This thesis focuses on improving the process of automated planing through symmetry breaking. The aim is to describe symmetries, which are often observed by human programmers, but haven't been properly theoretically formalized. After an analysis of available research, there are new definitions of symmetries proposed in context of classical planning, such as state equivalence, T1 automorphisms and more general automorphisms of constants. Several theorems are proved about new symmetries. As a result, an algorithm for detecting a special symmetry class is proposed, together with a method of exploiting such class during planning. Experimens are made to show the effect of symmetry breaking on the performance of the planner. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Le groupe de recherche Instabilités et Méthodes Numériques Spécifiques mène ses activités dans le développement d’outils numé- riques pour la résolution de problèmes non linéaires en utilisant, no- tamment, la Méthode Asymptotique Numérique (MAN). Basée sur le couplage d’une méthode de perturbation et de discrétisation spa- tiale, la MAN est efficace et permet de déterminer précisément les transitions telles que, par exemple, la perte d’unicité de la solution. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer des méthodes numé- riques alternatives à la fois robustes, performantes pour la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes. Nous nous intéressons à l’analyse de bifurcation stationnaire, mais aussi à la simulation d’écoulement dépendant du temps. Dans un premier temps, des techniques d’analyse de bifurcation nu- mérique pour des problèmes stationnaires à très grand nombre de degrés de liberté sont décrites. Nous implémentons ces techniques, basées sur la MAN, dans le logiciel open-source multi-physique ELMER . Nous détaillons l’implémentation des méthodes d’analyse de bifurcation stationnaire telles que la continuation de branches solutions, les techniques de détection des valeurs critiques du pa- ramètre de charge et les changements de branche en un point de bifurcation stationnaire. L’émergence d’une progression géométrique dans les termes de séries MAN à l’approche d’une singularité est dé- crite. Des discussions sont proposées pour le cas de bifurcations par brisure de symétrie. Les méthodes proposées dans ce travail sont validées en utilisant des cas référencés dans la littérature, tels que des écoulements dans des conduites à expansion/contraction sou- daine. Une étude paramétrique permet de présenter de nouveaux ré- sultats pour les écoulements tridimensionnels dans une expansion brusque. L’utilisation de librairies de calculs intensifs rend possible la réalisation d’analyse de bifurcation pour des modèles à très grand nombre de degrés de liberté, en des temps de calcul abordables. Dans un deuxième temps, des solveurs d’ordre élevé sont proposés pour la simulation d’écoulements instationnaires. Une technique d’homotopie à combinaison convexe et une technique de pertur- bation, sont couplées à un schéma d’intégration temporelle pour résoudre les équations instationnaires de Navier-Stokes. Le cas d’un écoulement bidimensionnel autour d’un cylindre fixe est étudié. Ce problème de référence nous permet de valider et discuter des amélio- rations proposées. De cette manière, nous confirmons, au cours des essais numériques, qu’il est possible de réduire les temps de cal- cul en évitant des assemblages d’opérateurs et des résolutions de systèmes linéaires qui n’apportent aucune information supplémen- taire pour la qualité des solutions. De plus, un nouvel éclairage est apporté sur l’utilisation des approximants de Padé par rapport aux travaux antérieurs. L’utilisation de ces solveurs non linéaires nous permet de réduire significativement le nombre de factorisations de matrice en les conservant valides pour un grand nombre de pas de temps, et parfois sur le domaine temporel complet. De nombreuses perspectives sont envisagées, notamment pour l’analyse des séries pour le cas d’un point limite, la bifurcation de Hopf, l’étude d’autre cas d’écoulements tridimensionnels, le couplage fluide-structure. De même, l’association des techniques MAN aux techniques de réductions de modèles et l’analyse de stabilité des orbites périodiques sont envisageables. / The research group "Instabilités et Méthodes Numériques Spéci-fiques" operates in the development of numerical tools for solving nonlinear problems by using, in particluar, the Asymptotic Numer- ical Method (ANM). Based on coupling a perturbation method and a spatial discretization, the ANM is effective and makes it possible to precisely determine the transitions such as, for example, loss of uniqueness of the solution. The objective of this thesis is to offer al- ternative numerical methods both robust and effective, for solving the Navier-Stokes equations. We are