The McCarron-Dial System (MDS) has successfully predicted vocational and independent living outcomes with neuropsychologically disabled individuals receiving rehabilitation services. In addition, preliminary validation studies suggest that the abbreviated MDS is useful for clinical neuropsychological diagnosis. The present study represents part of an ongoing research project aimed at validating the expanded version of the MDS for diagnosis of neuropsychological dysfunction. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the expanded MDS would be able to accurately discriminate between brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged individuals. Accurate diagnosis facilitates rehabilitation efforts for individuals with neuropsychological disabilities and the data profile provided by the expanded version of the MDS can consequently form the basis from which more complete individual treatment and rehabilitation plans can be conceptualized.

This study was designed to examine whether normal information processing does engage both hemispheres of the brain regardless of sensory channel (i.e., auditory or visual), and whether an opportunity for dual encoding (verbal and visual) was advantageous for patients with unilateral brain damage. It compared memory for verbal material presented in the visual and auditory modalities among three groups: right hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (RBD), left hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (LBD), and neurologically intact control subjects.

A review of anatomical and behavioural studies of the limbic system suggests that some structures which Papaz proposed as the central mechanism of emotion might be involved in food hoarding behaviour. Various structures in Papez· circuit were destroyed surgically and observations were taken on subsequent changes in food hoarding behaviour. In addition, observations were made on nest building behavior and on avoidance performance. It was found that rats with bilateral damage to the mammillothalamic tract and mammillary body were severely depressed in hoarding and avoidance behaviour. Septal damage caused a less severe deficit in both behaviours while hippocampal, domical or thalamic damage did not have a significant effect. A pilot study of hoarding behaviour in the hamster was carried out. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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The research process illustrates the interaction between the therapist and the neuropsychological impaired client in the therapeutic context where we utilised drawing and painting as a creative medium I descn'be the interaction from a systems paradigm New paradigm research is used as the researcher is included in the research findings. The focus is on new meanings that the therapist and clients generated. Three case studies are descn'bed in this study. A circular description is given of the use of drawing and painting in therapy. The losses that the clients suffer are described and explained to make sense of the interaction. The use of art is described and incorporated in the therapeutic process as creative exercises were important ways to connect with the clients. This study illustrates that creativity should always be part of the therapeutic endeavour, especially when understanding the verbal expression of the client is difficult. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

The research process illustrates the interaction between the therapist and the neuropsychological impaired client in the therapeutic context where we utilised drawing and painting as a creative medium I descn'be the interaction from a systems paradigm New paradigm research is used as the researcher is included in the research findings. The focus is on new meanings that the therapist and clients generated. Three case studies are descn'bed in this study. A circular description is given of the use of drawing and painting in therapy. The losses that the clients suffer are described and explained to make sense of the interaction. The use of art is described and incorporated in the therapeutic process as creative exercises were important ways to connect with the clients. This study illustrates that creativity should always be part of the therapeutic endeavour, especially when understanding the verbal expression of the client is difficult. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

In order to assess flexibility in acquiring and using conflicting response rules, rats with selective lesions of the NBM or sham-lesion controls were subjected to serial reversal training in a simple operant discrimination paradigm. The NBM lesion group did not differ from the control group in acquisition of the original rules; the NBM lesion group required more time to master the changes in rules in the first reversal, but not in subsequent reversals.

The clinical utility of the Intermediate Category Test, a measure of executive functioning in children 9 to 14 years of age, is currently limited by the availability of only a Total Error score for normative interpretation. The Process Scoring System (PSS) was developed to provide a standardized method of assessing specific processing patterns and problem-solving errors. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the PSS scores to discriminate between children with and without suspected executive deficits, thereby providing evidence of criterion-related validity.

Die bakterielle Meningitis verursacht oft motorische Ausfälle, Anfälle, Hörverlust und kognitive Störungen trotz adäquater Antibiose. Streptococcus pneumoniae ist der häufigste Auslöser einer bakteriellen Meningitis des Erwachsenen und verursacht neuronale Apoptose im Hippocampus. Die Apoptose der Hippocampusneurone bei der experimentellen Pneumokokkenmeningitis war zum Teil durch Caspase-3 vermittelt und hing von der Entzündungsreaktion im Liquor ab. Sowohl Caspase-Inhibition als auch Hemmung der intrathekalen Entzündung reduzierten den neuronalen Zelltod. Jedoch konnte durch beide Therapiestrategien neuronaler Zelltod nicht komplett verhindert werden, was auf Caspase- und Entzündungs-unabhängige Zelltodmechanismen hinweist. Bakterielle Faktoren spielten eine wichtige Rolle für die neuronale Apoptose sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo. Pneumokokken induzierten neuronale Apoptose in vitro bei Abwesenheit von Entzündungszellen ohne jegliche Caspasenaktivierung. Vielmehr kam es dabei zu einem raschen intrazellulären Anstieg von Kalzium und reaktiven Sauerstoffradikalen sowie zu einer frühen Mitochondrienschädigung. Geschädigte Mitochondrien setzten den Apoptose-induzierenden Faktor AIF frei, welcher nach nukleärer Translokation zur Apoptose führte. Intrazytoplasmatische Injektion von anti-AIF Antikörpern blockierte die Apoptose. Diese Resultate belegen eine essentielle Rolle der Mitochondrienschädigung und AIF-Freisetzung bei der Pneumokokken-induzierten Apoptose. Als Haupttrigger neuronaler Apoptose konnten zwei Schlüsseltoxine sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo identifiziert werden: Pneumolysin und H2O2. Pneumolysin verursachte einen raschen Anstieg von intrazellulärem Kalzium, eine rasche Zerstörung von Mitochondrien und eine damit einhergehende Freisetzung von AIF. Kalzium-Chelation blockierte AIF-Freisetzung und Zelltod. In der experimentellen Pneumokokkenmeningitis verursachten Bakterien, in denen beide Toxine inaktiviert wurden, eine deutlich geringere neuronale Schädigung. Neue adjunktive Therapien für die Klinik könnten resultieren aus: Caspase-Inhibition, Blockade der Entzündung, anti-oxidative Strategien und Inaktivierung bakterieller Toxine. / Bacterial meningitis often causes motor deficits, seizures, hearing loss or cognitive impairment, despite adequate bacterial killing by antibiotics. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of adult bacterial meningitis damaging the hippocampus by inducing neuronal apoptosis. Neuronal hippocampal apoptosis in experimental pneumococcal meningitis was mediated in part by caspase-3 and derived from the inflammatory response in the cerebrospinal fluid. Caspase inhibition and blocking of intrathecal inflammation significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal cell death. However, both strategies did not prevent completely neuronal death indicating caspase- and inflammation-independent mechanisms. Bacterial factors play an essential role in neuronal apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of neurons to live pneumococci in vitro in the absence of inflammation induced rapid apoptosis, which was not associated with the activation of caspases. Rather, apoptosis was attributed to rapid increase of intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species and early damage to mitochondria. This was followed by the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria, its nuclear translocation and apoptosis. Furthermore, intracytoplasmatic microinjection of AIF-specific antiserum markedly impaired pneumococcus-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that mitochondrial damage and AIF play a central role in brain cell apoptosis and bacterial pathogenesis. Two key toxins of Streptococcus pneumoniae inducing apoptosis were identified in in vitro and in vivo experiments: pneumolysin and hydrogen peroxide. Pneumolysin induced increases of intracellular calcium, damage of mitochondria and release of AIF. Chelating calcium effectively blocked AIF release and cell death. Infection with pneumococci unable to produce pneumolysin and hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced damage in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. New adjunctive therapeutic strategies in clinics may result from caspase-inhibition, blocking of inflammation, anti-oxidative strategies and inactivation of bacterial toxins.