L’étude des matériaux et des décors colorés de l’abbatiale Cluny III s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Gunzo (Arts et Métiers ParisTech – Cluny) qui avait pour but la valorisation du patrimoine clunisien par l'intermédiaire des technologies numériques en réalité virtuelle. Un des axes de ce projet était d’élaborer une restitution virtuelle de la Maior Ecclesia en recréant une architecture la plus proche possible de la réalité à l’aide de l’étude des vestiges et des sources iconographiques et historiques qui nous sont parvenus associée aux recherches archéologiques les plus récentes. Outre l’architecture, il s’agissait également de proposer une restitution des décors de l’abbatiale et de son ambiance colorée. Nous avons concentré nos recherches, dans ce travail doctoral, sur les fragments de vitraux archéologiques mis au jour sur les sites de Cluny et de Paray-le-Monial, ainsi que sur les polychromies des fragments lapidaires du portail roman de Cluny, par une approche archéométrique. Les vitraux sont des éléments filtrants qui modulent la lumière tant en quantité qu’en coloration et jouent donc un rôle important dans la création d’une ambiance lumineuse et colorée. Les décors polychromes participent également à l’amélioration et la coloration de l’éclairement. De plus la connaissance des matériaux d’origine est préalable à toute restitution virtuelle en raison de la possible altération des pigments ou des décors métalliques (modification de la couleur) et d’éventuels repeints pouvant induire des changements de parti coloré.Une grande majorité des fragments de verre ont été mis au jour dans des contextes de remblais limitant leur datation à une approche typo-chronologique. Les classifications archéologiques élaborées ont été confrontées aux résultats d’analyses physico-chimiques qui nous ont permis d’affiner la datation de certains fragments et nous ont apporté de nombreux détails techniques. En ce qui concerne le portail de la Maior Ecclesia, qui occupe une place centrale dans l’art roman, nous avons précisé l’image de ce « puzzle lapidaire » tant au niveau de l’iconographie que de la polychromie. L’analyse physico-chimique des restes colorés a permis d’identifier les différents matériaux mis en œuvre dans la décoration du portail. Nous avons pu observer quatre phases polychromes, l’utilisation de pigments coûteux et l’abondance des décors métalliques.Nous avons ainsi contribué à la compréhension des décors colorés de l’abbatiale clunisienne. Cette étude représente une étape dans la compréhension d’un patrimoine archéologique qui, tôt ou tard, sera enrichi ; rappelons en effet qu’une partie des fragments de l’abbatiale est encore enfouie. / The study of materials and coloured decors of the abbey-church Cluny III is part of the Gunzo project (Arts et Métiers ParisTech – Cluny) which led the research and the promotion of the cluniac heritage thanks to digital technologies and virtual reality. This interdisciplinary team worked on the creation of a new digital model of the Maior Ecclesia, according to the latest scientific research, including the archaeological excavations and the study of the documentary and iconographic sources. Besides the architecture, it was also to propose a restoration of the decors of the abbey-church and its colourful atmosphere.The research in this doctoral work is focused on the fragments of archeological glass windows excavated in the sites of Cluny and Paray-le-Monial, as well as on the polychromies of the lapidary fragments of the Great Portal of Cluny using an archaeometric approach. The stained glass windows are filter elements that modulate the light in quantity and in colour. As such, they play a key role in creating a luminous and colourful atmosphere. The polychrome decors also contribute to the improvement and coloration of the lighting. Moreover, knowing the original materials is a prerequisite for any virtual restoration because of the possible alteration of pigments or metal decorations (color change) and possible repaints which can induce changes in colourful design.A large majority of glass fragments were excavated in the ruins of the churches, restricting their dating to a typo-chronological approach. The archaeological classifications performed from the relative chronology, typology and appearance of the vitreous material were compared with results of physicochemical analyses. These helped to refine the dating of certain fragments and identified many technical details. With regard to the portal of the Maior Ecclesia, which occupies a central place in the Romanesque art, the picture of this "lapidary puzzle" in iconography and in polychromy has been clarified. The characterization of the colourful remains has enabled identification of the different materials used in the decoration of the portal. Four polychrome phases, the use of expensive pigments and abundance of metal decorations were observed.In this way, this research has contributed to the understanding of the colourful decors of the Maior Ecclesia. This study represents a stage in the comprehension of an archaeological heritage which, sooner or later, will be further enhanced. It is important to remember that fragments of the abbey-church remain buried.

