissing technique for the increasing optical systems bitrate pace development. Among the various dispersion compensation techniques, in-fibre Bragg gratings had proven, to be the most feasible. They are passive, higly reproducible, relatively easy to fabricate at reasonable costs and have a good degree of integrability. This dissertation exploits significant aspects of the Bragg fibre grating fabrication and its employment as dispersion compensation device.

M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / An experimental study of a multi-point optic fibre sensor for monitoring temperature changes is presented. The multi-point optic fibre sensor is made of a serial array of weak-reflectivity identical gratings. The weak-reflectivity identical gratings form the interferometric cavities UV printed on the single mode fibre. The ability to measure temperatures changes at different cavities along the serial array is particularly interesting for the monitoring of power transformers, high temperature furnaces and jet engines. Changes in temperature in each respective cavity is measured based on the spectral shift in the phase of the light from each respective cavity. The performance of the multi-point fibre sensor system is evaluated. Further, a theoretical and experimental investigation of a serial array composed of two cavities of different lengths is conducted. This investigation is aimed at measuring the impact of the overlap of the two distinct cavities in their respective frequency domain and determining the accuracy of the measurement. The result found shows that the sensor phase response is no more linear to temperature changes. It is also found that the nonlinear response of the sensor to temperature changes increases with the magnitude of the overlap.

High power lasers with diffraction limited beam quality are desired for many applications in defense and manufacturing. A lot of applications require laser beams at the 100 kW power level along with divergence close to the diffraction limit. The figure of merit for a beam used in such applications should be radiance which determines the laser power delivered to a remote target. One of the primary limiting factors is thermal distortion of a laser beam caused by excessive heat generated in the laser media. Combination of multiple laser beams is usually considered as a method to mitigate these limitations. Spectral beam combining (SBC) by volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) is a very promising method for the future of high radiance lasers that needs to achieve 100 kW-level power. This work is dedicated to development of methods to increase spectral density of combined beams keeping their divergence at an acceptably low level. A new figure of merit for a beam combining system is proposed, the Beam Combining Factor (BCF), which makes it possible to distinguish the quality of the individual beams from the quality of beam combining. Also presented is a method of including the effect of beam divergence and spectral bandwidth on the performance of VBGs, as well as a method to optimize VBG parameters in terms of thickness and refractive index modulation for an arbitrary number of beams. A novel thermal tuning technique and apparatus is presented with which the SBC system can be tuned for peak efficiency from low to high power without the need for mechanical re- iv alignment. Finally, a thermally tuned SBC system with five beams, with a spectral separation between beams of 0.25 nm at a total power of 685 W is presented. The results show the highest power spectral density and highest spectral radiance of any SBC system to date. Recent demonstrations in SBC by multiplexed VBGs and the use of super Gaussian beams for beam quality improvement are also discussed.

<p> Ion implanted Bragg gratings integrated in rib waveguide structures were simulated, fabricated and characterized for the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonics platform. After selective silicon self-implantation, to an amorphizing dose of 2x10^15 ions/cm^2, the approximately 0.3 damage-induced increase in the refractive index provided the modulation mechanism necessary for the formation of a Bragg grating. The benefits of implanted Bragg gratings compared to the more widely utilized surface relief type gratings include planar surface retention, desirable for subsequent processing and wafer bonding, and a smaller depth of the index modulation, important for minimizing filtering bandwidths. To our knowledge, this is the first time ion implantation has been utilized to produce Bragg gratings integrated in an SOI rib waveguide. The benefits of using SOI for an optoelectronics platform include: cost minimization, reduced device size, and compatibility with silicon based microelectronics.</p> <p> Device performance was simulated using coupled mode theory (CMT) in conjunction with beam propagation methods (BPM), to determine transverse modal profiles for computing coupling coefficients and to determine geometric dimensions suitable to achieve adequate grating strength and single-mode operation. The Monte Carlo ion implantation simulator SUSPREM4, implementing the binary collision approximation (BCA), was used to determine the amorphous silicon grating profiles. Implanted grating devices were then fabricated into SOI having a 2.5 μm device layer and were optically characterized. For a grating length of 2100 μm and an implant energy of 60 keV, the extinction ratio of the resonant wavelength was found to be -18.11 dB and -0.87 dB for TE and TM polarizations respectively. The excess loss per unit length was measured to be 1.2 dB/mm for TE polarization and 0.6 dB/mm for TM polarization. After annealing the gratings at temperatures of up to 300 °C, used to annihilate low energy point defects responsible for absorption, it was found that the excess loss per unit length was reduced to 0.3 dB/mm for TE polarization. Compared to etched gratings with similar dimensions, it was determined that the strength of the implanted gratings was approximately 2.5 times stronger for grating lengths one third the length as result of mode-shifting due to the higher index of refraction. This is of great consequence to the miniaturization and densification of Bragg grating based devices in silicon photonics.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Orientador: Jose Antonio Siqueira Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:41:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pfrimer_FelipeWalterDafico_D.pdf: 3374919 bytes, checksum: aa34af0e6bc2013297d4bd53c2901a20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O crescente interesse na utilização de Grades de Bragg (FBG) em sistemas sensores pode ser explicado por algumas de suas características, que são: imunidade à interferência eletromagnética (EMI), isolamento elétrico, baixo peso, flexibilidade, e transmissão de informações a longa distância. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova técnica de interrogação capaz de medir a temperatura de uma rede de sensores de grades de Bragg em fibras ópticas, onde um circuito eletrônico realiza rotinas de controle possibilitando a implementação de uma realimentação óptica. O esquema optoeletrônico empregado é capaz de realizar a interrogação de todos os sensores da rede de maneira quase instantânea, além de permitir que novos sensores possam ser facilmente acrescentados. Um protótipo contendo dois sensores foi construído e testado para validar a técnica obtendo-se uma alta resolução de ± 1 mºC na medida de temperatura em uma faixa de 72ºC / Abstract: The increasing interest in the use of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in sensing systems can be explained by some of its features, which are immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), electrical insulation, low weight, flexibility, and long distance data transmission capability. This work presents a new interrogation technique capable of measuring temperature of Bragg gratings sensor networks in optical fibers, where an electronic circuit, capable to perform control routines, allows the implementation of an optical feedback. The optoelectronic scheme used is capable of performing the interrogation of all the sensors of the network almost instantly, and allows new sensors to be easily added. A prototype containing two channels was built and tested to validate the technique achieving a high resolution of ± 1 mºC in temperature measurements in a range of 72º C. / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[ES] La fibra óptica ha supuesto una gran revolución en el mundo de las telecomunicaciones debido a su alta capacidad de transmisión y sus bajas pérdidas. Hoy en día no sería posible transportar la cantidad de tráfico que se genera en internet si no fuera por sis- temas de comunicaciones basados en fibras ópticas. Sin embargo, el número de dispo- sitivos conectados a internet es cada vez mayor, por lo que la capacidad de la fibra óptica estándar de un solo núcleo se puede ver limitada en un futuro no muy lejano. Una forma de aumentar dicha capacidad es utilizar fibras ópticas con varios núcleos. Actualmente existe un gran interés sobre la investigación en este tipo de fibras para aplicaciones de telecomunicaciones, por lo que no es difícil encontrar fibras multinú- cleo comerciales. Aunque el uso más común de la fibra óptica es para telecomunicaciones, también se puede utilizar como sensor. Uno de los métodos más comunes para la implementa- ción de sensores es la inscripción de redes de difracción en fibras ópticas de un solo núcleo. Sin embargo, la inscripción de redes de dirección en fibras de múltiples núcleos abre nuevas líneas de investigación para el desarrollo de sensores avanzados. En esta tesis se ha estudiado distintos tipos de redes de difracción inscritas en una fibra