Over the last decade gentrification has demanded a great deal of attention from urban scholars. In spite of this attention, the literature is characterized more by speculation than answers especially with regards to gentrification's consequences and planning implications. In response to this deficiency, this thesis sets out to determine the effects of gentrification on inner city neighbourhood public service demand. Because it is not clear how gentrification affects public service demand, urban policy makers are unable to plan for changes in demand. Knowing what will be demanded could facilitate efficient delivery of new services and efficient closure of costly underused services. Moreover, knowing what will be demanded may help decision makers arrive at better informed decisions. A case study area, Vancouver's Grandview Woodland, was chosen because it was able to provide a sample of gentrifiers and of traditional inner city residents. Forty one gentrifier and forty one traditional resident households were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to gather information about each group's demographics, satisfaction with street and traffic conditions, and their use of, satisfaction with, and attitudes toward neighbourhood public services. The attitudinal data indicate that gentrifiers value neighbourhood amenities such as parks, good street and traffic conditions, and other public services significantly more than the traditional residents do. This is expressed in their positive and negative perceptions of the neighbourhood's characteristics. There is also evidence that the gentrifiers are motivated to secure the public services they desire, for they feel that the services which they use are very important to their households. The behavioural data indicate that the gentrifiers present greater demands for parks, family centres, public health clinics, tennis and racquetball courts, and community centres. They only decrease demand for ethnic centres, and they maintain demand for other neighbourhood public services. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Artists are seldom consulted in the making of school art programs yet many are vitally concerned with the need for a visually literate public. This study summarizes the history of art education, examines recent issues documented by art educators, looks at opinions of artists of this century on the teaching of art, and presents interviews with six British Columbian artists to elicit their thoughts on what is necessary in a secondary school art curriculum. The interviews are essentially informal in nature and only those remarks dealing with secondary school education, or related concepts, are included. The final chapter contains an infusion of the artists' ideas under headings suggested by issues raised by art educators. An evaluation of the data collected from the interviews leads to recommendations for consideration for secondary school programs and the conviction that artists should be encouraged to participate in matters relating to art education. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Training and human resource development sponsored by the private sector has become increasingly important and topical in North America. Yet, the attention devoted to it by policymakers, academe and industry itself has not risen accordingly. Government and industry are faced with the challenge of formulating effective public and private policy to facilitate the qualitative and quantitative development of employer-sponsored training. There is a paucity of information on employer-sponsored training. Therefore, the intent of this study was to determine the nature and extent and qualitative issues of the phenomenon in one industry: the British Columbia electronics industry. The literature on employer-sponsored training was reviewed from three perspectives. First, the theoretical, historical and conceptual roots of the topic were presented. Second, the quantitative data on employer-sponsored training in North America was summarized. Third, an overview of the most pressing qualitative issues related to the subject was presented. As a result of this process, five main research questions were derived relating to the following aspects of the B. C. electronics industry: human resource requirements; sources of human resources; nature and extent of training; training decision-making; and public policy. A 15-page open-ended and closed questionnaire was developed and sent to 80 electronics companies in British Columbia. Forty-eight or 60% of the companies responded to the survey. The responses to individual questions yielded several interesting patterns in the data. The small sample size and the nominal nature of the data collected prevented any extensive statistical analysis of the results to test for relationships between variables. The chi-square test for independence was utilized and identified a few plausible relationships between key variables. A list of specific conclusions derived from the results painted an overall picture of the training and human resource activity in the British Columbia electronics industry. The limitations of the study and its implications for future research and public policy were outlined. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This thesis uses theories of the state in order to explain the City of Vancouver's housing actions from 1900-1973. Theories of the state are used to identify and contribute to an understanding of the constraints and opportunities a municipality faces in intervening in housing. The theoretical discussion, developed by a literature review, is in three major parts. First, the role of the state in capitalist society is discussed. The neo-Marxist perspective of the role of the state is adopted. According to this perspective the state has a two fold role. First the state functions to aid in capital accumulation. Second, the state functions to legitimate the capitalist system. The second part of the discussion rests on theoretical distinctions on the ways in which the state fulfills its role. Pluralist, instrumentalist and corporatist/managerialist perspectives are analyzed and it is concluded that at different times and circumstances it is possible that all three might apply to the way a state acts. The third part of the theoretical discussion is on the local state. The local state is not separate from the state, though it does have some autonomy. In the areas where the local state does have some autonomy the way it acts can be explained by the three differing theoretical perspectives. The history of the City of Vancouver's role in housing is presented by describing policies, programs and plans undertaken by the City from 1900 to 1973. This research was accomplished primarily by reading original government records in the Vancouver City Archives. With respect to housing initiatives, the City was constrained by its financial and jurisdictional ties to the national state. However, this thesis shows that at times the City was able to define its own terms and conditions and exhibit some autonomy. The details of the housing history also show that the City of Vancouver's role was in capital accumulation and the legitimation of capitalism. For most of the period studied the City of Vancouver was the instrument of the capitalist class. However, this neo-Marxist interpretation is tempered by evidence that both the corporate goals of the City itself and the pressure exerted by local interest groups have had a significant impact on the City of Vancouver's housing actions. This is explained by the nature of housing as a consumption item, as well as by the need to account for human elements in state actions. The fact that the local state is necessary for democratic legitimation and that housing can be made important to critical production issues presents opportunities at the local government level for housing reforms. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Forest road building and timber harvesting operations have been recognized as principal causes of forest soil degradation. These activities can result in accelerated soil erosion, excessive scarification, and/or increased soil density, which may adversely affect site productivity. A study of landing areas emphasize the deficiencies in current rehabilitation guidelines Increased soil density on both summer and winter landings was still evident at 30 cm and the soil nutrient quality was poor. Two field tests of a green fallow system on subsoil materials exposed by erosion and landing construction proved successful in building site nutrient capital to acceptable levels. Seedling growth response to green fallow crop establishment in the coastal study verified these findings. A benefit-cost analysis of several forest soil rehabilitation scenarios demonstrated the importance of including secondary and intangible factors. From a pecuniary standpoint, based on primary benefits and costs, rehabilitation was economically feasible only when a low social discount rate (2%) and an optimistic stumpage increase projection (3% per year), were used. A discussion of some secondary and intangible benefits (i.e., harvesting rates, employment, government revenues, erosion control, and industry image) stresses the need for effective forest soil rehabilitation. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Legal history is social history, family history, women's history, economic history, business history, and constitutional history; in fact it is a growth industry. Records from the civil division of the British Columbia Supreme Court furnish the best possible primary sources, the evidence for local studies in these fields. This thesis is put forward as a practical guide both for scholars who wish to search records from the Vancouver Supreme Court Registry and for archivists who need a conceptual framework for appraising civil court records. It traces the origins and common law traditions of the court, describes court administration and the rules for civil procedure, tabulates the kinds of record kept by the civil division, and works out for archivists a practical means of selection. / Arts, Faculty of / Library, Archival and Information Studies (SLAIS), School of / Graduate

