The test evaluates wear resistance of quenched and tempered steels of 8 grade materials. The steels are low alloyed carbon steels within a hardness range of 120HV to 600HV. The carbon content in the range of 0.3-0.6%. The wear tests were undertaken in a laboratory at SSAB in Oxelösund with a newly designed wear test machine. The wear performance was evaluated by abrasive material clinkers and slag in Room temperature as well as High temperature at 400°C. Eight samples are used for each test, the samples are placed inside the drum with sample holders. The wear test performed by 217mm diameter drum rotate over the two-horizontal bar at 37 RPM, thus creating sliding, rolling and some impact over the surface of the materials. Investigations were performed by weight measurements of the samples, hardness measurements at room temperature, after the 400°C test, and at high temperatures up to 400°C, and light optical microscopy examinations. The results show that wear rate at Room temperature depends on hardness of material and hardness of abrasive material. The wear rate at high temperature 400°C show that wear rate depends on alloying element and the tempering temperature of the material.

This thesis work is performed at Sandvik Mining Rock Tools, a world leading supplier of rock drilling tools. The work is part of developing a new tribological wear test method for cemented carbide drill bit inserts. The test method has earlier been judged successful in mimicking the rotary-percussive rock drilling process because it gives the same wear mechanisms as have been observed for inserts used in rock drilling. During testing the cemented carbide drill bit insert is pressed against a moving rock surface while water and particles are added to the contact area. The particles are present to simulate the rock crushings formed during drilling. They are believed to cause abrasive wear of the inserts. In this work the effect of load, particle material and particle size are studied. When adding silica particles, which are softer than the cemented carbide material, no correlation is obtained between wear rate and load or particle size. Cracking of WC grains, added rock material and removal of pieces of carbide material are seen at the worn sample surfaces. These observations are similar to observations described in other works about wear of cemented carbide. Adding alumina particles, which are harder than the sample material, gives high wear rate and ground/striped sample surfaces. The wear rate increases with alumina particle size.

Multidirectional motion occurs in total knee replacements (TKR), is a major factor in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear and is a requirement for wear tester and simulators. There are three ways the femoral component can move relative to the tibial component; sliding, rolling and gliding and these are defined by the slide to roll ratio. Previous wear tester research has investigated the effects of multidirectional motion and slide to roll ratio, individually but not combined. The project aim was to design a machine that combined multidirectional motion with variable slide to roll ratio. A three station wear testing machine was designed and built featuring flexion extension, variable anterior posterior translation, variable internal external rotation and a 2KN load per station. The TKR was simplified to a cylinder on flat. Lubrication was 25% bovine serum and each station had its own recirculation system. A million cycle validation test was successfully carried out on non-irradiated UHMWPE samples using a slide to roll ratio of 1 : 0.5 and the mean wear rate was 14.7mg/10^6 cycles. Polished areas and scratches from 3rd body abrasion were observed. Magnification revealed a fine ripple pattern with a 1-2 micron periodicity. Ripples were randomly oriented, perpendicular to the primary direction of motion and a small number were running parallel to the primary direction of motion, indicative of rolling motion. The results from the validation study show that the knee joint wear tester is capable of producing wear rates and wear mechanisms similar to those observed in other wear testers and knee joint simulators and has met the aim of the project.

No / This paper investigates the sliding wear performance of two types of co-electrodeposited cermet coatings com- posed of nano-sized tungsten carbide (WC) and combined tungsten carbide and alumina (Al2O3) particles incor- porated in a nickel matrix. For this purpose, the effects of alternating the ceramic particle concentration in the electrolyte solutions on microhardness of the coatings and also the effect of applied loads on wear performance of the coatings have been studied using ball-on-flat sliding wear tests. The wear track volumes and the progres- sion of wear depths as a function of time and at three applied loads were recorded and wear track morphologies were investigated using FE-SEM and microhardness testing. The results showed that microstructure, microhard- ness and wear performance of the coatings composed of WC improved when Al2O3 particles were introduced into the matrix. It was also found that the rule of mixtures for composite materials provides a good explanation for microhardness behaviour while Archard equation can explain the changes in wear performance due to the hardness and microstructural changes. / Alberta Innovates Future Technologies (Nanoworks) Canada