de siete núcleos para su aplicación en la implementación de sensores. En primer lugar, se describe el sistema de fabricación que permite inscribir distintos tipos de redes de difracción en la fibra multinúcleo de forma selectiva, es decir, permite seleccionar en que núcleos se va a inscribir la red. Mediante este sistema se han inscrito redes de periodo largo y posteriormente se han caracterizado como sensor de deformación, tor- sión y curvatura. Después, se han inscrito redes de Bragg inclinadas para aumentar de forma intencionada la diafonía entre los núcleos de la fibra mediante el acoplo de luz entre ellos. Además, se ha demostrado experimentalmente que esta diafonía es sensible a la deformación de la fibra, a la curvatura, a la temperatura y al índice de refracción que rodea la fibra. Por otro lado, se ha demostrado que las redes de Bragg inscritas en fibras multinúcleo se pueden utilizar para implementar sensores de curvatura capaces de operar en entornos radioactivos. Finalmente se han fabricado redes de Bragg rege- neradas capaces de operar a altas temperaturas, estas redes se han caracterizado como sensor de temperatura, deformación y curvatura. / [CAT] La fibra òptica ha suposat una gran revolució en el món de les telecomunicacions a causa de la seua alta capacitat de transmissió i les seues baixes pèrdues. Hui en dia no seria possible transportar la quantitat d'informació que es genera en internet si no fos pels sistemes de comunicacions basats en fibres òptiques. No obstant això, el nombre de dispositius connectats a internet es cada vegada més gran, per la qual cosa la capacitat de la fibra òptica estàndard d'un sol nucli es pot veure limitada en un futur no gaire llunyà. Una manera d'augmentar aquesta capacitat es utilitzar fibres òptiques amb diversos nuclis. Actualment existeix un gran interès sobre la investigació en aquesta mena de fibres per a aplicacions de telecomunicacions, per la qual cosa no es difícil trobar fibres de múltiples nuclis comercials. Encara que l'ús mes comú de la fibra òptica es per a telecomunicacions, també es pot utilitzar com a sensor. Un dels mètodes més comuns per a la implementació de sensors es la inscripció de xarxes de difracció en fibres òptiques d'un sol nucli. No obstant això, la inscripció de xarxes de difracció en fibres de múltiples nuclis obri noves línies d'investigació per al desenvolupament de sensors més complexos. En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat diferents tipus de xarxes de difracció inscrites en una fibra de set nuclis per a la seua aplicació en la implementació de sensors en fibra òptica. En primer lloc, es descriu el sistema de fabricació de xarxes de difracció que permet inscriure diferents tipus de xarxes de difracció en la fibra de múltiples nuclis de manera selectiva, es a dir, permet seleccionar en que nuclis s'inscriurà la xarxa. Mitjançant aquest sistema s'han inscrit xarxes de període llarg i posteriorment s'han caracteritzat com a sensor de deformació, torsió i curvatura. Després, s'han inscrit xarxes de Bragg inclinades per a augmentar de manera intencionada la diafonia entre els nuclis de la fibra mitjançant l'acoblament de llum entre ells. A més d'això, s'ha demostrat experimentalment que aquesta diafonia es sensible a la deformació de la fibra, a la curvatura, a la temperatura i a l'índex de refracció que envolta la fibra. D'altra banda, s'ha demostrat que les xarxes de Bragg inscrites en fibres múltiples nuclis es poden utilitzar per a implementar sensors de curvatura que poden operar en entorns radioactius. Finalment s'han fabricat xarxes de Bragg regenerades que suporten altes temperatures, aquestes xarxes s'han caracteritzat com a sensor de temperatura, deformació i curvatura. / [EN] Optical fiber has been a great revolution in the world of telecommunications due to its high transmission capacity and low attenuation. Today it would not be possible to transport the amount of traffic that is generated on the Internet without communication systems based on optical fibers. However, the number of devices connected to the Internet is increasing, so the capacity of standard single-core fiber optics may be limited so far in the future. One way to increase this capacity is to use multi-core optical fibers. Nowadays is a great interest in research in this type of fibers for telecommunications applications, so it is not difficult to find commercial multicore fibers. Although the most common use of fiber optics is for telecommunications, it can also be used as a sensor. One of the most common methods for sensor implementation is the inscription of diffraction gratings on single-core optical fibers. However, the enrollment of steering networks in multi-core fibers opens new lines of research for the development of advanced sensors. In this thesis, different types of diffraction gratings inscribed in a seven-core fiber have been studied for their application in the implementation of sensors. In the first place, the diffraction grating manufacturing system is described that allows to inscribe different types of diffraction gratings in the multicore fiber selectively, that is, it allows to select in which cores the grating is going to be inscribed. By means of this system, long-period networks have been inscribed and subsequently they have been characterized as a deformation, torsion, and curvature sensor. Then, slanted Bragg gratings have been inscribed to intentionally increase the crosstalk between the fiber cores by coupling light between them. Furthermore, this crosstalk has been experimentally shown to be sensitive to fiber deformation, curvature, temperature, and the index of refraction surrounding the fiber. On the other hand, it has been shown that Bragg networks inscribed in multicore fibers can be used to implement curvature sensors capable of operating in radioactive environments. Finally, regenerated Bragg nets capable of operating at high temperatures have been manufactured. These nets have been characterized as a temperature, deformation, and curvature sensor. / Agradezco a la Universitat Politècnica de València la beca FPI (PAID-01-18) que me fue concedida para realizar está tesis. / Madrigal Madrigal, J. (2022). Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de sensores basados en fibras ópticas de múltiples núcleos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180806

Ao longo dos últimos anos, redes de Bragg em fibras ópticas (FBG, do inglês Fiber Bragg Gratings) vêm sendo frequentemente utilizadas como sensores de deformação e de temperatura. O problema da indistinguibilidade entre esses dois parâmetros físicos, presente durante medidas realizadas por esse tipo de sensor, tem sido bem resolvido com o uso de duas FBGs com comprimentos de onda distintos. Muito embora esse artifício tenha apresentado bons resultados, ele também oferece algumas desvantagens, sendo uma delas a necessidade de duas fontes de luz para diferentes comprimentos de onda. Em virtude disto, este trabalho apresenta um sistema capaz de realizar medidas de temperatura e deformação, simultaneamente, utilizando apenas uma fonte de luz. O método baseia-se na inscrição de duas redes de Bragg com comprimentos de onda próximos (no caso, 810 e 860 nm) na mesma posição da fibra óptica. Apesar de a separação entre os comprimentos de onda das FBGs ser aparentemente pequena (cerca de 50 nm), o sistema respondeu precisamente a variações de deformação e temperatura. Dessa forma, a utilização de apenas uma fonte de luz no sistema é corretamente justificada, uma vez que, com essa alteração, o custo do sistema é substancialmente reduzido. Ademais, o uso de comprimentos de onda em torno de 800 nm também barateia o sistema, pois os CCDs usados neste intervalo espectral são menos onerosos do que aqueles tradicionalmente usados em comprimentos de onda de comunicações ópticas (1,55 &mu;m). / In recent years, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been frequently used as strain and temperature sensors. Several studies have tackled the problem of distinguishing between these two physical parameters using a dual-wavelength sensor. Although these sensors have shown good results, they have a few drawbacks, one of them being the need for two light sources with different wavelengths. We present an approach for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing which uses only one light source. The method relies on writing FBGs with nearby wavelengths (for instance, at 810 and 860 nm) at the same section of the fiber. Even though the Bragg wavelengths are separated by just a few nanometers (about 50 nm), it is possible to accurately measure variations in strain and temperature. One of the major advantages of this approach is the use of a unique light source, what reduces substantially the system cost. Another advantage is the lower cost of array detectors at 800 nm when compared to those of telecom wavelengths (1,55 &mu;m).

In this dissertation, the rate of the BFD during body armor impact is characterized with fiber Bragg gratings for the first time ever. The depth rate is characterized using a single fiber optic sensor, while the entire shape rate can be characterized using multiple fiber optic sensors. This is done with a final depth accuracy of less than 10% and a timing accuracy of 15% for BFDs as deep as 50 mm and impact event of less than 1 millisecond. The shape sensing method introduced in this dissertation is different from traditional fiber optic sensor shape reconstruction methods in the fact that strain from the kinetic friction regime is used rather than the static friction regime. In other words, information from the fiber optic sensors slipping is used to reconstruct the shape in this work, whereas strain from the fiber optic sensor remaining fixed to a reference is used for typical fiber optic shape sensing purposes.

Un réseau de Bragg fibré est un tronçon de fibre optique dont le coeur présente une modification périodique et permanente de l’indice de réfraction. Dans sa structure la plus simple, il se comporte, en réflexion, comme un miroir sélectif en longueur d’onde, ne réfléchissant qu’une plage de longueurs d’onde autour de la longueur d’onde de Bragg. Le signal transmis est alors débarrassé des composantes spectrales réfléchies par le réseau de Bragg. Ce composant fibré correspond donc à un filtre optique pour lequel il est important de caractériser les évolutions, en fonction de la longueur d’onde, des réponses en amplitude et en phase. En pratique, les réseaux de Bragg fibrés sont largement utilisés pour la réalisation de différents composants utiles dans le domaine des télécommunications par fibres et des capteurs optiques. De manière générale, il s’avère de plus en plus important de caractériser les propriétés de polarisation induites par la présence de biréfringence des composants optiques ; il en est de même pour les réseaux de Bragg fibrés. En effet, avec l’augmentation des débits de transmission, les communications par fibres optiques sont de moins en moins tolérantes aux effets associés à la polarisation de la lumière. L’utilisation des réseaux de Bragg pour des applications de télécommunications requiert donc de connaître leurs propriétés de polarisation. De même, dans le domaine des capteurs, l’information offerte par l’évolution de ces propriétés en fonction des contraintes extérieures peut être utile pour améliorer les performances et les potentialités des capteurs à réseaux de Bragg. Dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat, nous présentons une étude des propriétés spectrales des réseaux de Bragg fibrés en y incluant l’analyse des propriétés de polarisation de la lumière causées par la présence de biréfringence au sein du réseau. Cette étude est menée pour deux catégories de réseaux de Bragg présentant de la biréfringence. Une première catégorie concerne les réseaux inscrits dans des fibres hautement biréfringentes. Pour ces fibres, étant donné les valeurs importantes de biréfringence considérées, ses effets sont directement visibles sur la réponse classique en amplitude. Dans ce cas, nous démontrons qu’il est possible de modéliser complètement les évolutions, en fonction de la longueur d’onde, des paramètres permettant de caractériser les propriétés de polarisation des réseaux de Bragg. Une étude théorique et expérimentale est présentée pour les paramètres de Stokes, le paramètre de PDL (Polarisation Dependent Loss - perte dépendante de la polarisation) et le paramètre de DGD (Differential Group Delay - délai de groupe différentiel). Une seconde étude est menée pour les réseaux de Bragg inscrits dans des fibres standards. Pour ces réseaux, la biréfringence est relativement faible si bien que ses effets sont difficilement perceptibles sur la réponse en amplitude du réseau. Elle n’est donc généralement pas prise en considération lors de l’analyse des propriétés spectrales des réseaux. Nous montrons cependant dans cette thèse de doctorat qu’elle conduit à des valeurs importantes des paramètres de polarisation (paramètres de Stokes, PDL et DGD). Compte tenu des différentes origines possibles de la biréfringence des réseaux, nous exposons deux modèles caractérisant la présence de la biréfringence. Les résultats théoriques obtenus pour ces deux modèles sont alors systématiquement comparés. Nous rapportons finalement des résultats expérimentaux en adéquation avec les résultats théoriques. Pour ces réseaux de Bragg faiblement biréfringents, nous établissons également la relation qui existe entre les paramètres utilisés pour caractériser les propriétés de phase du réseau (courbes de délai et de dispersion) et les paramètres de Stokes et de DGD. En particulier, nous démontrons théoriquement et expérimentalement que les évolutions en fonction de la longueur d’onde de la dispersion chromatique et du DGD ne diffèrent que dans leur valeur absolue, le rapport de ces valeurs étant proportionnel à la biréfringence. En outre, nous discutons la possibilité d’appliquer cette relation à d’autres types de réseaux fibrés et présentons des résultats expérimentaux dans le cas d’un réseau à longs pas. Une application intéressante de la connaissance des paramètres de polarisation des réseaux de Bragg est la détermination de la biréfringence. Nous considérons d’une part le cas d’une biréfringence causée par une contrainte transverse appliquée sur une fibre optique. Nous montrons qu’un réseau de Bragg est utilisable à l’endroit de la contrainte pour obtenir la quantité de biréfringence induite localement. D’autre part, les propriétés de polarisation sont utilisées pour étudier l’évolution de la biréfringence induite lors du processus d’inscription d’une série de réseaux de Bragg de caractéristiques différentes. La reconstruction de la biréfringence de cette série permet alors d’analyser l’impact des paramètres de l’inscription sur la biréfringence photoinduite. Nous proposons finalement une technique originale permettant de réduire les effets de la biréfringence des réseaux. Cette technique est basée sur l’application d’une torsion de la fibre lors de l’inscription, ce qui permet d’introduire du couplage de modes de polarisation au niveau du réseau de Bragg. L’analyse théorique des propriétés spectrales des réseaux menée dans le cas classique est alors adaptée pour tenir compte de l’effet du couplage de modes. Les résultats de simulation obtenus montrent qu’il est en effet possible de réduire la PDL et le DGD de cette manière, ce qui peut s’avérer intéressant dans le cadre d’applications de télécommunications à haut débit.