The Eureka Peak are lies within the Quesnel terrane of the Intermontane Belt, adjacent to the Omineca Belt - Intermontane Belt tectonic boundary. It represents a convergent zone between the arc related Quesnel terrane and parautochthonous Barkerville terrane. The terrane boundary is defined by the Eureka thrust Underlying the area are middle Triassic to early Jurassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks, represented by the Quesnel River Group and Takla Group, respectively. Petrologic and geochemical studies of the Takla Group volcanics suggest protoliths of island arc and marginal basin affinities. The Quesnel terrane structurally overlies Hadrynian to early Paleozoic metasediments of the Snowshoe Group (Barkerville terrane). The base of the Quesnel terrane is marked by mylonitized mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Crooked Amphibolite. Correlation of features across the plate boundary has established the structural continuity in the region, and recognition of structural phases common to both terranes which developed in response to plate convergence. The deformational history involves two phases of coaxial folding of a mechanically heterogeneous lithologic sequence, accompanied by extensive pressure solution, and later overprinting by NW trending extensional fractures. Synchronous to F₁, detachment surfaces developed along major stratigraphic contacts due to contrasting Theologies of adjacent lithologies. Second phase deformation established the regional map pattern, folding the detachment surfaces and the tectonic boundary. Synchronous to deformation, regional metamorphism is evidenced by the growth of minerals characteristic of amphibolite fades in the Barkerville terrane, and greenschist fades in the Quesnel terrane. Dissipation of heat from the underlying sequences is suggested by the rapid transition in metamorphic grade observed across the boundary. Cleavage surfaces have acted as a locus along which pressure solution has occurred, providing a pathway for the escape of fluids generated during metamorphism. Deposition of material within extensional fractures occurred throughout the deformational history. Fracturing is prominent adjacent to the Quesnel River Group and Takla Group contact, where the viscosity contrast between the two lithologies provided an effective barrier to extensive fluid flow. Concentration of fluids along the contact may have had a buoying effect on the volcanics, allowing furter eastward translation during deformation. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

A preliminary electrophoretic study on Bangia vermicularis Harvey (Rhodophyta) along the coast of British Columbia was undertaken to determine whether enzyme banding patterns could be used to identify the relatedness of the populations which varied in chromosome number (3, 6 or 4) and life history (asexual or sexual). Material from nineteen sites was tested for seven enzymes: glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH); malate dehydrogenase (MDH); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH); phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI); and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). Unlike higher plants, some of the banding patterns obtained in Bangia could only be explained if the enzymes SOD, GDH, LDH and PGI are monomers and the enzymes PGM, SOD, GDH, PGI, and G6PDH have only one cellular location. Generally, with the exception of two enzymes, PGI and G6PDH, which were highly polymorphic, only one to three bands were evident. Considerable amounts of variation in the mobility of the isoenzymes were detected between populations independent of chromosome number or sexuality. Contrary to expectations, often populations with three chromosomes or six ' chromosomes had the same number of loci and many of the three chromosome populations had some banding patterns indicative of diploids. Consequently, if there had been a polyploid origin of the six chromosome populations then there must also have been many gene duplications in the three chromosome populations. Alternatively, if the three chromosome populations arose by aneuploid reduction within a six chromosome population then there must also have been gene silencing and/or the formation of null alleles. Populations that were very close geographically differed to a large extent suggesting that there may be little gene flow between populations. The variability between populations could be explained by isolation over long periods of time during which changes could have occurred in the structure and regulation of the enzymes tested. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Detailed mapping of a 7.5 km² area at 1: 2,500 and a 1:10,000 compilation map over 60 km² have established Hazelton Group stratigraphy and structure. Hazelton Group stratigraphy begins with at least 1,000 metres of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (210 ⁺²⁴₋₁₄ Ma; U-Pb zircon) green andesite flows, breccias and tuffs. Less than 1750 metres of green and maroon andesitic to dacitic volcaniclastic rocks overlie the andesite unit. North of Silbak Premier, at Slate Mountain, the volcaniclastic unit is overlain by up to 200 metres of a black tuff unit containing characteristic fresh biotite and white plagioclase fragments. The top of the Hazelton is a regional marker horizon, the Monitor rhyolite breccia and tuff (197 ± 14 Ma; zircon U-Pb). Hazelton volcanics are overlain by three different units. At Slate Mountain the Bowser Lake Group Bathonian/Callovian argillite and siltstone (at least 1500 m thick) lie above Hazelton rocks. Farther north on Mount Dilworth, Monitor rhyolite is succeded by black tuff or a Toarcian buff carbonate. East of Monitor Lake, less than 75 metres of Bajocian Spatsizi Group silicic shale and tuff overlies Hazelton volcanic rocks. Three intrusive episodes are discerned through isotopic dating: Early Jurassic (190 ± 2 Ma; U-Pb zircon) Texas Creek plutonic suite dacitic porphyries; Eocene Hyder suite leucocratic dykes; and oligocene-Miocene (25.2 ± 2.3 Ma; K-Ar biotite and 18 ± 6 Ma; Rb-Sr) biotite lamprophyre dykes. The Jurassic suite includes K-feldspar megacrystic "Premier porphyry" sills and dykes that are in part spatially and possibly genetically associated with mineralization. Structural features include disharmonic tight folds, ductile shear zones, and brittle faults. At least 4 phases of pre-Eocene deformation are defined by: (1) moderate west-plunging recumbent folds, (2) north-plunging inclined folds, (3) north-plunging upright folds, and (4) moderate west-plunging pencil lineations. The map area is divisible into three structural domains: the North, East and Silbak domains. The North domain is characterized by a marked structural discordance between warped Hazelton volcanic rocks and disharmonically folded Bowser Lake Group argillite and siltstone. Three phases of folding are: first phase tight to isoclinal disharmonic, recumbent folds; second phase open folds with shallow northwest-dipping axial planar cleavage; and a third phase upright, shallow north-plunging synclinorium. Structural continuity is difficult to establish due to lack of marker horizons and inferred detachments. The East domain is characterized by phase 3 gently north-northwest-plunging folds and locally east-verging asymmetric chevron folds in the Spatsizi Group. In contrast to North domain, Monitor rhyolite and/or Spatsizi Group are structurally conformable with Bowser Lake Group rxks. The Silbak domain is characterized by phase 4 pencil lineations and quartz veins. Stope geometry illustrates that mineralization occurs along two trends (1) northeast zone and (2) northwest zone of unknown phase. Steeply dipping, east-striking ductile fabrics occur in the Texas Creek batholith at the Riverside mine, Alaska and in maroon volcaniclastics along Bear River Ridge. Mylonitic fabrics at Riverside mine suggest a dextral sense of shear. A biotite lineation in the mylonitic foliation yields a totally reset Eocene K-Ar date. The width of Eocene Hyder dyke swarms indicates that there has been at least one kilometre of northeast brittle crustal extension. About 1400 metres of dextral transcurrent movement along the Long Lake-Fish Creek fault is post-Eocene dyke emplacement. oligocene-Miocene lamprophyre dykes fill fractures produced during east-west extension. Regional syntectonic greenschist grade metamorphism produced a carbonate-chlorite-sericite-pyrite mineral assemblage, probably in Middle Cretaceous time, bracketed by isotopic dating results. Hazelton Group volcanic rocks and coeval Texas Creek porphyritic rocks are subalkaline high-K to very high-K andesites and dacites. Tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate a calcalkaline, volcanic arc setting, with similar geochemical patterns to those for Andean volcanic rocks. Mineralization is hosted in Hazelton Group andesites and coeval Texas Creek porphyritic dacite sills and dykes. Mineralization and porphyry emplacement appear to have been controlled by northeast- and northwest-striking structures. Ore is predominantly discordant but locally concordant with moderately northwest-dipping andesite flows and breccias. No mineralization occurs in or above overlying maroon volcaniclastic rocks. Sericite alteration gives a Paleocene K-Ar date (63 ± 5 Ma); this is interpreted to be partially reset. The spatial link with Texas Creek K-feldspar porphyry and discordant nature of the ore suggests mineralization is Early Jurassic age and supports an epigenetic model. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Government funding for silviculture in British Columbia has expanded recently, but remains well short of the level recommended by many foresters. This thesis contains a proposal to replace government funding with investment from capital markets. It describes the funding mechanism, analyzes the implications to government, and introduces a method of distributing investment funds through a system of competitive bidding between forest management companies. In return for their participation, investors and forest companies would both receive equity in future timber production. The thesis concludes that at a cost of foregoing 50% of its future stumpage revenue, government might replace its current spending on intensive forest management with a funding level from capital markets of $500 million to $800 million per year. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate