Arbetstagare som uttrycker sig om sin arbetssituation via forum som sociala medier har blivit allt vanligare. Denna undersökning försöker svara på varför arbetstagare väljer att uttrycka sig om sin arbetssituation via detta forum och vilka konsekvenser detta kan få. Först har intervjuer med arbetstagare som uttryckt sig via sociala medier om sin arbetssituation genomförts. Därefter har vinjetter utformats utifrån resultatet från intervjuerna samt ett uppmärksammat fall i tidningen om just en sådan här händelse. Vinjetterna har sedan presenterats för en VD, en konsultchef med personalansvar och en fackombudsman för att kunna ta del av deras reaktioner på situationerna. Resultatet från undersökningen visar på flera bidragande faktorer till varför arbetstagare väljer sociala medier som forum för sitt uttryck om sin arbetssituation. Sociala medier som en ventil, relation med sin närmsta chef och paralleller till whistleblowing har gjorts. Konsekvenserna har varit varierande från uppsägning till inga konsekvenser alls. Resultatet visar också på konsekvenser som ärligare arbetstagare, tappat förtroende mellan chef och arbetstagare samt svårigheter att bedöma situationer.

Internal waves occur in the interface between two layers of fluids with density stratification. In order to better understand the characteristics of continuous internal waves, a series of experiments were conducted in a laboratory tank. The upper and lower layers are fresh water of 15 cm thick and salt water of 30 cm thick, respectively. The periods of internal waves are 2.5, 5.5 and 6.6 sec. A micro-ADV is used to measure velocity profiles. Wave profiles at the density interface and the free surface are monitored respectively by an ultrasonic and capacitance wave gauges. Our results indicate that particle velocities (u and w) above and below the density interface have opposite directions. The speed is peaked near the density interface and it becomes weaker further away from the interface. Empirical Mode Decomposition is used to remove noise from the observed particle velocities, and the period is consistent with those derived from the interface elevations. The observed particle velocities also compare favorably with the theoretical results. When internal waves propagate without the interference of a sloping bottom, the turbulence induced is rather insignificant. The turbulence is more significant only near the density interface. With the existence of a sloping bottom, the internal waves gradually shoal and deform, the crest becomes sharp and steep, finally the waves become unstable, break and overturn. In this study the effect of bottom slope and the steepness of internal waves on the reflectivity of incoming waves are investigated. The reflectivity is smaller with gentler slope, and it increases and reaches a constant value with steeper slopes. The observed energy dissipation rate£`is higher near the slope. Three methods were used to estimate the energy dissipation rate and shear stress; namely, the inertial dissipation, the TKE and auto-correlation method. The£` estimated from the auto-correlation method is larger than that from the other two methods, but their trend is similar. The energy dissipation rate is found to increase with a gentler sloping bottom.

In the present study, a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme was built for solving the surface-capturing level-set equation. Combined with the level-set equation, the three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were employed for the prediction of nonlinear wave-interaction and wave-breaking phenomena over sloping beaches. In the level-set finite-analytic Navier-Stokes (FANS) method, the free surface is represented by the zero level-set function, and the flows are modeled as immiscible air-water two phase flows. The Navier-Stokes equations for air-water two phase flows are formulated in a moving curvilinear coordinate system and discretized by a 12-point finite-analytical scheme using the finite-analytic method on a multi-block over-set grid system. The Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators / Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation Revised (PISO/SIMPLER) algorithm was used to determine the coupled velocity and pressure fields. The evolution of the level-set method was solved using the third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta method and fifth-order WENO scheme. The accuracy was confirmed by solving the Zalesak's problem. Two major subjects are discussed in the present study. First, to identify the WENO scheme as a more accurate scheme than the essentially non-oscillatory scheme (ENO), the characteristics of a nonlinear monochromatic wave were studied systematically and comparisons of wave profiles using the two schemes were conducted. To eliminate other factors that might produce wave profile fluctuation, different damping functions and grid densities were studied. To damp the reflection waves efficiently, we compared five damping functions. The free-surface elevation data collected from gauges distributed evenly in a numerical wave tank are analyzed to demonstrate the damping effect of the beach. Second, as a surface-tracking numerical method built on curvilinear coordinates, the level-set RANS model was tested for nonlinear bichromatic wave trains and breaking waves on a sloping beach with a complex free surface. As the wave breaks, the velocity of the fluid flow surface became more complex. Numerical modeling was performed to simulate the two-phase flow velocity and its corresponding surface and evolution when the wave passed over different sloping beaches. The breaking wave test showed that it is an efficient technique for accurately capturing the breaking wave free surface. To predict the breaking points, different wave heights and beach slopes are simulated. The results show that the dependency of wave shape and breaking characteristics to wave height and beach slope match the results provided by experiments.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is believed to be the theory of strong interactions. At high energies, it has been successfully applied to explain the interactions in accelerators. At these energies, the method used to do the calculations is perturbation theory. But at low energies, since the strong coupling constant becomes large, perturbation theory is no longer applicable. Hence, one needs non-perturbative approaches. Some of these approaches are based on the fundamental QCD Lagrangian, such as the QCD sum rules or lattice calculations. Some others use an effective theory approach to relate experimental observables one to the other. Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) is one of these approaches. In this thesis, we make a review of chiral perturbation theory and its applications to study the mixing phenomenon between the neutral pseudoscalar mesons eta and eta-prime.

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This article studies ambient noise in the surf zone that was simulated by piston-type wavemaker in the tank. The experiment analyzed the bubbles of breaking wave by using a hydrophone to receive the acoustic signal, and the images of bubbles were recorded by a digital video camera to observe distribution of bubbles. The tank is in College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, the dimensions of water tank are 35 m ¡Ñ1 m ¡Ñ1.2 m, and the slope of the simulated seabed is 1:5. The studied parameters of ambient noise generates by breaking wave bubbles were wave height, period, and water depth. Short-time Fourier Transform was applied to obtain the acoustic spectrum of bubbles, MATLAB programs were used to calculate mean sound pressure level, and determine number of bubbles. Bubbles with resonant frequency from 0.5 to 10 kHz were studied, counted from peaks in the spectrum. The number of bubbles generated by breaking waves could be estimated by bubbles energy distributions. The sound pressure level of ambient noise was highly related to the wave height and period, with correlation coefficient 0.7. The results were compared with other studies of ambient noise in the surf.

Laboratory experiments were performed to study and improve longshore sediment transport rate predictions. Measured total longshore transport in the laboratory was approximately three times greater for plunging breakers than spilling breakers. Three distinct zones of longshore transport were observed across the surf zone: the incipient breaker zone, inner surf zone, and swash zone. Transport at incipient breaking was influenced by breaker type; inner surf zone transport was dominated by wave height, independent of wave period; and swash zone transport was dependent on wave period. Selected predictive formulas to compute total load and distributed load transport were compared to laboratory and field data. Equations by Kamphuis (1991) and Madsen et al. (2003) gave consistent total sediment transport estimates for both laboratory and field data. Additionally, the CERC formula predicted measurements well if calibrated and applied to similar breaker types. Each of the distributed load models had shortcomings. The energetics model of Bodge and Dean (1987) was sensitive to fluctuations in energy dissipation and often predicted transport peaks that were not present in the data. The Watanabe (1992) equation, based on time-averaged bottom stress, predicted no transport at most laboratory locations. The Van Rijn (1993) model was comprehensive and required hydrodynamic, bedform, and sediment data. The model estimated the laboratory cross-shore distribution well, but greatly overestimated field transport. Seven models were developed in this study based on the principle that transported sediment is mobilized by the total shear stress acting on the bottom and transported by the current at that location. Shear stress, including the turbulent component, was calculated from the wave orbital velocity. Models 1 through 3 gave good estimates of the transport distribution, but underpredicted the transport peak near the plunging wave breakpoint. A suspension term was included in Models 4 through 7, which improved estimates near breaking for plunging breakers. Models 4, 5 and 7 also compared well to the field measurements. It was concluded that breaker type is an important variable in determining the amount of transport that occurs at a location. Lastly, inclusion of the turbulent component of the orbital velocity is vital in predictive sediment transport equations.

China in the new millennium has witnessed the surge of the digital wave, which has played a pivotal role in reshaping the social and cultural landscapes. This dissertation employs institutional and content analysis to link the ascendance of Internet culture with the state-led marketization, commercialization, and modernization project. By systematically examining blog and Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs), two of the most dynamic online spaces in China, it brings to the fore the intertwining official, commercial, individual, and social forces conducive to the vitality, ingenuity, and diversity of Internet culture in China. The main body of this dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter one describes the developmental history of the Internet and blogging industry in China, and discusses how the rule of the attention economy dominates the industrial practice of commercial Internet portals. By taking Sina.com as a primary case study, this chapter elucidates how the strategic structuring of attention is paramount for Sina.com’s success in promoting celebrity blogs. In turn, celebrity blogging has fundamentally changed the social and cultural landscape of China. The following three chapters delineate three prominent cultural modes digital media have fostered: fun-seeking, trailblazing, and taboo-breaking. Each formulation epitomizes how a particular style of attention rule is implemented in online space. Chapter two investigates how the playful collective attention projected on an alternative media type fosters the birth of China’s first Internet celebrity: Furong Jiejie (Sister Lotus). Chapter three explores how the “attention-haves,” represented by such celebrities as Yang Lan and Xu Jinglei, innovatively capitalize on the attention rule and engage in new modes of cultural production via new media. In chapter four, I use blogs of Mu Zimei and Han Han as examples, and detail how their taboo-breaking practices disrupt preset parameters of social, cultural, and political norms. I contend their particular style of blogging greatly contributes to catching public attention and engaging in contentious issues, which further fosters the emergence of a literal public sphere in contemporary China. / text

We review the important features of Little Higgs models, illuminating the mechanisms that generate a naturally light Higgs field while avoiding excessive fine-tuning. The full spectrum of the Littlest Higgs model is analyzed in light of the recent discovery of the Higgs boson mass. We find viable regions in parameter space that are consistent with the standard model. / text

Many physical systems break symmetry in their evolution. Biophysical systems, such as cells, developing organisms, and even entire populations, are no exception. Developing neurons represent a striking example of a biophysical system that breaks symmetry: neurons cultured in vitro begin as cell bodies with several tendrils (“neurites”) growing outward. A few days later, these same neurons invariably have the same new morphology: exactly one of the neurites (the “axon”) has grown hundreds of microns in length, while the others (the “dendrites”) are much shorter and are more branched. Previous work has shown that any of the neurites can become the axon, and so neurons must break symmetry during their development. The mechanisms underlying neuronal symmetry breaking and axon specification have recently attracted attention, with multiple groups proposing biophysical models to explain the phenomena. In this thesis, we perform the first analytical comparisons of these models by conducting multiple phenotypic and morphological studies of neurite growth in developing neurons. Studying neurite dynamics is technically challenging because neurites have unpredictable morphologies. In Chapter 4, we study neurite competition and neuronal symmetry breaking in hundreds of neurons by optically patterning micron-wide stripes to which the neurons adhere, and on which they grow exactly two neurites. We then use our measurements to test the accuracy of the models in the simple case when a neuron has exactly two neurites. In Chapter 5, we no longer constrain neuronal morphology. One characteristic of symmetry breaking systems is how the system’s complexity affects the symmetry breaking. We find that a majority of the models predict that neurons with more neurites break symmetry much slower than neurons with fewer neurites. Experimentally, we find that neurons with different neurite counts break symmetry at the same rate, consistent with previous observations. We then determine why the models disagree in their predictions, and rectify the models using our own experimental data. In particular, we find that neurons with higher neurite counts have higher concentrations of key proteins involved in symmetry breaking, so that neurons, regardless of neurite count, can break symmetry at the same rate. / Physics