Psychological interventions can improve outcomes and reduce symptom severity for individuals with gambling disorder. This chapter provides an overview of current evidence from moderate- to large-scale randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy interventions for the treatment of gambling problems. Interventions include full-length professionally delivered therapies (behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy), as well as self-directed workbooks and computer-facilitated programs. Motivational interventions, including motivational interviewing, motivational enhancement therapy, and personalized feedback, are also reviewed. This chapter highlights gambling-related treatment outcomes and comparisons between conditions for randomized trials, with an emphasis on treatment dropout. Attrition rates are generally high across all multi-session intervention modalities and formats. Overall, findings suggest that no specific treatment consistently outperforms other active treatments, but cognitive-behavioral therapy does have the most empirical support for the treatment of gambling disorder. In addition, brief motivational interventions are sufficient for some gamblers to change their behavior, particularly those experiencing only a few adverse symptoms from their gambling involvement. Future research efforts will benefit from further refining existing treatments to improve retention, which in turn may enhance effectiveness.

Socialstyrelsen menar att primärvården står inför en utmaning att tillgodose tillgänglig psykologisk behandling till ett växande behov. Ett möjligt tillvägagångssätt skulle kunna vara Integrerad beteendehälsa som eftersträvar att kunna erbjuda korta psykologiska interventioner med hög tillgänglighet. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att jämföra två varianter av Integrerad beteendehälsa; ett sedvanligt upplägg med Brief Interventions och ett upplägg med utökad bedömning och möjligheten till vägledd självhjälp för ett specifikt problem. Det här med avseende på generella symtom och symtom specifika för just det problem som patienter erhållit självhjälp för, alternativt bedömts skulle ha passat för självhjälp avseende ett specifikt problem. Resultaten visade att den generella symtomnivån förbättrades för gruppen som helhet, samt inom respektive grupp. Den problemspecifika symtomnivån sjönk för både patienter som erhållit vägledd självhjälp och för patienter som erhållit Brief Interventions men vars problemprofil visat att de hade passat för en specifik självhjälpsmanual. Någon signifikant skillnad i symtomförändring, oavsett generell eller problemspecifik, kunde inte hittas. I diskussionen problematiseras bland annat den interna validiteten och den naturalistiska miljön lyfts som en styrka. / The national board of health and wellfare are stating that primary care faces a major challenge in providing available psychological treatment to an increasing need. One possible approach is Integrated Behavioral Health, which strives towards offering brief psychological interventions with great access. The purpose of the following study was to compare two different methods of Integrated Behavioral Health; an ordinary set up with Brief Interventions and one set up with extended assesment and the possibility of guided self-help treatment for a particular problem. This regarding general as well as specific symptoms for the particular problem the patient has received guided self-help for, or considered to have been suited for. The results showed that the general level of symptoms improved for all patients, merged into one group, and within the respective group. The level of the problem-specific symptom decreased for patients who received guided self-help and for patients who received Brief Interventions, but whose problem profile showed that they had fit for a specific self-help manual. No significant difference in symptom change, regardless of general or problem- specific, could be found. In the discussion, the internal validity is discussed, and the naturalistic environment is described as a strength.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-12T11:31:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ericacruvinel.pdf: 2533247 bytes, checksum: 2c9f6732f6895456973c52dde531d2d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:17:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ericacruvinel.pdf: 2533247 bytes, checksum: 2c9f6732f6895456973c52dde531d2d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ericacruvinel.pdf: 2533247 bytes, checksum: 2c9f6732f6895456973c52dde531d2d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Estudos mostram que tratamentos para tabagistas, disponibilizados no contexto hospitalar, são efetivos. Os dados apontam que os fumantes que recebem tratamento durante a hospitalização e recebem acompanhamento por, pelo menos, um mês após a internação têm maior probabilidade de parar de fumar. Muitos estudos sugerem o aconselhamento por telefone, baseados na Entrevista Motivacional, e mensagens de texto como alternativas para oferecer suporte à cessação tabágica. A presente tese teve como objetivo avaliar a efetividade do aconselhamento telefônico associado a mensagens de texto, comparado ao cuidado padrão, na cessação do consumo de tabaco entre pacientes em alta hospitalar. Os objetivos específicos foram: a) avaliar a prevalência e o perfil tabágico dos pacientes admitidos no hospital universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, HU/UFJF; b) avaliar a viabilidade e efetividade do aconselhamento telefônico e mensagens de texto como suporte para a cessação tabágica entre pacientes tabagistas em alta hospitalar; c) elaborar um protocolo clínico randomizado, com dois braços de avaliação, para comparação do uso de mensagens de texto associado ao aconselhamento por telefone e o cuidado padrão como suporte à cessação tabágica. Os objetivos específicos foram desenvolvidos em três estudos diferentes, com materiais e métodos específicos. No estudo 1, os dados foram coletados por meio de prontuário eletrônico, questionário estruturado para avaliação de história tabágica, Questionário de Tolerância de Fagerström (FTQ), Rastreamento de Transtornos Depressivos (Patient-Health Questionaire-2, PHQ 2) e rastreamento do consumo de álcool - AUDIT C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). A média, o desvio padrão e frequência foram utilizados conforme o tipo de variável descrita. Paralelamente, o teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar o uso de álcool e tabaco entre os diferentes diagnósticos clínicos de internação, assim como o uso de álcool entre grupos de tabagistas e entre os demais pacientes não usuários de tabaco. Verificou-se que 16,2% dos pacientes eram usuários de tabaco, e 22% consumiram álcool em nível de risco. A porcentagem de pacientes que fizeram uso de risco de álcool no último ano, assim como o consumo de cigarros, foi significativamente maior entre o grupo doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, DIP (42,9% e 35,7%, respectivamente) que no conjunto dos demais quadros clínicos (15,3% versus 21,1%). No estudo 2, foram inclusos sessenta e seis fumantes, sendo que quarenta e quatro foram alocados no grupo intervenção (aconselhamento telefônico e mensagens de texto) e vinte e dois, no grupo controle (apenas tratamento disponibilizado no momento da internação). O desfecho principal foi a taxa de cessação no primeiro mês após a randomização. A redução do consumo de cigarros, cessação no terceiro mês após alta e uso de medicação foram os desfechos secundários avaliados. O Risco Relativo (RR) foi calculado com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5% para comparação das taxas de cessação e uso de medicação entre os grupos. Os grupos foram comparados utilizando o teste do Qui-Quadrado para as variáveis categóricas e o teste t de amostras independentes para as variáveis contínuas. O teste Mann Whitney foi utilizado para amostras não paramétricas. Uma porcentagem significativamente maior de pacientes que receberam a intervenção relataram abstinência no terceiro mês após randomização 8 comparado ao grupo controle (31,8% vs. 9,1%; Risco Relativo (RR) = 1,45; 95% CI [1, 08- 1,95]; p= 0,04). Essa diferença foi também maior no primeiro mês após a randomização, porém não significativa (25,0% versus. 9,1%; Risco Relativo (RR) = 1,35; 95% CI [0,99-1,85]; p= 0,13). Os resultados foram marginalmente significativos (20,5% versus 9,1%; Risco Relativo (RR) = 1,44; 95% CI [1,07- 1,92]; p= 0,09) para comparação entre os grupos mediante a verificação do monóxido de carbono (CO ≤6), sugerindo que a intervenção aumenta a taxa de cessação em 44%. O terceiro artigo apresenta um protocolo de intervenção maior para ser realizado com 400 fumantes. Este protocolo foi desenhado a partir dos dados piloto desta tese (artigo 2) e objetiva dar continuidade aos estudos clínicos para avaliação de intervenções para cessação do consumo de tabaco no contexto hospitalar brasileiro. Todos os pacientes receberão intervenções breves no leito e reposição de nicotina para os casos indicados. Após a alta hospitalar, os pacientes serão alocados aleatoriamente em um dos dois grupos: o grupo intervenção receberá uma sessão aconselhamento por telefone (associada a quinze dias de mensagens de texto), e o grupo controle receberá o cuidado padrão. As avaliações de acompanhamento serão realizadas 1 e 3 meses após a alocação aleatória. O desfecho principal será a cessação no primeiro mês após a randomização. Foi elaborado, também, um artigo complementar (Apêndice) objetivando aprofundar nas discussões sobre os estudos pragmáticos no contexto hospitalar. / Studies show that tobacco treatment for hospitalized smokers is effective. Hospitalized smokers that receive inpatient treatment and post-discharge follow up for at least 1 month are more successful at quitting. Many studies suggest that counseling by phone and text messages based on Motivational Interviews are viable alternatives to supporting attempts to quit. The present thesis had the objective to evaluate the effectiveness of telephone counseling related to text messages compared to standard care on smoking cessation among patients discharged from the hospital. It was aimed to: a) investigate the prevalence and smoking related variables of patients admitted to the University Hospital at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, HU/UFJF; b) analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of telephone counseling and text messaging for supporting quit attempts among post discharged patients; c) to design a two-arm clinical trial protocol to compare the use of text messages associated with phone counseling to support quit attempts. Those objectives were developed in three different articles with specific methods and materials. The data from the first study was collected through electronic medical records and structured questionnaires for evaluation of smoking related variables including the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire (FTQ), depressive disorders scale (Patient-Health Questionnaire 2, PHQ2), and alcohol