The Serb Creek molybdenite property is 26 miles west-northwest of Smithers, B. C. on the northeast flank of the Howson Range of the Coast Range physiographic province. The property lies within an upper mesozonal to lower epizonal batholithic offshoot of the Coast Range Intrusive Complex. Small irregular plutons and a series of northwesterly-striking dykes intrude the batholith. The rocks are quartz monzonitic and, in texture range from coarse-grained granitic to porphyritic. Plots of optic angle against composition show that feldspars are of intermediate structural type indicating an increasingly rapid rate of cooling from the oldest to the youngest intrusive body. This increase in the rate of cooling is ascribed to smaller size of intrusive body with decreasing age. Plots of normative Q:AbOr ratios suggest that, if one believes the magma to have formed by anatexis, high pressures of volatiles, HC1, or of both were present during crystallization. Two general attitudes—N20° W to N^5°w and N75° E--control the emplacement of intrusive bodies, hydrothermal alteration, and, to a large extent, molybdenite mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration and molybdenite mineralization appear to be related to igneous activity because they are closely associated in time and space. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Mining frontiers have rarely attracted the attention of geographers because of the transitory nature of settlement in such areas. However, a more stable pattern of settlement emerges if the area of study is broadened to include the supply centres for the mines and the transportation routes along which the supplies were carried. The permanent impact of mining on settlement occurred in these service centres and along the main transportation routes leading to the mines. This study examines the nature of the permanent impact on British Columbia of the gold rushes which occurred between I858 and 1866. These rushes established a new pattern of settlement which remained until the coming of the railway in 1885, and, later, they acted as guidelines in the development of settlement. The British Columbia frontier was part of a larger frontier which was opened in California in 1848 and spread northward and eastward in the ensuing twenty years. San Francisco early secured a dominant position as the manufacturing centre for this frontier area, and it retained this position throughout the period of the British Columbia gold rushes. As a result, British Columbia remained within San Francisco's hinterland from 1858 to 1885 and most of the gold mined was shipped to the San Francisco Mint to pay for manufactured goods. The main flow of gold arrived when the United States Government was in very great need of gold to hack its borrowing for the conduct of the Civil War. The determination of the Colonial Government of British Columbia to secure political autonomy in spite of economic dependence on the United States led to the construction of costly wagon roads from east to west across the mountain barrier of the Coast ranges. These roads funneled trade from the interior of the Province through the Lower Fraser Valley to New Westminster and Victoria and thus avoided the traditional Columbia fur trade supply routes which lay in United States Territory. The wagon roads inaugurated a new era of transportation, and determined the locations of all important subsequent transportation routes in the southwestern part of Mainland British Columbia. Land was a strong interest among those who arrived in the gold rushes, and, at times, this land interest rivalled their interest in gold. The group of settlements subsequently established in the Lower Fraser Valley formed the nuclei of many present day communities, and the system of land survey which guided some of these early settlements shaped subsequent patterns of transportation. In the Province as a whole the patterns of settlement established between 1858 and 1866 remained substantially the same until the coming of the railway in I885. With the coming of the railway the Province entered a new phase of economic development, but the broad lines of settlement which the gold rushes created remained dominant and today they are still evident in the spatial organization of economic activities. Gold initiated a pattern which was confirmed by the subsequent construction of the trans-continental railway, the growth of the forest industries, and the development of agriculture. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Protostrongylus stilesi, the parenchymal lungworm, has been attributed an important role in the widespread respiratory diseases of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). This study was conducted to delineate some of the immunologic and non-specific interactions between parasite and host. A procedure was developed for- the immunochemical quantitation of the ovine immunoglobulins IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgM and for the semi-quantitative analysis of IgA. This technique obviated, the preparation of highly specific antisera required for single radial immunodiffusion. The lungworm did not appear to be a significant part of the total antigenic environment of infected animals since no relationship between immunoglobulin levels and parasite activity was detected. Genetic influences were suggested in the levels of IgG(2) which remained at a relatively constant level characteristic of individual animals. The seromucoids were evaluated as correlates of the inflammatory reaction to parasitism. These proteins were useful