The rolling-sliding dry-wear behaviour of a series of bainitic steels and a standard pearlitic rail steel have been compared over a range of contact stress and creepage conditions applicable to the British Rail network. A rolling-sliding wear machine has been constructed - LEROS - which allows very high contact stresses to be combined with high creepages under well controlled conditions. Materials were tested on LEROS and on an Amsler machine. Limited vibration analyses were carried out on both machines and compared with the frequencies of disc surface periodic undulations. No direct linkage was determined. Despite better standard mechanical properties, the wear resistance of lower carbon bainitic steels was inferior to that of the pearlitic steel. A bainitic steel with the same carbon content as the pearlitic steel wore a little less, but at considerable expense to the pearlitic wheel steel counter-material in the wear couple. The wear resistance of bainitic steels depends upon the volume fraction of hard phase, such as carbide and martensite-austenite phase, for rolling-sliding as well as other types of dry wear loading. Pearlitic steel performs exceptionally well under certain rolling-sliding conditions, such as the majority seen in these tests, since the lamellar microstructure is modified so as to present a greater area fraction of carbide hard phase at the wear surface, a fraction in excess of bulk volume fraction. Recommendations are made for the dry wear applicability of the steels.

Aluminium is one of the metals playing a prominent role in automobile industry after cast iron. Because of its light weight property and good mechanical properties. When aluminium reinforced with silicon carbide showing good tribological properties and improved strength. Aluminium silicon carbide needs some good wear and frictional properties to use it as break disc. Aluminium reinforced with 15% and 20% silicon carbide and casted in two different ways, liquid casting and stir casting. Four different composites are compared in this paper. Hardness test was carried out on the samples. Increase in the Vickers hardness with increase in silicon carbide reinforcement for both the castings is observed. Rockwell C hardness is showing decreasing trend with increase in SiC reinforcement. The scratch resistance of the surface under micro level was analysed with the help of nano scratch test. The SiC particles in the aluminium matrix are resisting the indenter from deep deformation of the surface. Frictional forces are dropped whenever the indenter met the SiC particles. In other cases, SiC particles are deforming the aluminium matrix in the form of broken particles. The plastic deformation of aluminium is observed, and material is piled up on sideways of groove at high load.Sliding wear behaviour of the composites are investigated by means of reciprocating pin on plate wear rig. The test was carried out at load of 20N for five different sliding duration. Aluminium with 20% silicon carbide of liquid casting is used as a base metal. The worn-out surface of the samples is analysed in SEM. The metallography of the worn-out samples is showing some deep grooves and abrasion of the material. Wear debris from both the surfaces are forming into a cluster of layers. These layers are protecting the surface from wear in some areas were observed. Composition of tribo layer formed during the test was investigated with the help of EDS analysis. The tribo layer are rich in aluminium and silicon elements because both the samples are made of aluminium silicon carbide.

O presente estudo descreve procedimentos aplicáveis aos ensaios de desgaste que privilegiam a documentação dos fenômenos de superfícies, característicos de biotribossistemas como os protéticos articulares, quando testados em simulador mecânico. Para validar os procedimentos propostos, um simulador mecânico foi projetado e fabricado de acordo com as normas ISO 14242-1 e ISO 14242-3, específicas para os ensaios de desgaste em próteses articulares de quadril. Pelo fato destas normas apresentar curvas de movimentos e cargas com baixa resolução (prescritas por poucos pontos), interpoladores distintos foram testados e aqueles que apresentaram o melhor desempenho na preservação da suavidade e forma das curvas foram selecionados para obter trajetórias com alta resolução. A validação do simulador mecânico e das curvas foi realizada em um ensaio com o uso de um conjunto protético articular do quadril de referência. Este ensaio teve a duração de 12 milhões de ciclos, sendo 6 milhões de ciclos realizados com cada uma das normas da série ISO 14242. Após a validação do mecanismo, dois conjuntos protéticos, manufaturados no Brasil, de mesmo modelo e lote, foram caracterizados e submetidos aos ensaios de desgaste. Cada conjunto protético foi testado com um protocolo de movimento por 1 milhão de ciclos, o que equivale à, aproximadamente, um ano de uso das próteses in vivo. A metodologia aplicada aos ensaios de desgaste permitiu documentar fenômenos de superfícies como: transferência de materiais entre os componentes, surgimento de resíduos, desplacamento de material transferido e ocorrência de mecanismos abrasivos que geram sulcos nas interfaces de contato. Tais fenômenos comprometem a durabilidade do tribossistema protético em questão, que deveria suportar cinco vezes o número de ciclos realizados. Os parâmetros que caracterizam as superfícies das próteses testadas com as normas ISO 14242-1 e ISO 14242-3 foram comparados em um teste estatístico, indicando que as diferentes cinemáticas (realizadas por um mesmo simulador mecânico) exercem influência no desempenho dos conjuntos protéticos. / This work presents procedures applicable to wear tests, which aid the documentation of the surfaces phenomena. The foccus is on tribosystems like joint prosthesis tested in mechanical simulators. In order to validate the proposed procedures, a mechanical simulator has been designed and built according to ISO 14242-1 and 14242-3 standards, which are specific for wear tests on hip joint prosthesis. Since these standards present curves of movement and load curves of low resolution (prescribed by few points), different interpolators have been tested. Interpolation techniques that have shown better performance in terms of smoothness and shape were selected to generate high resolution trajectories. The validation of the mechanical simulator and the proposed trajectories was performed through a wear test of a reference hip joint prosthesis. This wear test had 12 millions cycles, whereas, 6 million cycles were performed according to ISO 14242-1 and 6 million cycles were performed according to ISO 14242-3. After validation of the mechanism and trajectories, brazilian made prosthetic sets, of the same model and same batch, were characterized and wear tested. Each prosthetic set was tested with distinct kinematics and 1 million cycles, which is roughly equivalent to one year of in vivo prosthesis use. The proposed and applied methodology for the wear tests allowed documenting several surface phenomena, namely, material transfer between the components, residues associated to abrasive mechanisms, indicated by grooves observed on contact interfaces. Such adverse phenomena suggest low prosthesis durability, which should stand five folds more test cycles, 5 million cycles. The surface parameters of the tested prosthesis generated by ISO 14242-1 and 14242-3 standards were compared through a statistic test, showing that different kinematics (performed by the same mechanical simulator) influenced joint prosthetic performance.

O desgaste de máquinas e seus componentes têm grande influência econômica em diversos setores da indústria. Diante dessa situação, tem sido feitos estudos visando desenvolver novos materiais e revestimentos que apresentem maior resistência ao desgaste. O revestimento é um dos métodos mais utilizados quando se procura garantir a uma superfície alguma propriedade mecânica que não é intrínseca ao metal base. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo comparativo de ligas de diferentes composições químicas, através do desenvolvimento de um consumível para soldagem manual ao arco elétrico a ser aplicado especialmente para o recobrimento de superfícies submetidas ao desgaste abrasivo. Os eletrodos desenvolvidos foram compostos pela combinação de cromo-carbono e tungstênio-carbono misturados em um revestimento base com rutilo-carbonato de cálcio-fluorita, resultando em eletrodos revestidos com sete diferentes composições. A comparação e avaliação da resistência à abrasão foi feita com base nos dados obtidos no ensaio de desgaste abrasivo, segundo a norma ASTM G65-91, e também baseada nos resultados da composição química, microestrutura e análise microestrutural dos revestimentos. Os resultados mostraram que os depósitos com maior resistência ao desgaste abrasivo foram obtidos com eletrodos com as composições contendo carbono e 7% de tungstênio e carbono e 1,5% de cromo. Esses mesmos depósitos foram os que apresentaram valores mais elevados de microdureza, e em sua microestrutura pode-se perceber a formação de maior quantidade de carbonetos. / The wear in machines and equipments is one of the main sources of economic losses. Nowadays many studies have been conducted to develop new materials and coverages to produce wear resistance. The hardfacing is one of most common methods to produce a deposit having properties not intrinsic to that of the base material. The main objective of this work is to study the viability of using different alloys compositions to produce covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) resistant to abrasive wear. The covered electrodes were produced adding chromiumcarbon and tungsten-carbon to rutile-calcium carbide-fluorite base. Comparison and evaluation of wear resistance of the developed electrodes was based in ASTM G65-91 wear tests, deposit chemical compositions and the resultant microstructures. The results shown that electrodes containing additions of C-W 7 % and C-Cr 1.5 % produced best performance of wear test deposits. These compositions produced deposits containing the higher amounts of carbides and exhibit higher hardness values.

O presente estudo descreve procedimentos aplicáveis aos ensaios de desgaste que privilegiam a documentação dos fenômenos de superfícies, característicos de biotribossistemas como os protéticos articulares, quando testados em simulador mecânico. Para validar os procedimentos propostos, um simulador mecânico foi projetado e fabricado de acordo com as normas ISO 14242-1 e ISO 14242-3, específicas para os ensaios de desgaste em próteses articulares de quadril. Pelo fato destas normas apresentar curvas de movimentos e cargas com baixa resolução (prescritas por poucos pontos), interpoladores distintos foram testados e aqueles que apresentaram o melhor desempenho na preservação da suavidade e forma das curvas foram selecionados para obter trajetórias com alta resolução. A validação do simulador mecânico e das curvas foi realizada em um ensaio com o uso de um conjunto protético articular do quadril de referência. Este ensaio teve a duração de 12 milhões de ciclos, sendo 6 milhões de ciclos realizados com cada uma das normas da série ISO 14242. Após a validação do mecanismo, dois conjuntos protéticos, manufaturados no Brasil, de mesmo modelo e lote, foram caracterizados e submetidos aos ensaios de desgaste. Cada conjunto protético foi testado com um protocolo de movimento por 1 milhão de ciclos, o que equivale à, aproximadamente, um ano de uso das próteses in vivo. A metodologia aplicada aos ensaios de desgaste permitiu documentar fenômenos de superfícies como: transferência de materiais entre os componentes, surgimento de resíduos, desplacamento de material transferido e ocorrência de mecanismos abrasivos que geram sulcos nas interfaces de contato. Tais fenômenos comprometem a durabilidade do tribossistema protético em questão, que deveria suportar cinco vezes o número de ciclos realizados. Os parâmetros que caracterizam as superfícies das próteses testadas com as normas ISO 14242-1 e ISO 14242-3 foram comparados em um teste estatístico, indicando que as diferentes cinemáticas (realizadas por um mesmo simulador mecânico) exercem influência no desempenho dos conjuntos protéticos. / This work presents procedures applicable to wear tests, which aid the documentation of the surfaces phenomena. The foccus is on tribosystems like joint prosthesis tested in mechanical simulators. In order to validate the proposed procedures, a mechanical simulator has been designed and built according to ISO 14242-1 and 14242-3 standards, which are specific for wear tests on hip joint prosthesis. Since these standards present curves of movement and load curves of low resolution (prescribed by few points), different interpolators have been tested. Interpolation techniques that have shown better performance in terms of smoothness and shape were selected to generate high resolution trajectories. The validation of the mechanical simulator and the proposed trajectories was performed through a wear test of a reference hip joint prosthesis. This wear test had 12 millions cycles, whereas, 6 million cycles were performed according to ISO 14242-1 and 6 million cycles were performed according to ISO 14242-3. After validation of the mechanism and trajectories, brazilian made prosthetic sets, of the same model and same batch, were characterized and wear tested. Each prosthetic set was tested with distinct kinematics and 1 million cycles, which is roughly equivalent to one year of in vivo prosthesis use. The proposed and applied methodology for the wear tests allowed documenting several surface phenomena, namely, material transfer between the components, residues associated to abrasive mechanisms, indicated by grooves observed on contact interfaces. Such adverse phenomena suggest low prosthesis durability, which should stand five folds more test cycles, 5 million cycles. The surface parameters of the tested prosthesis generated by ISO 14242-1 and 14242-3 standards were compared through a statistic test, showing that different kinematics (performed by the same mechanical simulator) influenced joint prosthetic performance.

The potential for significant performance increases, using ceramic materials in un-lubricated rolling element bearing applications, has been the subject of research over the past two decades. Practical advantages over steel include increased ability to withstand high loads, severe environments and high speeds. However, widespread acceptance has been limited by the inability to predict wear life for ceramic bearing applications. In this thesis, the rolling contact wear of 52100 bearing steel and Over-aged Magnesia-Partially-Stabilised Zirconia (OA-Mg-PSZ) ceramic are examined using a newly developed rolling contact wear test rig. The new wear test rig simulates the system geometry of an un-lubricated hybrid (ceramic and steel) ball bearing. The new wear test rig is versatile in that it allows low cost samples to be utilised resulting in a larger number of samples that can be tested. Wear samples of 52100 bearing steel and OA-Mg-PSZ produced by the new wear test rig were examined for mass loss and wear depth. The wear behavior of both the steel and ceramic material showed a dependence on operating variables time and load. Load was varied between 300N to 790N. Typical mass loss after 1 hour of testing 52100 bearing steel at 790N was 0.03 grams as compared to OA-Mg-PSZ which was 0.001 grams. The rolling contact wear of the OA-Mg-PSZ was an order of magnitude lower than that of the 52100 bearing steel. The wear mechanism for 52100 bearing steel was typical of plastic deformation and shearing near and below the surface of rolling contact. Once cracks extend to reach the surface, thin flat like sheets are produced. In OA-Mg-PSZ the wear mechanism initially is that of plastic deformation on the scale of the surface asperities with asperity polishing occurring followed by lateral cracks and fatigue spallation. Results obtained using the new rolling contact wear test rig led to the establishment of a new equation for wear modeling of 52100 bearing steel and OA-Mg-PSZ ceramic materials.