The addition of lead to the copper alloys increases its machinability and reducesthe overall production cost, despite copper being expensive, which makes achallenging task to replace lead. But the alarming effects of lead on human healthand the recycling problems has led to the increase in concern forreducing/eliminating the use of lead in brass and other copper alloys. Manymaterials are considered to replace lead in brass; silicon is one such alternative.The turned brass sample are investigated using the state of the artequipments at Halmstad University. The results obtained are controlled readingsof surface parameters and is categorized using surface imaging and mappingsoftware, Mountains Map.This thesis characterizes the lead and the lead free brass's surfaceintegrity for a certain cutting data. The study deals with the evaluation ofselection of appropriate surface integrity parameters and summarizes theappropriate combination of cutting data to maintain the surface of the ecobrass/unleaded brass on par with the leaded brass surface. The 2D and 3Dsurface parameters illustrates the surface functionality and its effect on thematerial in contact.The research results suggest a detailed methodology for the analysis ofsurface topography and a comparison exemplifying differences between the twomaterials under study. The research provides a perplexed results and forms thebasis for further investigations of the samples machined at different cutting data.Second set of test includes comparing the Leaded brass with the unleaded brasssamples machined at 0.06, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2mm/rev respectively. The studyfocuses on the correlation of cutting feed and the surface parameters. Comparingthe results of two tests, the unleaded brass machined @ feed rate 0.2mm/rev,200m/min, 1.5mm depth of cut posses similar surface functionality as leadedbrass.

The aim of this thesis is to find out the process carried out by many people to achieve a solo role for the tuba. It also explains which individuals people helped the development of the instrument so as how different composers have contributed to the music field and especially to the evolution and growth of the tuba in the last century. In the musical part, the thesis talks about different standard tuba pieces and their importance.

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As brass instruments evolved from crude instruments limited to only a few notes into instruments that could play melodic passages within the vocal range, they began to be paired with the voice. The development traced in this paper will focus primarily on the addition of brass instruments with a choral ensemble from the late Renaissance period through the Modern period. Insight into the historical use of brass and the evolution of choral and brass music allows us to better understand the genre and how subject matter, text, and/or the occasion for which the compositions were composed often influenced the composer’s decision to add brass. Four representative pieces will be studied: In Ecclesiis by Giovanni Gabrieli (c.1554-1612); Herr, unser Herscher by Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672); Ecce Sacerdos by Anton Bruckner (1824- 1896); and Ode a la Musique by Frank Martin (1890-1974).

The purpose of the lecture was to investigate the historical and musical heritage of the Moravian Church, with a particular interest in the works and players of the American Moravian Trombone Choir. The historical overview of people, customs, and practices is traced from its beginnings with the Unitas Fratrum in Bohemia through the Northern Germany settlement of Herrenhut and the establishment of the American Moravian colony at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The musical life of the church is represented by a discussion of the early hymns of the founding fathers in Bohemia and the subsequent instrumental music of the Moravian trombone choir in America. The trombone choir played chorales that were used to call the congregation to order, announce important visitors to the town, and provide music at special occasions. Anthems were played by trombones (when players were available) in regular church services, or outside when it was necessary to double voice parts. Concerted music was played in the Bethlehem Collegium Musicum. Biographies of the players of the 18th and 19th century trombone choirs provide information attesting to the proficiency and dedication of these musicians. A list of players who contributed to the trombone choir movement since the 19th century is included, as well as information about the popularity and function of the Moravian Trombone Choir today.

Detta examensarbete är en del av ett större projekt (Evochip) som bedrivs på Lunds tekniska högskola, avdelningen för industriell produktion (iProd) och med samarbete med bland annat AB Markaryds metallarmatur och Mistra innovation. I detta arbete har en dynamisk kostnadsmodell tagits fram för att beräkna tillverkningskostnaderna av komponenter tillverkade av återanvända spånor av blyfri mässing från de egna tillverkningsprocesserna hos AB Markaryds metallarmatur (MMA). Idag skickas alla kasserade detaljer och materialspill ner till materialleverantörer i Sydeuropa för återvinning. Transporterna sker med lastbil och återvinningsprocessen utgår från ett energikrävande nedsmältningssteg. Idag pågår utvecklingsprojekt med målet att återanvända spånorna utan nedsmältning hos MMA, men kostnadsbilden per detalj har varit hittills okänd. Med hjälp av detta examensarbete ska detaljpriset tas fram. Tillverkningsprocessen delas in i totalt 11 olika förädlingsstationer. För att kartlägga kostnaderna används Jan-Eric Ståhls dynamiska kostnadsmodell. Nödvändig data och information har samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer på företaget och genom företagets egna dokumentationer. För att minska felmarginalen i resultaten har lämpliga Monte Carlo simuleringar utförts. Arbetet utgår även från ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Förutom elimineringen av lastbilstransporter och energikrävande nedsmältningsprocesser för grundmaterialet, främjar arbetet även användning och återanvändning av blyfri mässing genom att kompaktera spånor till nya grönkroppar. Detta då forskare länge har varnat för blyade detaljers negativa hälsoeffekter.  Detaljen som undersöks i detta arbete är en ventil som har benämningen EVO 10, vilken återfinns i företagets blyfria standardsortiment. Kostnadsmodellen är dynamisk till den grad att den i framtiden skulle kunna appliceras på övriga blyfria mässingkomponenter hos MMA.      En jämförelse mellan två olika koncept presenteras i resultatdelen. Koncept ett representerar dagens tillverkningssystem, och koncept två framtidens kompakteringsteknik. Då många av förädlingsstegen är desamma för båda systemen, valdes en jämförelse mellan framtagningen av grönkropparna genom de två olika koncepten. Resultaten visar att kutsar, framtagna enligt dagens tillverkningssystem, kostar 12,75 SEK/detalj, och kutsar framtagna enligt koncept två kostar 9,61 SEK/detalj. Då koncept två är beroende av spånor från dagens tillverkningssystem, kan MMA inte helt gå över till att kompaktera spånor till nya kutsar. Mer arbete måste utföras för att hitta en balanserad modell mellan de två olika tillverkningssystemen för bästa möjliga resultat. Monte Carlo-simuleringarna visar att kostnaden per detalj uppgår till 12.96 SEK, detta med de på förhand valda konstanter och variabler i systemet. / This master thesis is part of a larger project (Evochip), conducted at Lund University, faculty of engineering, Industrial Production Department (iProd). The project is in collaboration with AB Markaryds metallarmatur and Mistra innovation. In this work, a dynamic cost model has been developed to calculate the manufacturing costs of components made from recycled chips of lead-free brass from the manufacturing processes of AB Markaryds metallarmatur (MMA). In the current situation, all rejected details and waste materials are sent to the material supplier in southern Europe for recycling. The transport takes place by trucks and the recycling process is based on an energy-intensive melting step. Development projects are currently underway to reuse the chips without melting at sight at MMA´s facilities, but the cost per detail has been unknown for the company. With the help of this thesis, the manufacturing price will be presented. The manufacturing process is divided into a total of 11 different processing stations. To estimate the costs, Jan-Eric Ståhl's dynamic cost model is used. Necessary data and information have been collected using interviews with the employees of the company and through the company's own documentation regarding the production lines. In order to reduce the error margin in the results, suitable Monte Carlo simulations have been performed. The work is also based on a sustainability perspective. In addition to eliminating transportations by trucks and energy-intensive melting processes for the products, the work also promotes the use and reuse of lead-free brass by pressing metal chips to form new bars. All this in order to avoid leaded brass components due to the negative health effects caused by the lead. The component investigated in this work is a radiator valve called EVO 10. The valve is found in the company's lead-free standard range. The cost model in this project is dynamic to the extent that it could be applied in the future to other lead-free brass components at MMA. A comparison of two different concepts is presented in the results section. Concept one represents the current manufacturing system, and concept two, the future compacting technology. Since many of the processing steps are the same for both systems, a comparison was made between the productions of the pellet through the two different concepts. The results show that pellets made according to today's manufacturing system cost 12.75 SEK / detail, and pellets manufactured according to concept two costs 9.61 SEK / detail. As concept two is dependent on chips from today's manufacturing system, MMA cannot completely switch to compacting chips to new pellets. More work must be done to find a balanced model between the two different manufacturing systems for the best possible results.The results from the Monte Carlo-simulations shows that the manufacturing cost with the chosen parameters and variables is 12.96 SEK/detail.

This thesis focuses on the topic of piano accompaniment, which is an essential and beautiful part of piano playing. This field demands from the pianist a specific approach, which is a subject and core of many study programmes throughout the world. The aim of the first part of this thesis is to map the evolution as well as the current state of knowledge in the field of piano accompaniment using scientific literature on the subject as well as curricula of study programmes obtained from universities in central Europe, where piano accompaniment is taught as a major study course. A strong correlation has been established based on this research between theory in scientific literature on the subject and the current practice of piano accompaniment education in central Europe. The aim of the second part of this thesis is to expand further the level of knowledge in scientific literature, which is insufficient mainly in the accompaniment of solo musical instruments. For this reason, the second part of the thesis focuses on the specific problems in piano accompaniment of musical instrument groups, i.e. string instruments, woodwind instruments and brass instruments. For these three groups case studies have been created, which examine the specific characteristics of the musical instruments in relation to piano...

The purpose of this research is to explore the benefits of chant music and its pedagogical applications for the individual trombonist or ensemble member. Several common method books are examined and categorized as either musical exercise or lyrical etude. Through this analysis I highlight a gap between the two method types that can be bridged through practice of chant. I support this claim through an analysis of chant characteristics that make it an ideal candidate to encourage pure sound production and connection in a performable work. Practice of chant in trombone chamber or choir ensembles will also encourage the development of skills necessary to play as a member of a group. I propose regular practice of this music will aid the ensemble in blend and balance, intonation, articulation, and slide coordination. The final chapter of the research provides the reader with a brief summary of the works refenced to promote further study as one chooses.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce the reader to the art-historical project Stolpersteine. Its author is the German Gunter Demnig, who first came up with the idea to honor the memory of Holocaust victims in 1992. The purpose of the project is to commemorate the victims of World War II and the Nazi regime, not only Jews but also Roma, homosexuals and Jehovah's Witnesses. Stolpersteine are in the form of paving stones with a brass surface, which are usually inserted into the sidewalk before the last known voluntary residence of the victim. The Stolpersteine project soon attracted the attention of experts and the general public throughout Europe. In the Czech Republic, the first memorial stone was laid in 2008 in Prague, then in Mikulov, and more are added to various parts of the country every year. Laying new stones is not a trivial matter and the legislative process, which begins with an application and ends with the issuance of a decision, involves a number of steps. The purpose of Stolpersteine is to get today's young generation to reflect on events that its representatives have not experienced, but whose legacy continues to shape political and social events not only in Germany but also in other European countries, including the Czech Republic. Due to their location by the ground, the...

Ny lagstiftning har lagt fokus på den tociska naturen av bly som legeringselement I mässingsprodukter. Vattenförsörjningssystem är av största oro där misstänkt blyläckage från mässingsprodukter hotar människors hälsa, världen över. Denna studie har utförts i syfte att karaktärisera bearbetbarheten av blyfria mässingslegeringar för att förse industrin med nödvändig information och underlätta att ersätta dagens blyade alternativ. Karaktäriseringen har fokuserat på två specifika bearbetningsprocesser, nämligen svarvning och borrning där intresset har legat hos skärkraftsgenerering och spånbildning. Svarvtesterna riktade sig mot att jämföra tre olika legeringar, CW511L, AquaNordicÒ och CW625N. De två förstnämnda är blyfria och CW625N är en medelblyhaltig mässingslegering. Borrtesterna riktade sig mot att karaktärisera vilken effekt borrgeometrier har på skärkraftsgenerering och spånbildning. Huvudfokus lades på inverkan av spånvinkel och borrdiameter. Borrtesterna utfördes endast på AquaNordicÒ. Resultaten har visat att, signifikant högre skärkrafter genereras vid svarvning av blyfria legeringar jämfört med blyfria. Det fanns emellertid ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de båda blyfria legeringarna avseende skärkrafter, medan spånbildning förbättrades för AquaNordicÒ . Borrtesterna har å andra sidan visat att bearbetningen hos den blyfria AquaNordicÒ -legeringen kan förbättras genom att öka på spånvinkeln och minska borrdiameter. Baserat på resultaten från det här avhandlingsarbetet har man dragit slutsatsen att bearbetningen av blyfria mässingslegeringar är tillräckligt bra för att kunna antas av industrin. Förbättring är dock nödvändig för att ersätta de blyeade alternativen helt. / Recent legislation has put focus on the toxic nature of lead as an alloying element in brass products. Watersupply systems are of biggest concern where suspected lead leakages from brass products are threatening human health. A comprehensive study has been conducted in order to characterize the machinability of lead-free brass alloys to provide the industry with necessary information to assist a replacement of the leaded alternatives. The characterization has focused on two particular machining processes, namely turning and drilling and has been based on cutting force generation and chip formation. While the turning tests aimed to characterize the machinability by comparing two lead-free alloys (CW511L and AquaNordic®) with a leaded alloy (CW625N), drilling tests aimed to characterize machinability of the lead-free AquaNordic® alloy particularly, with the main focus put on the impact of tool geometry on machinability. The results have shown that significantly higher cutting forces are generated during turning of lead-free alloys as compared to the leaded. There was, however, no significant difference between the two lead-free alloys regarding cutting forces while chip formation is improved for AquaNordic®. Drilling tests have shown that the machinability of the lead-free AquaNordic® alloy can be improved by increasing the tool rake angle and decreasing tool diameter. Based on the results from this thesis work, it has been concluded that the machinability of lead-free brass alloys is sufficiently good to be able to be adopted by the industry. However, improvement is necessary inorder to fulfill the requirement needed to replace the leaded alternatives.