in detecting changes in parasite activity and bacterial infection. Gastrointestinal disorders associated with severe scouring were accompanied by the disappearance of circulating orosomucoid (α-1 acid glycoprotein). The loss of this low molecular weight protein appeared to be related to vascular leakage. Lungworm infections induced the appearance of homocytotropic antibodies which could be detected in vitro by their ability to sensitize peripheral polymorphonuclear leucocytes for adherence to the larval cuticle. The elution of this antibody from sensitized cells and the inhibition of the adherence reaction with specific antiserum suggested that the reaction was mediated at least partly by IgG(1). The adherence reaction was used to assay homocytotropic activity of serum from infected animals (washed-cell test). This test was correlated with the ability of sera to sensitize skin for anaphylaxis. The effective hypersensitive response, accounting for both sensitizing and blocking activity, was determined by exposing normal cells to larvae in a medium containing serum (decomplemented-serum test). The results of this test paralleled inflammatory changes in parasitized animals, monitored by the levels of serum orosomucoid. Using this method, levels of homocytotropic and blocking antibodies were measured throughout the annual parasite cycle. Preliminary observations indicated that immunogenic inflammation, associated with the "spring rise" and "self cure," resulted from a shift in a dynamic balance between competing antibodies rather than a proportionate increase in homocytotropic activity. The response of peripheral lymphocytes to the presence of larvae or larval extracts was cursorily examined. Although ovine lymphocytes did not respond well enough in culture to draw definitive conclusions, the presence of larval extracts appeared to have a detrimental effect on cell survival and transformation. Even in the presence of EDTA, minute amounts of antibody sensitized lymphocytes for adherence to the larval cuticle. Sera from a wide variety of sources had an inhibitory effect on this reaction. Treatment of larvae with neuraminidase and high concentrations of NaCl engendered improved adherence. This suggested that Protostrongylus had adopted mechanisms similar to the trophoblast or the neoplastic cell which allegedly evade immunologic recognition with a strongly anionic coat. These aspects are discussed in terms of the possible role of Protostrongylus in respiratory diseases of the bighorn sheep, and the exploitation of molecular mechanisms in the control of parasitic diseases. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This descriptive study of campers in Golden Ears, Kokanee Creek, Monck and Bamberton Provincial Parks in British Columbia is based upon 140 on-location personal interviews conducted in the summer of 1967. The clientele have been described in terms of their socio-economic characteristics. Further analysis of the data occurred in testing the hypothesis that there were no statistically significant differences at the five percent level when the variables of age, income, occupation, education and distance from home were compared with a variety of camper needs and preferences. This information may help various agencies concerned with the use of parks to plan educational programs for the park visitor. The study revealed that families were the main users of the four Provincial study parks. The head of the family unit was generally a man possessing some high school education and receiving an annual income of less than $10,000. Most of the respondents visited a succession of Provincial parks while on their camping trips. The tent, as in earlier times, remains the most common form of shelter used by campers. The appeal of a camping holiday was centered mainly on the change of life-style offered by this recreational form. However, campers having a non-professional work background also laid considerable stress on the health and social advantages of camping. The high regard of campers for the Provincial parks interpretation program was made evident by the high percentage of campers who favoured on-site instruction as a preferred means of gaining information about the outdoors. Further confirmation appeared in the expressed wish that some form of the program should be implemented in all of the study parks currently lacking this facility. Continuing education courses with camping content held considerable appeal for the respondents, particularly those under 29 years of age with some university training. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

The Grand Forks-Eholt map area is underlain predominantly by a sequence of moderately deformed and slightly metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks, previously termed the "Anarchist Group" and ranging in age from Permian/or Earlier to Middle Jurassic. These rocks are divisible into two distinct sequences: (a) cherts (Knob Hill), quartzites, phyllites, and greenstones of Permian/or Earlier age. The term Anarchist Group is now restricted to this lower sequence which resembles the Cache Creek Assemblage (Penn.-Lower Triassic) widespread throughout southcentral B.C.; (b) Sharp-stone Conglomerate/Brooklyn Limestone sequence (Middle-Upper Triassic), and overlying Fragmental Andesites (Middle Jurassic) which correlates with the Takla-Hazelton Assemblage (Middle Triassic - Middle Jurassic) in north central B.C. This upper sequence rests unconformably on the lower and the Sharpstone Conglomerate forms the basal conglomerate separating the two sequences. The Grand Forks Group (pre-Cambrian/or Early Paleozoic), consisting of paragneisses, minor marble and amphibolites crops out east of the Granby River Fault. The fault forms approximately the eastern boundary of the map area. Latest Jurassic Nelson granodiorites; Latest Cretaceous quartz-diorite, quartz-monzonite porphyries, leuco-gabbros and diorites; and Eocene Coryell syenites and related alkalic rocks intrude the sediments and volcanics predominantly in the northern part of the map area. The Nelson granodiorites occur as large batholith-like masses and the younger intrusions form small irregular plugs, dykes and sills. A NNE to N trending nearly recumbent synclinal structure is outlined within the Sharpstone Conglomerate/Brooklyn Limestone/Fragmental Andesite sequence. It is transected by prominent NW trending shear/fault zones and has been broken by these into blocks that are downdropped and shifted to the southwest from north to south in the map area. The eastern part of the map area is transected by the NNE trending Granby River Fault which forms the northern projection of the Eastern Boundary Fault of the Republic Graben - a major structural element to the south in Washington State. Prominent NW and NE Late Cretaceous to Tertiary fractures are ubiquitous and often filled by sheared serpentinites and Tertiary pulaskite and diorite dykes. The Middle Jurassic and older sediments and volcanics have been regionally metamorphosed to the Greenschist Facies. The Grand Forks Group to the east has undergone metamorphism to the Almandine-Amphibolite Facies. Large hornfelsed metasedimentary aureoles surround the larger Nelson granodiorite masses. The Brooklyn Limestone has been thermally altered to marble and locally to chalcopyrite-magnetite bearing calc-silicate skarns, which are often of economic value. Thin contact thermal aureoles surround the Latest Cretaceous quartz-diorite and quartz-monzonite porphyry plugs and dykes, indicating high level intrusion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Green and Birkenhead Rivers are located in the southwestern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, and the drainage in both basins is still strongly controlled by glacial features left after the retreat of the Vashon ice sheet. River slopes are imposed on the upland streams while the slope of the main valley streams is at least partly imposed by the glacial topography. Discharge in the streams is dominated by snowmelt during the summer though peak daily discharges frequently occur in autumn during autumn storms. At-a-station hydraulic geometry curves were determined by least square regression analysis for five sections from Water Survey of Canada gauging records. Velocity shows a more rapid than usual rate of adjustment, and resistance decreases more rapidly than the average as discharge increases. Residual values appear to be distributed about the regression lines in a systematic manner suggesting that the channel form fluctuates systematically over time. Similar results were found for ten other sections in the southwestern Coast Mountains. Downstream hydraulic geometries were determined for Green River and Birkenhead River. Bankfull discharge was assumed to have a constant recurrence interval of 2.33 years for both basins. Channel width shows a greater than usual increase in the downstream direction while velocity appears to remain constant or decrease. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent that birthplace influences the socio-economic characteristics or the usage of sources of information in samples of farmers from two areas of British Columbia. Two areas of divergent farm types namely the Peace River and South Okanagan areas were chosen for analysis from the sixteen areas surveyed by the ARDA Canada Land Inventory Project in British Columbia. Interview schedules completed in 1967 and 1968 surveys of these areas were used as the source of data. Excluded were all those respondents who sold less than $250 worth of agricultural goods produced on the land they occupied. The Peace River sample consisted of 112 farmers of whom 27.7 percent were foreign born while the South Okanagan sample consisted of 61 farmers of whom 50.8 percent were not born in Canada. The majority of the statistically significant differences in distribution of the socio-economic characteristics and use of information sources among the groups by birthplace of the Peace River were attributable to the age differences between the groups, due to the areas settlement history. There were very few statistically significant differences in distribution noted among the groups of farmers of the South Okanagan. Further there were few differences among the groups by birthplace between the areas studies that could not be attributed to geographic differences between the areas. The results of this study would suggest that place of birth does not strongly influence the socio-economic characteristics or usage of information sources in the two areas studied. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines the behavior of bargaining parties under a statutory scheme of compulsory conciliation. The statutory scheme used in the study is the basic pattern of conciliation effective in British Columbia from 1947 to 1968. Its general function is explained in a summarization of published criticisms of the process. A particular bargaining relationship -- that of the coast forest industry negotiations -- is examined on a historical and institutional basis to discover specific characteristics which would influence behavior under a conciliation process. Using this predicted pattern of interaction, a model of party behavior is constructed for the parties involved in actual negotiations. This is tested against a summarized chronology of the actual bargaining that occurred from 1947 to 1968. The model reveals the important sections within a system of compulsory conciliation which influence the behavior of the parties during negotiations. It also emphasizes the importance of the apparent fairness of the recommendation stage of conciliation and its value to the union as a tactical "watershed" for continued bargaining. The development of the dynamic process of party interaction in the coast forest industry emphasizes the importance of union internal or intra-organizational difficulties. It suggests the existence of a limit to the effectiveness of any bargaining system which does not control the desires of the union rank and file. With the dynamic process in mind, the analysis examines some of the influences that changing the statutory process would have upon the behavior of the parties. On this basis the actual significance or effectiveness of some past changes is analyzed and new changes are proposed. Too, the basic limits inherent in the compulsory conciliation system as a control over party behavior are emphasized. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

This thesis examined the relationship between special education administrator role priorities and level of funding received by school districts in British Columbia. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Education on the number of students in special education categories claimed for funding. These data demonstrated an extreme variability in the proportions of students claimed for funding by the various school districts. In an attempt to examine this variability and suggest some possible explanations for it, this study was undertaken. One possible variable that might influence the number of students claimed for funding was examined: special education administrator role priorities. Special education administrators were asked to priorise the three roles of administrative behaviour as identified by Cuban. These role priorities were then related to the level of funding received by the district. Evidence was found to indicate that there may be a systematic relationship between the role priorities of special education administrators working in districts with low levels of funding and the level of funding received by the district. In addition, evidence was found to suggest that the priority assigned to the instructional role may differentiate between administrators working in low funded districts as compared with those working in high funded districts. The implications from the findings of the study suggest that: the framework of administrator role priorities developed by Cuban may be appropriate to describe the variability of special education administrator behaviour; the existence of the relationship between the priority assigned to the instructional role and district funding level has practical significance for the structuring of special education funding mechanisms and for the day to day work of the special education administrator. In addition, the study has implications for future research regarding the uniqueness of the instructional role and the relationship between the role priorities of special education administrators and district outcomes other than funding level. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Sightings and acoustic recordings from 1984 to 1989 of northern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Johnstone Strait off north eastern Vancouver Island and from King Island on the central British Columbia coast were analysed to examine the hypothesis that northern resident whales move seasonally in their range to areas where salmon are available. Killer whales were most abundant in Johnstone Strait between July and October and infrequent during the remainder of the year. The increase in whale abundance during summer coincided with the migration of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) from offshore into Johnstone Strait. The occurrence near King Island in spring 1989 of the same resident whales that are seen in Johnstone Strait during summer, coincided with runs of sockeye and chinook salmon. During July, August and September of 1984 through 1988, killer whale sightings were recorded virtually daily in the Johnstone Strait. Observations of killer whales in Johnstone Strait during the summer of 1988 showed that whales foraged along shore and in areas of strong current where salmon occur in high densities. Of the 16 killer whale pods in the northern resident community, however, less than half were present more than 15% of summer days (1984 to 1988). Regression results between numbers of whale days per week from each pod and numbers of salmon per week showed that the occurrence pods that were present on more than 15% of summer days in Johnstone Strait was positively and significantly associated with the abundance of sockeye and pink salmon (six pods). In addition to these, the occurrence of one pod that spent less than 15% of summer days in the Strait was positively and significantly associated with chum salmon. Together these results support the hypothesis that northern resident killer whales select their habitat seasonally to feed on available salmon. The results also lead to the hypothesis that within the northern resident community each pod has a seasonal home ranges. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate