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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The use of antipsychotic medication and its association with outcomes and brain morphometry in schizophrenia:the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

Moilanen, J. (Jani) 17 May 2016 (has links)
Abstract Antipsychotic medication forms a cornerstone in the treatment of schizophrenia and its effect on positive symptoms and relapse prevention after the first episode has been shown. After the first episode, the treatment guidelines for schizophrenia recommend the continuation of antipsychotic medication at a minimum from six months to five years. The long-term and life-span benefits and harmful side-effects are not fully known. The aim of this naturalistic study was to analyze long-term use of antipsychotic medication with a special interest in medication tapering and discontinuation in schizophrenia. Non-medicated subjects were more often males and in remission, less often on a disability pension, and had better clinical outcomes when compared to medicated subjects at age 34 years. No differences were found when comparing relapse rates during the 8.7 years of follow-up after 34 years between non-medicated and medicated subjects. Not having been hospitalized during the previous 5 years before the follow-up predicted long-term successful antipsychotic discontinuation without relapse. In the long-term, use of antipsychotic medication became steadier after the first five years. A favorable outcome was associated with low and steady antipsychotic medication, and unfavorable with high long-term cumulative use and antipsychotic polypharmacy. Subjects with antipsychotic medication had non-significantly lower total gray matter (TGM) volume compared with non-medicated subjects. Time without antipsychotic medication preceding magnetic resonance imaging was associated with increased TGM and with increased regional volume in the right precentral gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus. This study has a unique description of long-term use of antipsychotics. It provides new information on medication discontinuation and its effect in schizophrenia in the long-term in terms of relapses and brain morphometry. / Tiivistelmä Psykoosilääkkeet muodostavat perustan skitsofrenian hoidolle, ja niiden on osoitettu tehoavan positiivisiin oireisiin ja relapsin (psykoosin uusiutumisen) estoon ensipsykoosin jälkeen. Skitsofrenian hoitosuosituksissa suositellaan psykoosilääkityksen jatkamista ensipsykoosin jälkeen vähintään puolesta vuodesta viiteen vuoteen. Psykoosilääkityksen pitkäaikaiset ja elämänkestoiset hyödyt ja haittavaikutukset eivät ole täysin tiedossa. Tämän naturalistisen tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida antipsykoottisen lääkityksen pitkäaikaiskäyttöä ja erityisesti lääkityksen lopettamista skitsofreniassa. Lääkkeettömät tutkittavat olivat 34-vuotiaina useammin miehiä sekä remissiossa (elpymävaiheessa), harvemmin työkyvyttömyyseläkkeellä, ja heillä oli parempi toimintakyky verrattuna lääkkeitä käyttäviin. Lääkkeettömien ja lääkkeitä käyttävien välillä ei havaittu 8,7 vuoden seurannassa eroa relapsien määrissä 34 ikävuoden jälkeen. Psykoosilääkkeiden onnistunutta, pitkäaikaista lopettamista ilman relapsia ennusti seurannassa se, ettei tutkittava ollut ollut sairaalahoidossa seurantaa edeltävien viiden vuoden aikana. Pitkällä aikavälillä psykoosilääkityksen käyttö tasaantui ensimmäisten viiden vuoden jälkeen. Suotuisa ennuste liittyi vähäiseen ja jatkuvaan lääkitykseen. Epäsuotuisa ennuste puolestaan liittyi korkeaan kumulatiiviseen lääkemäärään ja useamman psykoosilääkkeen yhtäaikaiskäyttöön. Lääkkeitä käyttävien tutkittavien harmaan aineen kokonaistilavuus oli ei-merkitsevästi pienempi kuin lääkkeettömien tutkittavien. Psykoosilääkityksetön aika ennen magneettikuvausta oli yhteydessä suurempaan harmaan aineen kokonaistilavuuteen sekä paikallisesti suurempaan tilavuuteen oikeassa etukeskipoimussa ja keskiotsapoimussa. Tämä tutkimus kuvaa ainutlaatuisesti pitkäaikaista psykoosilääkkeiden käyttöä. Se tarjoaa uutta tietoa lääkityksen lopettamisesta ja sen pitkän aikavälin vaikutuksista relapseihin ja aivojen rakenteeseen skitsofreniassa.
2

La narcolepsie et l’hypersomnie idiopathique : une analyse par morphométrie cérébrale

Zhao, Jean-Louis 04 1900 (has links)
Introduction : La narcolepsie et l'hypersomnie idiopathique sont des troubles d'hypersomnie centrale peu compris, caractérisés par une somnolence diurne excessive causant des perturbations majeures au niveau du fonctionnement diurne et de la qualité de vie. Bien que certains aspects cliniques soient propres à chaque condition, plusieurs caractéristiques se chevauchent et ces dernières demeurent très difficile à diagnostiquer adéquatement. Le manque de distinction entre les troubles d'hypersomnolence centrale est extrêmement problématique, limitant la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques sous- jacents. Objectif : À l'aide de la morphométrie cérébrale, l'objectif de l'étude est d'établir des différences anatomiques (c.-à-d., épaisseur corticale, volume sous-cortical) entre la narcolepsie avec cataplexie (NT1), la narcolepsie sans cataplexie (NT2), l'hypersomnie idiopathique (HI) et des participants en santé contrôles dans diverses régions du cerveau qui sont fonctionnellement liées au sommeil et au maintien de l'éveil. Méthodes : Une séquence d’acquisition d’images IRM anatomiques pondérées en T1 fut acquise sur 15 patients NT1, 15 NT2, 15 HI et 15 participants contrôles en santé (n = 60). Les images anatomiques furent traitées avec la suite logicielle FreeSurfer (FreeSurfer version 6.0.1) afin d'obtenir des mesures d'épaisseur corticale et de volume sous-cortical. Les mesures morphométriques obtenus pour différentes régions furent comparées entre les groupes par ANOVAs, ajustées pour l'âge. Résultats : Les résultats ont démontré une réduction volumétrique de la matière grise dans plusieurs structures sous-corticales associées au sommeil et au maintien de l'éveil dont l'hypothalamus et l'amygdale pour les patients NT1 et les patients NT2, comparés aux participants contrôles en santé. Les patients HI quant à eux n'ont pas démontré de différence volumétrique au niveau de l'hypothalamus comparativement aux participants contrôles, mais plutôt une diminution du volume de l'amygdale et du noyau accumbens, des structures associées à un réseau fonctionnel modulant la vigilance. Aucune différence significative d'épaisseur corticale n'a été retrouvée entre les groupes. Conclusion : Les résultats montrent des changements neuroanatomiques distincts entre les patients NT1 et HI, suggérant des mécanismes physiopathologiques différents et soulignent le phénotype hétérogène des patients NT2. / Introduction : Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are poorly understood central disorders of hypersomnolence characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness leading to severe daytime disturbances and poor quality of life. Although some clinical features are specific to each condition, many characteristics overlap, and a reliable diagnosis remains difficult to achieve. The lack of clinical distinction between central disorders of hypersomnolence is extremely problematic and hinders the understanding of their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Objective : Using brain morphometry, the objective of this study is to establish anatomical differences (i.e., cortical thickness and subcortical volume) between narcolepsy with cataplexy (NT1), narcolepsy without cataplexy (NT2), idiopathic hypersomnia (HI) and healthy controls in brain regions involved in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness. Methods : T1-weighted MRI sequences were acquired in 15 NT1 patients, 15 NT2, 15 HI and 15 healthy controls (n = 60). Anatomical images were preprocessed using the FreeSurfer software package (FreeSurfer version 6.0.1) to obtain measures of cortical thickness and subcortical volume. Group differences in brain morphometric measurements acquired for different brain regions were analyzed using ANOVAs, adjusted for age. Results : Results displayed reduced gray matter volume in subcortical structures associated with the modulation of sleep and wakefulness, including the hypothalamus and the amygdala in NT1 and NT2 patients, compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, HI patients did not show volume changes in the hypothalamus compared to healthy controls, but instead showed a volume reduction of the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens, both structures associated with a functional network involved in the modulation of alertness. No significant group difference in cortical thickness was found. Conclusion : These results show distinct neuroanatomical changes between NT1 patients and HI patients, suggesting separate pathophysiological mechanisms and underline the heterogeneous phenotype of NT2 patients.
3

Structural Surface Mapping for Shape Analysis

Razib, Muhammad 19 September 2017 (has links)
Natural surfaces are usually associated with feature graphs, such as the cortical surface with anatomical atlas structure. Such a feature graph subdivides the whole surface into meaningful sub-regions. Existing brain mapping and registration methods did not integrate anatomical atlas structures. As a result, with existing brain mappings, it is difficult to visualize and compare the atlas structures. And also existing brain registration methods can not guarantee the best possible alignment of the cortical regions which can help computing more accurate shape similarity metrics for neurodegenerative disease analysis, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease (AD) classification. Also, not much attention has been paid to tackle surface parameterization and registration with graph constraints in a rigorous way which have many applications in graphics, e.g., surface and image morphing. This dissertation explores structural mappings for shape analysis of surfaces using the feature graphs as constraints. (1) First, we propose structural brain mapping which maps the brain cortical surface onto a planar convex domain using Tutte embedding of a novel atlas graph and harmonic map with atlas graph constraints to facilitate visualization and comparison between the atlas structures. (2) Next, we propose a novel brain registration technique based on an intrinsic atlas-constrained harmonic map which provides the best possible alignment of the cortical regions. (3) After that, the proposed brain registration technique has been applied to compute shape similarity metrics for AD classification. (4) Finally, we propose techniques to compute intrinsic graph-constrained parameterization and registration for general genus-0 surfaces which have been used in surface and image morphing applications.

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