Le rôle des constituants au sein des matériaux de friction pour garniture de frein est encore mal connu du fait, d’une part de la complexité des formulations de ces matériaux composites organiques, d’autre part de la sollicitation induite par le freinage qui engendre de multiples phénomènes physiques. Il s’avère donc particulièrement difficile d’établir les liens entre la composition d’une garniture et ses performances. Les travaux ont concerné une garniture de frein industrielle pour véhicule poids lourd. Une étude préalable a été réalisée du point de vue de sa microstructure et de ses constituants, de ses propriétés, de son élaboration et de ses performances en freinage. La démarche expérimentale adoptée a reposé sur le développement i) d’une formulation « modèle », déduite de la formulation industrielle par simplification de la composition, ii) d’un essai d’usure représentatif de sollicitations de freinage, pour aborder le fonctionnement tribologique des constituants dans une configuration simplifiée. Deux constituants ont été plus particulièrement étudiés, des particules de laiton et des fibres de verre introduites dans la formulation modèle prise en référence. L’analyse des performances a porté sur la compréhension des liens entre les mécanismes de frottement et d’usure, la microstructure et les propriétés des matériaux et leur comportement tribologique / The role of the constituents within friction materials for brake lining still largely unknown due to the complexity of these organic composite formulations and to the induced solicitation by braking which generates multiple physical phenomena. Therefore, it is especially difficult to establish the relationship between the composition of a brake lining and its performance. The work has concerned an industrial brake lining for heavy vehicle. A preliminary study was conducted in terms of its microstructure, constituents, properties, elaboration and its braking performance. The experimental approach was based, on the one hand, on the development of a “model” formulation, derived from the simplification of the industrial one and, on the other hand, on a specific wear test representative of braking solicitations, to take up the tribological behaviour of constituents in the framework of a simplified configuration. Brass particles and glass fibres have been particularly studied, introduced into the model formulation taken as a reference. The analysis of performance has focused on understanding the relationship between friction and wear mechanisms, microstructure and properties of materials, and their tribological behaviour

[no abstract included] / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

This thesis presents results of the corrosion layers removal which could be found on the archaeological artefact surfaces. The low pressure low temperature plasma reduction was used for this purpose. Brass samples were chosen for this study. Two different ways have been used to form model corrosion layers. Several sets of corrosion layers were prepared in laboratory in two different corrosion atmospheres, namely ammonia atmosphere and atmosphere of hydrochloric acid. These samples were placed into desiccator. Small quantities of sand were added to some sets of samples so samples with sandy incrustation were prepared. The corrosion layers had been usually formed during four weeks. The second way, which was used to prepare model corrosion layer, was the natural corrosion in soil or compost. In this case, the corrosion layers had been formed approximately 2 years. The samples were treated in the low pressure (150 Pa) cylindrical Quartz reactor (90 cm long and 9.5 cm in diameter) with a pair of external copper electrodes connected via the matching network to a radiofrequency generator (13.56 MHz). The flows of working gases were set by independent mass flow controllers. Whole system was continuously pumped by the rotary oil pump which was separated from the discharge reactor by liquid nitrogen trap with aluminium chips eliminating dust and reactive species from the gas flow. Each sample was placed on a glass holder at the reactor center. Plasma was generated in pure hydrogen or in mixture of hydrogen and argon. Total flow of working gas was 50 sccm. Different ratios of gas mixture were tested, the ratio 30 sccm hydrogen and 20 sccm argon flows was the best. RF discharge was used in a continuous and pulsed regime. Pulsed mode was carried out with various duty cycle at the frequency of 1000 Hz. There were two ways of temperature monitoring. The sample temperature during the treatment was monitored by a K-type thermocouple installed inside the sample in the first case. Thermometer optical probe was connected to the sample surface by a small stainless plate and allowed continuous sample temperature monitoring in the second way. Safe object temperature for copper and copper alloys is 100–120 °C. To avoid exceeding this temperature, power control or the duty cycle in pulse mode were automatically controlled if thermometer optical probe was used. Plasma chemical treatment is based on generation of reactive atomic hydrogen in plasma discharge. The main reactions during reduction were reactions between oxygen and chloride contained in the corrosion layer and the hydrogen ions and neutral atoms generated in the plasma. These reactions create an unstable OH radical, which emits light in the region of 306–312 nm. This radiation was detected by the optical emission spectroscopy using Ocean Optics HR4000 spectrometer with 2400 gr/mm grating. Data obtained from this method were used to calculate rotational temperatures and integral intensity of OH radicals that were used for the process monitoring. Corrosion layer was not completely removed during the reduction, but due to the reactions which occur in the plasma corrosion layer became brittle and after plasma chemical treatment can be removed easily. The SEM-EDS material analyses were carried out before and after treatment of some samples. Some samples were analysed by XRD analysis. EDS analysis showed that amount of oxygen and chloride was decreased, mainly at 400 W pulse mode.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur le comportement élastoplastique et la durée de vie sous chargement cyclique d'un alliage cuivre-zinc injecté sous pression. L'apport essentiel de ces travaux de thèse est la mise en évidence d'un écrouissage isotrope qui s'estompe très rapidement dès la première décharge en plasticité. Une analyse qualitative montre que l'évolution de l'amplitude de contrainte est liée à celle de la contrainte interne. Cette étude est multi-échelles, en effet des observations en microscopie électronique à transmission ont permis d'émettre des hypothèses sur l'origine des phénomènes observés lors des essais mécaniques. Les essais de fatigue ont également montré que la durée de vie du matériau dépend fortement des défauts inhérents au procédé de fabrication. L'utilisation d'un modèle multimécanismes simplifié a permis de modéliser le comportement cyclique du matériau étudié, et de prendre en compte l'évolution quasi instantanée de l'écrouissage isotrope. / These research works deal with the investigation of the cyclique and fatigue behaviour of an industrial high-pressure die cast brass. Mechanical tests highlight relatively important changes of elasticity domain during monotonic loading, mainly due to changes of the internal stress. This study was conducted under different scales of observation. TEM observations enabled hypothesis to explain the "original" cyclic behaviour of the alloy. Fatigue tests showed that fatigue life of the material is quite dependent of the presence of defects that may be due to manufacture process. A simplified version of a multi-mechanism model was used to simulate the cyclic behaviour of the study alloy.

Ziel der Arbeit war das mögliche Einsatzspektrum von Sekundärmaterialien im Prozess der Herstellung von Bauteilen aus Aluminiummehrstoffbronzen (CuAl15Fe5Ni2Mn2) zu erweitern, um das Werkstoffrecycling in der Gießerei auf höchstmöglichem Niveau einzusetzen. Verschiedene Raffinationsmöglichkeiten wurden analysiert und 4 davon getestet. Die Schleifstaubaufbereitung mittels Magnetbandringscheider und Permanent- Magnettrommelscheider wurde erprobt und im industriellen Maßstab getestet. Weiterhin wurde die Gasraffinationswirkung auf die Schmelze mit Stickstoff und Argon sowie mit der Zugabe von Chlor und Ammoniak getestet. Die Salzraffination der Schmelze wurde untersucht und die optimalen Raffinationszusammensetzungen wurden definiert. Die fraktionierte Kristallisation als Raffinationsmethode für die Aluminiummehrstoffbronze wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Im Anschluss wurden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Raffinationstechnologien in der Giessereiindustrie kritisch bewertet.:Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. EINLEITUNG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2. AUFGABENSTELLUNG -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 3. LITERATURAUSWERTUNG------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.1 EINTEILUNG UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ALUMINIUMBRONZEN -------------------------------- 10 3.1.1 Phasen komplexer Aluminiumbronzen -------------------------------------------------- 11 3.1.2 Physikalische Eigenschaften von Aluminiumbronzen ------------------------------- 13 3.2 RAFFINATION VON ALUMINIUMBRONZE ------------------------------------------------------------ 14 3.2.1 Schrottnormen und Schrottklassifizierung ---------------------------------------------- 14 3.2.2 Möglichkeiten der Aluminiumbronzeraffination ---------------------------------------- 18 3.2.3 Grenzen der Einsetzbarkeit der Aluminiumraffinationstechnologien für Aluminiumbronze --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 4. PRÄZISIERUNG DER AUFGABENSTELLUNG ------------------------------------------------ 23 5. UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR SCHLEIFSTAUBAUFBEREITUNG --------------------------- 24 5.1 PHYSIKALISCH–CHEMISCHE CHARAKTERISTIK VON SCHLEIFSTAUB -------------------------- 24 5.1.1 Korngrössenbestimmung ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 5.1.2 Chemische Analyse vom Schleifstaub -------------------------------------------------- 25 5.2 BESTIMMUNG DES ZIRKONIUMGEHALTES IM SCHLEIFSTAUB ----------------------------------- 27 5.3 UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR REINIGUNG VOM SCHLEIFSTAUB ------------------------------------- 27 5.4 REINIGUNG MIT EINEM TROMMELSCHEIDER ------------------------------------------------------ 32 5.4.1 Reinigung von Grobschleifstaub (Probe 1)--------------------------------------------- 34 5.4.2 Reinigung von gekauftem Schleifstaub (Probe 3) ------------------------------------ 35 5.4.3 Reinigung von Feinschleifstaub (Probe 2) --------------------------------------------- 36 6. UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR CHEMISCH-METALLURGISCHEN RAFFINATION VON ALUMINIUMBRONZEN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 6.1 GASRAFFINATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 6.1.1 Vorbereitung und Versuchsdurchführung ---------------------------------------------- 39 6.1.2 Raffination mit Stickstoff -------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Untersuchungen zum Recycling von Aluminiumbronze in der metallverarbeitenden Industrie 6.1.3 Raffination mit Argon ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 6.1.4 Raffination mit Stickstoff / Ammoniak und Argon / Ammoniak -------------------- 48 6.1.5 Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Silicium bei der Gasraffination------------ 59 6.2 INTERMETALLISCHE FÄLLUNG ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 6.3 SALZRAFFINATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 6.3.1 Schmelzpunktbestimmung von Raffinationssalzgemischen ----------------------- 67 6.3.2 Raffination mit Schmelzsalzen ------------------------------------------------------------ 68 6.3.3 Schmelzversuche mit einzelnen Salzkomponenten --------------------------------- 74 6.3.3.1 Silicium- und Aluminiumgehalt in der Legierung vor und nach der Raffination mit Einzelkomponenten -------------------------------------------------------------- 75 6.3.3.2 Natrium- und Calciumkonzentration in der Legierung vor und nach der Salzraffination ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 6.3.3.3 Einfluss des Fluoridgehaltes im Salz auf die Schmelze -------------------------- 78 6.3.3.4. Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Salzmischungen --------------------------- 80 6.3.3.5 Verwendung von K3AlF6 als Hauptkomponente neuer Salze ------------------- 81 6.3.3.6 Untersuchungen mit neu entwickelten Raffinationssalzen ---------------------- 82 7. FEHLERBETRACHTUNG BEI DER VERSUCHSDURCHFÜHRUNG ------------------- 86 8. BEWERTUNG DER ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION ------------------------------------- 88 9. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92

Different special brass (e.g. CuZn37Mn3Al2PbSi) and bronze alloys (e.g. CuPb15Sn) are well known for use in oil-hydraulics having in common to be alloyed with lead. The lead content of special brass alloys in this use ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 mass-%. Some bronze alloys provide even much higher contents of lead of 10 to 15 mass-%. Typically, lead is considered for improvement of machinability or castability. Beyond this purpose lead in brass and bronze alloys affects many more properties of manufacturing and application. During the shaping of the parts by means of hot or cold forming often the materials are strained close to their limits. Thanks to lead cracking is prevented during this process. Lead is also of great importance for the improvement of tribological systems. The surfaces of these systems are exposed to friction and wear. Lead is incorporated in the surface layers and supports the tribological system in their running-in process to achieve a steady state of friction and wear. Above all lead is unique because it forms no solid solution with copper or brass and forms no compounds with other typical copper alloying elements. The feasibility assessment of elements in order to substitute lead in brass or bronze alloys has to be done for each alloy and application individually. In oil-hydraulic applications as bushings, slippers or distributor plates, lead-free alloys must fulfil different profiles of requirements, depending on the conditions of manufacturing and application. The requirements do not only include mechanical strength, formability and thermal strength, but also fatigue strength, low friction and high wear resistance and lubricant compatibility. Consequently, the substitution of lead in brass and bronze alloys for application in oil-hydraulics is a challenging task. This does not only apply for the requirements for machining and forming, but particularly for the need of the new alloys to function under wear, friction and corrosion. Examples are given for how these challenges of new lead-free special brass alloys can be met in bushings (machining, friction properties), slippers (forming, strength) and distributor plates (fatigue strength) for axial piston pumps. Further on, new lead-free special brass alloys for contact with environmentally compatible lubricants are presented. All these examples show that there is not the one and only lead-free alloy for applications in oil-hydraulics. In fact, every application requires a different alloy which is composed and processed individually to meet the specific demands.

Представлен литературный обзор в области свойств сплавов из сложнолегированных латуней и заготовок из них. В экспериментальной части работы представлены результаты исследований, направленных на изучение механических свойств сложнолегированной латуни CuZnMnAlSiNiCr в горячепрессованном состоянии. Выполнена статистическая обработка результатов измерений. Наблюдается значительная дисперсия механических свойств, что объяснено сложностью химического состава, фазового и структурного состояния сплава. Обнаружено проявление анизотропии. / A literature review is given in the field of properties of alloys from complex-alloyed brasses and blanks from them. The experimental part of the paper presents the results of studies aimed at studying the mechanical properties of complex-alloyed brass CuZn30Al2Mn3SiNiCr in the hot-extruded state. Statistical processing of measurement results is performed. A significant dispersion of mechanical properties is observed, which is explained by the complexity of the chemical composition, phase and structural state of the alloy. Anisotropy is observed.

Title page, table of contents and abstract; v.2: table of contents; v.3: table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / This doctoral submission comprises three volumes and is entitled Twistonality: A Personal Exploration. Volume One consists of a portfolio of eleven original compositions, Volume Two is an exegesis and Volume Three contains live and/or computer-generated recordings of the music. The works are scored for a variety of instrumental and vocal combinations. The compositions explore the use of tonality as a basis for the creation of a uniquely personal style which incorporates musical gestures encountered in both traditional and contemporary performance practice. The term 'twistonality', devised for this submission, refers to a musical language in which a composer may express original ideas by twisting forms and tonal structures already resident in the conscious or subconscious memory in order to reflect his or her emotional reality as experienced through music. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1283916 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2007

Title page, table of contents and abstract; v.2: table of contents; v.3: table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / This doctoral submission comprises three volumes and is entitled Twistonality: A Personal Exploration. Volume One consists of a portfolio of eleven original compositions, Volume Two is an exegesis and Volume Three contains live and/or computer-generated recordings of the music. The works are scored for a variety of instrumental and vocal combinations. The compositions explore the use of tonality as a basis for the creation of a uniquely personal style which incorporates musical gestures encountered in both traditional and contemporary performance practice. The term 'twistonality', devised for this submission, refers to a musical language in which a composer may express original ideas by twisting forms and tonal structures already resident in the conscious or subconscious memory in order to reflect his or her emotional reality as experienced through music. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1283916 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2007