interested in steady bifurcation analysis, and in time dependent flow simulation .Initially, numerical bifurcation analysis techniques for steady flow problems in very large number of degrees of freedom are de- scribed. These techniques, based on the ANM, are implemented in the multiphysics ELMER open-source software. We detail the im- plementation of the steady bifurcation analysis methods such as continuation of solution branches, detection of load parameter critical values and branch switching at steady bifurcation point. The emer- gence of a geometric progression in ANM series terms in the vicinity of a singularity is described. Discussions are proposed for the case of symmetry breaking bifurcations. The methods described in this the- sis are validated using reference cases of the literature, such as flow in pipe with sudden expansion/contraction. New results for three- dimensional flow in a sudden expansion, are obtained according to a parametric study. The use of high performance computing libraries makes possible the bifurcation analysis for models with high number of degrees of freedom, in affordable computing times. Secondly, high-order solvers are proposed for the simulation of un- steady flows. Homotopy with convex combination and a perturba- tion technique, are coupled to a time integration scheme in order to solve the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. The case of two- dimensional flow around a fixed cylinder is studied. This reference problem allows us to validate and discuss proposed improvements. In this way, we confirm, in the numerical tests, that it is possible to reduce the computation time by avoiding operators assembly and resolution of unuseful linear systems in respect to the solution quality. In addition, new lighting is provided on the use of Padé approximants over previous work. The use of these nonlinear solvers allows us to significantly reduce the number of matrix factorization retaining them valid for many time steps, and sometimes on the complete time do- main. Many opportunities are envisaged, in particular the analysis of ANM series for the case of limit point, the Hopf bifurcation, the study of other cases of three-dimensional flow, the fluid-structure interaction. Similarly, the combination of ANM models with reduction techniques f stable periodic orbits are possible.

Coastal flooding from wave overtopping causes considerable damage. Presently, to model wave overtopping one can either make use of physical model tests or empirical tools such as those described in the EurOtop manual. Both these methods have limitations; therefore, a quick and reliable numerical model for wave overtopping would be a very useful tool for a coastal engineer.This research aims to test and develop a numerical model (in one horizontal dimension) for nearshore waves, runup and overtopping. The Shallow Water And Boussinesq (SWAB) model solves the Boussinesq-type equations of Madsen and Sorensen (1992) for non breaking waves and the nonlinear shallow water equations for breaking waves. Through testing against a range of physical model data using regular and random waves, the SWAB model's transfer from non-breaking to breaking waves was optimised. It was found that a wave height to water depth ratio worked consistently well as a breaking criterion.A set of physical model tests were carried out, based on previous field testing of wave overtopping that had previously taken place at Anchorsholme, Blackpool. The SWAB model was used to simulate some of these physical model tests, giving good results for mean overtopping rates. SWAB models the force imposed by steep walls and recurve walls on the incident flow; this force was found to have a significant effect on overtopping rates. A comparison was made between mean overtopping rates from the SWAB model, the physical model tests, empirically-based software (PC-Overtopping) and the field data. The physical model and SWAB results compared well with the field data, though the empirical software gave large overestimates.The SWAB model was applied to the analysis of overtopping at Walcott, Norfolk. It was found that beach levels affected overtopping rates, but not as much as different randomly phased wave trains. A simulation of a recent storm event was performed, with overtopping rates being slightly lower than those reported by local residents. A joint probability analysis showed that the predicted frequency of such an event was in line with these reports.An alternative modelling technique was also tested, where a spectral energy model was coupled with a nonlinear shallow water solver. Results for wave runup parameters were very accurate, when the coupling location is at the seaward edge of the surf zone. Extension of this modelling technique into two horizontal dimensions would be more straightforward than with the SWAB model.

