Despite their beneficial effects, concerns have been raised about the role of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of approved AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli and foodborne pathogen Salmonella. A survey of antibiotic resistance levels in commercial broiler chicken farms in the Fraser Valley (B.C.) and an experimental feeding trial were conducted from May 2004 to February 2005 and May to November 2005, respectively. The latter examined the effects of ten AGP formulations (bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, bacitracin, combination of salinomycin and bacitracin, chlortetracycline, virginiamycin 11ppm, virginiamycin 22ppm, monensin and narasin) on bird performance as well. Multiple antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli and Salmonella carrying virulence genes were found at commercial broiler chicken farms and therefore may serve as reservoirs for these genes. There was no significant difference between feed formulations on the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of the isolates, except for tetracycline resistance gene tet(B). In the experimental feeding trial, broiler chickens were fed a diet including or excluding AGP. Birds were sampled prior to and weekly during feeding of the control and the AGPP containing diets. Although not detected on day 0, E. coli increased after day 7 to more than 9.9 log10 CFU/g in ceca. Multi-drug resistant E. coli were isolated from birds fed the ten AGP containing diets as well as the control diet. Except for penicillin, none of the AGP containing diets significantly improved bird performance compared to the control diet (P>0.05). Good management practices can significantly improve broiler chickens performance and decrease the mortality rate.

Per pastaruosius 20 metų daug pasiekta auginant viščiukus broilerius – ženkliai padidėjo viščiukų augimo greitis ir maisto pasisavinimo efektyvumas. Šiuolaikiniai komerciniai hibridai greitai vystosi ir jiems reikia daug energijos turinčių lesalų, kurie leidžia maksimaliai išnaudoti jų genetines galimybes. Daugiau pasiekta ir vištų dedeklių lesinime balansuojant lesalus skirtingais dėslumo etapais, ypač ankstyvojo dėjimo periodu. Pastaruoju metu paukščių lesinime didelis dėmesys skiriamas optimaliam kalcio, fosforo, natrio, kalio ir chloro subalansavimui. Parinkus netinkamas kalcį ir fosforą nešančias medžiagas, taip pat nesubalansavus natrio, kalio ir chloro tarpusavio santykio, t.y. anijonų katijonų balanso, padidėja vandens suvartojimas, sutrinka virškinimo trakto mikrobiologinė pusiausvyra, blogėja kraiko kokybė ir mikroklimato parametrai, susidaro sąlygos paukščiams susirgti ascitais, padaugėja paukščių staigių gaišimo atvejų. Vitaminai ir mineralai yra svarbi sudedamoji paukščių raciono dalis. Šios medžiagos įtraukiamos į racioną kaip priedai atitinkamais kiekiais, kad būtų patenkintas jų poreikis sveikiems produkciją duodantiems paukščiams. Mineralų ir vitaminų trūkumas gali būti kritiškas tam tikrais organizmo vystymosi etapais, todėl kai kurie autoriai teigia, kad net ir trumpas vitaminų bei mineralų apribojimas augimo fazės metu gali turėti neigiamų pasekmių. Magistrinio darbo tikslas – nustatyti mineralinių medžiagų įtaką dėsliųjų vištų ir viščiukų broilerių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Minerals play a very important role in digestion and metabolism of poultry. They are necessary, for the maintenance, growth, production and health of birds. Laying hens also require minerals, primarily calcium, for eggshell formation. Minerals is divided into the macrominerals (those needed in relatively large amounts) and the micro- or trace minerals. Although microminerals are required only in small amounts, the lack of an adequate dietary supply can be just as detrimental to poultry as a lack of one of the macrominerals. Grains are low in minerals, so all poultry feeds contain supplemental sources. Calcium, phosphorus and salt are needed in the greatest amounts. Microminerals such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese and iodine are normally supplied through a trace mineral mix. The minerals influence by the bird‘s physiological status, requirement of minerals and its source is describe in the theory part. Two experiment were performed with broiler chickens and laying hens. The feed intake, feed conversion ratio, birds mortality, the degree of mineralization in the bone tibia, pH, macroelements Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serm were researched in experiment of broiler chickens. Number and weight of eggs, body weight, laying intensity, leftover and utilization of feed to get 1 kg eggs mass, quality parameters of eggshells, the physiological conditions and mortality reasons were researched in test of laying hens. Conclusions. Sodium bicarbonate was... [to full text]

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Despite their beneficial effects, concerns have been raised about the role of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effects of approved AGP on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli and foodborne pathogen Salmonella. A survey of antibiotic resistance levels in commercial broiler chicken farms in the Fraser Valley (B.C.) and an experimental feeding trial were conducted from May 2004 to February 2005 and May to November 2005, respectively. The latter examined the effects of ten AGP formulations (bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, bacitracin, combination of salinomycin and bacitracin, chlortetracycline, virginiamycin 11ppm, virginiamycin 22ppm, monensin and narasin) on bird performance as well. Multiple antibiotic resistant commensal E. coli and Salmonella carrying virulence genes were found at commercial broiler chicken farms and therefore may serve as reservoirs for these genes. There was no significant difference between feed formulations on the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics of the isolates, except for tetracycline resistance gene tet(B). In the experimental feeding trial, broiler chickens were fed a diet including or excluding AGP. Birds were sampled prior to and weekly during feeding of the control and the AGPP containing diets. Although not detected on day 0, E. coli increased after day 7 to more than 9.9 log10 CFU/g in ceca. Multi-drug resistant E. coli were isolated from birds fed the ten AGP containing diets as well as the control diet. Except for penicillin, none of the AGP containing diets significantly improved bird performance compared to the control diet (P>0.05). Good management practices can significantly improve broiler chickens performance and decrease the mortality rate.

Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Berlin. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format. Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2005.

Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2008. / Enthält u.a. drei Abstracts.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universiẗat, Berlin, 2003.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Göttingen.

Clostridium perfringens is the aetiological agent of Necrotic enteritis (NE); a disease that impacts on the health and welfare of broilers. This disease is a large cost to the industry and presents as lesions in the small intestine hindering productivity. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat NE but as pressure increases to limit their use further information about disease onset and broiler responses to the bacteria and it’s virulence factors during infection is required to implement new preventative measures and treatments. NetB is a secreted toxin from C. perfringens which has an important role in NE onset. Using an in situ intestinal loop model we have been able to characterise: I) temporal broiler responses to NetB positive bacterial culture supernatant (Chapter 2), ii) early host responses to different isolates possessing NetB (virulent) or not (avirulent) in the presence or absence of bacterial cells (Chapter 3) and iii) the responses of two commercial broiler breeds (Chapter 4) four hours post exposure. Samples collected from these experiments have been used for histology, mRNA expression and immunohistology. We have shown differences in mRNA expression in the duodenum of broilers after exposure to C. perfringens cells as well as the culture supernatant from the isolates used after four hours. The presence of bacteria cells resulted in up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IFN-γ, mRNA, whereas it resulted in down-regulation of B-LA, mRNA a gene involved in presentation of pathogens to immune cells. IL-6 mRNA expression was also reduced in the presence of virulent isolates. This could indicate a possible evasion strategy for C. perfringens in broilers. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that slower growing broilers have increased numbers of immune cells (macrophages and γδ T cells) in their duodenum compared with faster growing broilers, although this did not appear to have an effect on mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, 4h post antigen infusion. Overall we detect greater changes when bacteria are included with culture supernatant and have highlighted possible mechanisms for C. perfringens to avoid the broiler immune system. Induction of NE in the literature requires pre-disposing factors, including co-infection with other intestinal pathogens and dietary manipulation of the host. The final experiment trialled protocols administering a virulent isolate of C. perfringens in-feed and via gavage along with an increased protein source to induce NE (Chapter 5). These models were not considered to be consistent for further investigation of NE in the future.

Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Coorientador: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Edivaldo Antônio Garcia / Banca: Lizandra Amoroso / Resumo: O objetivo desse experimento foi pesquisar a eficiência do uso de cloro na água de frangos de corte durante o período de jejum pré-abate, para a diminuição de microrganismos como Escherichia coli e enterococos no inglúvio e conteúdo cecal das aves, pois se ocorrer diminuição na quantidade desses microrganismos, é muito provável que os patogênicos também seguirão essa mesma tendência. Também foi avaliado se o cloro associado ao jejum causou algum dano intestinal que poderia facilitar a disseminação de microrganismos para a carcaça. Foram utilizadas 40 aves de corte da linhagem Cobb, distribuídas em boxes de acordo com o tratamento (sem jejum no início do período pré-abate, 12 horas de jejum sem adição de cloro, 12 horas de jejum com adição de cloro, sem jejum no final do período pré-abate). Foram coletadas amostras de conteúdo cecal e inglúvio, para análise microbiológica; e o duodeno e jejuno para análise morfológica, após a eutanásia de 10 aves de cada tratamento. Foi realizada a determinação dos números mais prováveis (NMP) de Escherichia coli e enterococos nas amostras coletadas e a mensuração da concentração de cloro residual livre na água. Também foram feitas a morfometria e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura do duodeno e jejuno. Pode-se concluir que o cloro foi eficaz na diminuição dos microrganismos no inglúvio das aves, sendo realmente necessário associar o jejum com a desinfecção do inglúvio através do cloro na água, já que o tratamento levando em consideração apenas o jejum fez com que o NMP de enterococos e Escherichia coli no inglúvio aumentasse, representando assim, maior risco de contaminação da carcaça durante o seu processamento no abatedouro. O cloro adicionado à água não danificou a mucosa do duodeno e jejuno, sendo importante sua adição durante o jejum pré-abate, pois melhorou a integridade da mucosa intestinal / Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to test whether the addition of chlorine to drinking water during a 12-hour pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period was efficient in reducing the quantities of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Enterococci, in broiler crops and ceca. Reduction of these microorganisms would likely also reduce pathogenesis post-slaughterhouse. It was also investigated if the chlorine caused some intestinal damage that could cause the dissemination of microorganisms to the carcass. A total of 40 Cobb male broilers were distributed in pens accord to the treatment (without feed withdrawal at the beginning of the pre-slaughter period, after feed withdrawal without chlorine additon, after feed withdrawal with chlorine additon, and without feed withdrawal after the pre-slaughter period). Samples of crop and cecal content were collected for microbiological analysis; and duodenum and jejunum for morphological analysis from 10 birds in each treatment. The Most Probable Number (MPN) of E. coli and Enterococci in the collected samples, the measure of the free residual chlorine in water; and the morphometry and scanning electron microscopy from duodenum e jejunum were determined. Chlorine was efficient in reducing the quantities of microorganisms in crops. Therefore, pre-slaughter feed withdrawal should be coupled with crop disinfection; because pre-slaughter feed withdrawal increases the MPNs of Enterococci and E. coli, presenting a higher risk for carcass contamination during slaughterhouse processing and, consequently, a higher risk for public health. The chlorine added to water did not damage the duodenum and jejunum mucosa and should be added during the pre-slaughter feed withdrawal because improved the intestinal mucosa integrity / Mestre