consumption-AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). The mean, standard deviation and frequency were used as the variable type. The chi-squared test was used to compare the alcohol use and tobacco among the different clinical diagnoses, as well as the alcohol use among smokers and non-smokers. The results showed that 16.2% of patients were smokers and 22% were hazardous drinking users. The percentage of patients who had hazardous drinking use in the past year as well as had smoked in the past thirty days was significantly higher among the group of infectious and parasitic diseases, IPD (42.9% and 35.7% respectively) than in the other diagnosis conditions (15.3% versus 21.1%). The second study included sixty-six smokers. Forty-four were randomized to the intervention group (telephone counseling and text messages) and twenty-two were included in the control group (only treatment inside the hospital). The primary outcome was self-reported 30-day point prevalence at 1 month postdischarge. The reduction of cigarette use as well as quit rates in the second follow up and medication use were the secondary outcomes. The relative risk (RR) was calculated with 95% confidence interval, and significance level of 5%, for comparison of quit rates and medication use among groups. The groups were compared using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and the independent samples T test for continuous variables. The Mann Whitney test was used for nonparametric samples. A significantly higher percentage of patients who received the intervention reported tobacco abstinence in the third month after randomization compared to the control group (31.8% vs. 9.1%; Relative risk (RR) = 1.45; 95% CI [1, 08-1.95]; p = 0.04). This difference was also higher in the first month after randomization, but not significant (25.0% vs. 9.1%; Relative risk (RR) = 1.35; 95% CI [0.99 -1.85]; p = 0.13). The results were marginally 10 significant (20.5% vs. 9.1%; Relative risk (RR) = 1.44; 95% CI [1.07-1.92]; p = 0.09) for comparison between groups through the verification of carbon monoxide (CO ≤ 6), suggesting that the intervention increases the quit rates in 44%.The third article presented a protocol for a larger trial to be accomplished with 400 smokers. This protocol was designed as the outcome of the preliminary results (article 2) from this thesis. It was aimed to continue the clinical trials for smoking cessation interventions in Brazilian hospitals. All patients will receive brief interventions in the bedside and nicotine replacement therapy to indicated cases. After discharge, patients will be randomly allocated into one of two groups: the intervention group will receive a singular counseling phone call (associated with fifteen days of text messaging) and the control group will receive the standard care. Follow-up assessments will be held one and three months after randomization. The main outcome will be the quit rates at the first month after randomization. A complementary article was presented (Appendix) in order to deepen the discussions on the pragmatic studies in hospital settings.

Primärvården står i dagsläget inför utmaningar gällande omhändertagandet av psykisk ohälsa. Integrerad beteendehälsa (IBH) är en organisatorisk modell med potential att underlätta för hur evidensbaserad psykologisk behandling kan bedrivas i en primärvårdskontext. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att utvärdera en sedvanlig IBH-vårdmodell, kontextuell bedömning följt av fokuserade insatser, med en utökad bedömningsprocedur följt av valet att inleda fokuserade insatser eller vägledd självhjälp, samt de två behandlingsuppläggen fokuserade insatser (oavsett bedömningsförfarande) och vägledd självhjälp efter utökad bedömning. Effekter på vardaglig funktionsnivå, betydelsen av antal behandlingskontakter samt den kontinuerliga upplevelsen av problemets svårighetsgrad, tilltro till den egna förmågan att förändras och besökens hjälpsamhet undersöktes. 69 primärvårdspatienter randomiserades mellan de två vårdmodellerna. Resultaten indikerade på en signifikant förbättring i vardaglig funktionsnivå för samtliga patienter oavsett vårdmodell och behandlingsupplägg. Inget samband mellan antal sessioner och förbättring upptäcktes. Skillnader i utfall och patienternas kontinuerliga upplevelser av behandlingsinterventionerna diskuteras. / The primary healthcare system faces challenges concerning the treatment of mental health. Integrated behavioral health (IBH) is an organizational model with the potential to implement evidence-based psychological treatment in a primary care setting. The aim of this study was to compare a standard IBH treatment model, contextual assessment followed by brief interventions, with an extended assessment procedure followed by brief interventions or guided self-help, as well as the two different treatment plans brief interventions (regardless of assessment procedure) and guided self-help post an extended assessment procedure. Effects on everyday functioning and correlations between number of sessions and treatment effect are evaluated along with the continuous patient experience regarding the severity of the problem, confidence in ability to change and session helpfulness. 69 primary care patients were randomized between the two treatment models. The results indicated a significant improvement in everyday functioning regardless of treatment model or treatment plan. No significant correlation between number of sessions and improvement was found. Differences in treatment outcome and patient experience are discussed.