Orientadores: Stefano De Leo, Luis Eduardo Evangelista de Araújo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:22:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_ManoelPedrode_D.pdf: 1955745 bytes, checksum: d09312f15b1d058162aef061fcfc0682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta uma análise sobre o deslocamento de Goos-Hänchen, o desvio angular da lei de Snell e o efeito de interferência entre feixes ópticos gaussianos. Em nosso estudo o deslocamento de Goos-Hänchen foi obtido por meio do método da fase estacionária. No regime de incidência crítica, tal deslocamento apresenta uma forte dependência com a largura do feixe, em contraste com as expressões clássicas de Artmann, que predizem um deslocamento infinito. Também na incidência crítica, observamos que, dependendo da magnitude da largura da cintura do feixe, ocorre uma quebra de simetria na distribuição de momento. A maximização da quebra de simetria leva ao desvio angular da lei de Snell. Mostramos como reproduzir a máxima quebra de simetria por uma estrutura dielétrica. Como resultado, obtivemos uma nova fórmula analítica para o desvio angular. Ademais, foi possível estimar o deslocamento de Goos-Hänchen por meio do efeito de interferência entre feixes. Nesta análise, observamos que, na incidência crítica, a estimativa usada na literatura para o deslocamento de Goos-Hänchen não é válida. Portanto, uma nova fórmula foi introduzida para estimar tal deslocamento / Abstract: This thesis presents some of the main phenomena associated with Goos-Hanchen shift, the angular deviation of the Snell¿s law and the interference effect among Gaussian optical beams. In our study the Goos-Hänchen shift was obtained by using the stationary phase method. In the case of incidence at critical angle, such displacement shows a strong dependence on the beam width in contrast with the classical expressions of Artmann, which predict an infinite displacement. Also in the critical incidence we observed that, depending on the magnitude of the beam waist, there is a symmetry breaking in the momentum distribution. The maximization of symmetry breaking leads to the angular deviations of the Snell¿s law. In this analysis we showed how to maximize this breaking of the symmetry by a dielectric structure. As a result, we obtained an analytical formula to the Snell¿s law angular deviation. Furthermore, we could estimate the displacement of Goos- Hänchen through the interference effect among beams. The results of this analysis reveal that, for the critical incidence, the estimative used in the literature for the Goss-Hänchen shift is not valid. Therefore, a new formula was introduced to estimate such displacement. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

The design of rubble mound breakwaters usually focuses on the main armor layer. A review of the existing literature reveals that different equations are used to design rock armors in non-breaking wave conditions. However, most rubble mound breakwaters are constructed in the depth-induced breaking zone where they are attacked by waves breaking in the foreshore; in these conditions, existing design equations are not valid. Therefore, in this PhD thesis, the hydraulic stability of double-layer rock armors is analyzed through a series of small-scale tests conducted with a bottom slope m=1/50. Based on test results, a new potential relationship is given to design rock armors in depth-limited breaking wave conditions with armor slope cot¿=1.5, stability numbers within the range 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50)¿2.5, and relative water depth at the toe 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. When concrete units are used for the armor layer, mound breakwaters are usually protected by a toe berm. This toe berm is placed on the seafloor or underlayer, providing support for the concrete armor units which are placed later on the structure slope. Toe berm design is commonly related to the armor design; in non-breaking wave conditions, the mass of toe berm rocks is one order of magnitude lower than the units of the layer. In breaking wave conditions, however, the highest waves start breaking on the bottom and impact directly on the toe berm. This is the common case of rocky sea bottoms with m=1/10 or higher slopes and thus, a correct design of the toe berm is crucial to guarantee the armor stability. The present PhD thesis examines the hydraulic stability of rock toe berms placed on a m=1/10 bottom slope and in very shallow waters (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01). Small-scale tests were conducted with double-layer cube armored breakwaters and rock toe berms with different widths (Bt) and thicknesses (tt). Firstly, a new equation is proposed to design emerged and submerged standard rock toe berms (Bt=3Dn50 and tt=2 Dn50) using three parameters: (1) deep water wave height, Hs0, (2) deep water wave length, L0p, and (3) water depth at the toe, hs. Secondly, the influence of toe berm width (Bt) on toe berm stability is analyzed introducing two new concepts to characterize wide toe berms (Bt>3Dn50): (1) the nominal toe berm or the most shoreward toe berm area which effectively supports the armor layer, and (2) the sacrificial toe berm or the most seaward toe berm area which serves to protect the nominal toe berm. Considering the nominal toe berm damage, a new method is developed to reduce the rock toe berm size (Dn50) by increasing the toe berm width (Bt) if the required rock size is not available at the quarries. Finally, cube armor damage is examined, and the influence of the placement technique on armor stability is also characterized from physical tests conducted with cubes randomly- and uniformly- placed on the armor in two layers. / El manto principal de los diques en talud suele estar formado por escollera natural o elementos prefabricados de hormigón; su función es resistir la acción del oleaje. Una revisión del estado del arte pone de manifiesto que son numerosas las fórmulas existentes para el diseño de mantos derivadas de ensayos físicos a escala reducida con oleaje sin rotura por fondo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de diques en talud se construyen en la zona de rompientes con oleaje limitado por fondo, donde las ecuaciones de diseño habituales no son del todo válidas. En esta tesis doctoral se analiza la estabilidad hidráulica de mantos bicapa de escollera, a partir de ensayos a escala reducida con pendiente de fondo m=1/50. En base a los resultados obtenidos de los ensayos físicos, se propone una nueva relación potencial para el diseño de mantos de escollera en condiciones de oleaje limitado por fondo, válida para taludes con cot¿=1.5, números de estabilidad 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50)¿2.5, y profundidades relativas a pie de dique de 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. Cuando el manto principal está formado por elementos de hormigón, es habitual construir una berma de pie que proporciona apoyo a los elementos del manto y, en su caso, colabora en la protección de la zona inferior del dique contra la socavación. Dicha berma suele construirse con escollera natural y su peso está condicionado al de los elementos del manto en el caso de no haber rotura por fondo. El peso de los elementos de la berma de pie suele ser un orden de magnitud inferior al peso de las unidades del manto; sin embargo, si la pendiente de fondo es fuerte (p.e. m=1/10) y las aguas someras esta regla no se cumple ya que algunas olas rompen sobre el fondo impactando directamente sobre la berma de pie. En estos casos, el peso de la escollera de la berma puede sobrepasar el de las unidades del manto y su correcto diseño es crucial para garantizar la estabilidad del dique. Además de estudiar la estabilidad del manto principal de diques de escollera, la presente tesis doctoral analiza también la estabilidad hidráulica de bermas de pie de escollera ubicadas en fondos con pendiente m=1/10 y aguas someras (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01), en base a ensayos físicos a escala reducida realizados con mantos bicapa de cubos y bermas de escollera con diferentes dimensiones. En primer lugar, se propone una nueva ecuación para el diseño de bermas escollera estándar (Bt=3Dn50 y tt=2 Dn50), tanto emergidas como sumergidas, a partir de tres parámetros: (1) altura de ola en aguas profundas, Hs0, (2) longitud de onda en aguas profundas, L0p, (3) profundidad a pie de dique, hs. Posteriormente, se analiza la influencia del ancho de la berma (Bt) en su estabilidad hidráulica, introduciendo dos nuevos conceptos para caracterizar bermas de pie anchas (Bt>3Dn50): (1) berma nominal o zona de la berma de pie sobre la que realmente apoya el manto principal, y (2) berma de sacrificio o zona de la berma de pie que protege a la berma nominal. A partir del daño de la berma de pie nominal, se propone un nuevo método para reducir el tamaño de piedra (Dn50) incrementando el ancho de la berma (Bt) cuando no se disponga del tamaño requerido en cantera. Finalmente, se examina el daño del manto de cubos y se analiza la influencia del método de colocación sobre el mismo, a partir de ensayos realizados con mantos bicapa de cubos con colocación aleatoria y uniforme. / El mantell principal dels dics en talús sol estar format per roca o elements prefabricats de formigó, la seva funció és resistir l'acció de l'onatge. Una revisió de l'estat de l'art manifesta que són nombroses les equacions de disseny existents per a condicions d'onatge no trencat. No obstant això, la majoria de dics en talús es construeixen a la zona de rompents amb onatge limitat per fons, on les equacions de disseny existents no són del tot vàlides. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'analitza l'estabilitat hidràulica de mantells bicapa de roca, a partir d'assajos a escala reduïda realitzats amb pendent de fons m = 1/50. En base als resultats obtinguts dels assajos, es proposa una relació potencial per al disseny de mantells de roca en condicions d'onatge limitat per fons vàlida per a talussos amb cot¿ = 1.5, nombres d'estabilitat 0.98¿Hm0/(¿Dn50) ¿2.5, i profunditats relatives a peu de dic de 3.75¿hs/(¿Dn50)¿7.50. Quan mantell principal està format per elements de formigó , és habitual construir una berma de peu que proporciona suport als elements del mantell i, si escau, col¿labora en la protecció de la zona inferior del dic contra la soscavació. Aquesta berma sol construir amb roca i el seu pes està condicionat al dels elements del mantell en el cas de no haver trencament per fons. El pes dels elements de la berma de peu sol ser un ordre de magnitud inferior al pes de les unitats del mantell; però, si el pendent de fons és fort ( p.e. m = 1 /10) i les aigües someres aquesta regla no es compleix ja que algunes onades trenquen sobre el fons impactant directament sobre la berma de peu. En aquests casos, el pes de la roca de la berma pot sobrepassar el de les unitats del mantell, i el seu correcte disseny és crucial per garantir l'estabilitat del dic. A més d'estudiar l'estabilitat del mantell principal de dics de roca, la present tesi doctoral analitza també l'estabilitat hidràulica de bermes de roca ubicades en fons amb pendents m = 1/10 i aigües someres (0.5<hs/Dn50<5.01), utilitzant assajos a escala reduïda realitzats amb mantells de doble capa de cubs i bermes de roca amb diferents dimensions. En primer lloc, es proposa una nova equació per al disseny de bermes de roca estàndard (Bt = 3 Dn50 i tt = 2 Dn50), tant emergides com submergides, a partir de tres paràmetres: (1) alçada d'ona significant en aigües profundes, Hs0, (2) longitud d'ona en aigües profundes, L0p, i (3) profunditat a peu de dic, hs. Posteriorment, s'analitza la influència de l'amplada de la berma (Bt) en la seua estabilitat hidràulica, introduint dos nous conceptes per caracteritzar bermes de peu amples (Bt > 3 Dn50): (1) berma nominal o zona de la berma de peu sobre la qual recolza el mantell principal, i (2) berma de sacrifici o zona de la berma de peu que protegeix la berma nominal. A partir del dany de la berma de peu nominal, es proposa un nou mètode per reduir el tamany de roca (Dn50) incrementant l'amplada de la berma (Bt) quan no es disposi de la mida requerit en pedrera. Finalment, s'examina el dany del mantell de cubs i s'analitza la influència del mètode de col¿locació sobre el mateix , a partir d'assajos realitzats amb mantells bicapa de cubs amb col¿locació aleatòria i uniforme. / Herrera Gamboa, MP. (2017). Mound Breakwater Design in Depth-Limited Breaking Wave Conditions [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/82553 / TESIS

The aim of this study is to understand the risk factors contributing to juvenile delinquency for young men in Sweden. Previous research shows that juvenile delinquency is a theme that exists in all communities and affects several areas of society such as family relations, social relations, academic achievement as well as individual consequences. In this essay, the focus is on identifying risk factors putting young men at greater risk of committing crimes, but also explaining the underlying causes of why these risk factors exist by using theoretical frameworks such as empowerment and life-span theories. The central point of the essay is thus the question of how and why some young men become criminals? The methods used are a systematic literature study combined with semi structured interviews in order to understand why some young men are more vulnerable than others in committing crime. The interviews consist of statements based on professional experience from four different non-governmental organizations in Sweden working with youths. The results of the study show that the environment these young men grow up in plays a major role for both academic achievement and the development of various personality disorders which can contribute to criminal behavior. The results of the interviews also show that social structures make these young men feel powerless in relation to themselves, school and society. This type of feeling of exclusion on a social and individual level tend to increase the risk of criminal behavior and lifestyle for some young men in Sweden.

abstract: The Atlantic razor clam burrows underground with effectiveness and efficiency by coordinating shape changings of its shell and foot. Inspired by the burrowing strategy of razor clams, this research is dedicated to developing a self-burrowing technology for active underground explorations by investigating the burrowing mechanism of razor clams from the perspective of soil mechanics. In this study, the razor clam was observed to burrow out of sands simply by extending and contracting its foot periodically. This upward burrowing gait is much simpler than its downward burrowing gait, which also involves opening/closing of the shell and dilation of the foot. The upward burrowing gait inspired the design of a self-burrowing-out soft robot, which drives itself out of sands naturally by extension and contraction through pneumatic inflation and deflation. A simplified analytical model was then proposed and explained the upward burrowing behavior of the robot and razor clams as the asymmetric nature of soil resistances applied on both ends due to the intrinsic stress gradient of sand deposits. To burrow downward, additional symmetry-breaking features are needed for the robot to increase the resistance in the upward burrowing direction and to decrease the resistance in the downward burrowing direction. A potential approach is by incorporating friction anisotropy, which was then experimentally demonstrated to affect the upward burrowing of the soft robot. The downward burrowing gait of razor clams provides another inspiration. By exploring the analogies between the downward burrowing gait and in-situ soil characterization methods, a clam-inspired shape-changing penetrator was designed and penetrated dry granular materials both numerically and experimentally. Results demonstrated that the shell opening not only contributes to forming a penetration anchor by compressing the surrounding particles, but also reduces the foot penetration resistance temporally by creating a stress arch above the foot; the shell closing facilitates the downward burrowing by reducing the friction resistance to the subsequent shell retraction. Findings from this research shed lights on the future design of a clam-inspired self-burrowing robot. / Dissertation/Thesis / Video for section A1 of APPENDIX A / Video for section A2 of APPENDIX A / Video for section A3 of APPENDIX A / Video for section B8 of APPENDIX B / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22451号 / 工博第4712号 / 新制||工||1736(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 勝久, 教授 田中 功, 教授 陰山 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23149号 / 工博第4793号 / 新制||工||1750(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 平石 哲也, 准教授 馬場 康之, 教授 森 信人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis is devoted to the study of orientifolds and dynamical supersymmetry breaking in configurations of D-branes on toric Calabi-Yau singularities, through the lens of dimer models. We first review the basic ingredients of string theory that led to the formulation of gauge/gravity dualities in terms of dimers. Then, we discuss the non-abelian anomaly cancellation conditions for the supersymmetric gauge theories arising on D-branes and provide necessary geometric criteria to determine whether an orientifold projection can be safely introduced. We also find a new realization of orientifold projection without fixed loci in dimer models and expand on its physical features. We argue that it exhausts the possibilities of orientifolding dimer models. In the subsequent part of the thesis, we investigate dynamical supersymmetry breaking vacua in the same class of models and their typical instability along N=2 Coulomb branches. This leads us to formulate a no-go theorem against their stability based on geometrical features of the singularity, and then to establish a precise way to circumvent it. We eventually find the first instance of stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking vacuum in string theory from D-branes on a toric Calabi-Yau singularity, the Octagon. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished