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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Importância do tecido adiposo marrom na ativação da termogênese induzida pela injeção central do C75, um inibidor da ácido graxo sintase / Importance of brown adipose tissue in the activation of thermogenesis induced by central injection of C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor

Cassolla, Priscila 13 August 2012 (has links)
C75, um inibidor sintético da ácido graxo sintase, causa anorexia e perda de peso em roedores, mas os mecanismos envolvidos com esses efeitos ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi que o tecido adiposo marrom (TAM), um órgão com importante função no controle da termogênese, poderia estar envolvido nos efeitos mediados pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase. Para isso, ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de cânula no ventrículo lateral direito seguido, ou não, pela desnervação simpática cirúrgica do TAM. Sete dias após, C75 (150 g/7,5 L), cerulenina, um inibidor natural da ácido graxo sintase, (150 g/7,5 L) ou RPMI (veículo) foi administrado nos animais com privação alimentar de 24 horas. Foi demonstrado que uma única injeção intracerebroventricular de C75 reduziu a ingestão alimentar no primeiro dia e induziu perda de peso por dois dias. Além disso, as análises de telemetria mostraram que o C75 promoveu um rápido aumento na temperatura corporal interna, maior taxa de estoque de calor de 30 minutos a 6 horas da administração, e um aumento na dissipação de calor por 4 horas. A desnervação do TAM atenuou os efeitos do C75 sobre a regulação térmica bem como seu efeito sobre o peso corporal e a ingestão alimentar. Em paralelo, o C75 induziu aumento na temperatura do TAM (até 8 horas após a injeção), no conteúdo de noradrenalina e na atividade da citocromo c oxidase mitocondrial e da expressão do RNAm da UCP-1 no tecido. Todos esses efeitos foram abolidos com a desnervação simpática do TAM. Tal como o C75, a cerulenina, também induziu um aumento na temperatura corporal interna e do TAM, o qual também foi abolido pela desnervação do TAM. A atividade locomotora espontânea não foi alterada por nenhum inibidor da ácido graxo sintase. A imunohistoquímica para c-Fos revelou que o C75 aumentou o número de células imunorreativas a c-Fos na área pré-óptica, núcleo paraventricular, dorsomedial do hipotálamo, ventromedial do hipotálamo, locus coeruleus e rafe pálida, regiões que estão envolvidas com a regulação central da temperatura. Estes dados sugerem um papel do TAM no aumento da temperatura corporal evocado pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase e provêm novos mecanismos para explicar a hipofagia e o aumento do gasto energético observados com a administração desses compostos. / C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, causes anorexia and weight loss in rodents, but the underlying mechanisms are not totally known. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this work was that brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ with important role for control of thermogenesis, could be involved in the anti-obesity effects of fatty acid synthase inhibitors. To address this issue, Wistar rats were submitted to cannula implant into right lateral ventricle and following, or not, by surgical sympathetic denervation of BAT. Seven days later, C75 (150g/7.5L), cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase inhibitor, (150 g/7.5 L) or RPMI (vehicle) was administered in 24h-fasted animals. It was demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular injection of C75 decreased the food intake on the first day, and induced weight loss for two days. Furthermore, telemetry analyzes shown that the C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature, a higher heat storage rate from 30 minutes until 6 hours of injection, and an increase in heat dissipation for 4 hours. The BAT denervation attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of C75 as well as its effect on body weight and food intake. In parallel, C75 induced an increase in BAT temperature (up to 8 hours of the injection), higher content of norepinephrine, and an increase in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase and mRNA expression of UCP-1 in the tissue. All these effects were abolished by sympathetic denervation. Like C75, the central administration of cerulenin also induced an increase in the BAT and core body temperature, which was also abolished by BAT denervation. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered by any fatty acid synthase inhibitor. The immunohistochemistry for c-Fos revealed that the C75 increased numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in preoptica area, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe pallidus, regions which are involved in the central thermoregulation. These data implicate a role for BAT in the fatty acid synthase inhibitors-evoked increase in body temperature and provide new mechanisms to explain hypophagia and increased energy expenditure observed with the administration of these compounds.
52

Vliv otužování na BMI index, resp. prevalenci obezity vybraného vzorku populace / An effect of cold showers on the BMI or prevalence of obesity

OSTRÁ, Marie January 2019 (has links)
The thesis is based on recent evidence of the presence and functionality of brown adipose tissue (in human body) which have brought increased interest in non-sheath thermogenesis and the role of BAT in metabolism. Since BAT is generally activated by cold exposure, there is a question of the relationship between the amount of body fat in human body (BMI index) and regular cold exposure. The study (cold showers several times a week for three months) was attended by a total of 49 probands in the age range of 19 - 25 years. They were all measured before and after cold showers on a Bodystat device where body fat percentage, the percentage of active body mass (ATH), the percentage of lean body mass, the percentage of body water, the BMI and the WHR index were found. Subsequently, the identified characteristics were compared and evaluated. An important result is the difference in body fat percentage where, due to the cold showers and anticipated activation of BAT, there was a statistically significant reduction in body fat in the experimental group of women. It can be stated that cold showers can have significant potential in the fight against obesity.
53

Participação do fator liberador de corticotrofina nos efeitos do estradiol no controle da homeostase energética / The role of corticotropin-releasing factor on estradiol effects on regulation of energy homeostasis

Marangon, Paula Beatriz 16 May 2011 (has links)
A homeostase energética é controlada por fatores neurais, endócrinos, adipocitários e intestinais. O sistema nervoso central (SNC) recebe sinalização de fatores periféricos e exerce uma função fundamental no controle da homeostase energética, estando bem estabelecido que existem populações neuronais que expressam neuropeptídeos que medeiam efeitos específicos na ingestão e/ou gasto energético. O fator liberador de corticotrofina (CRF), além de seus efeitos no controle da atividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, tem sido descrito como potente neuropeptídeo anorexígeno, modulando a ingestão alimentar e o gasto energético. Foi observado que a síntese de CRF é influenciada pela leptina, que atuaria aumentando a ativação de neurônios produtores de CRF no núcleo paraventricular (PVN). Os hormônios gonadais também participam na regulação da ingestão alimentar, do peso e da composição corporal. O efeito anorexígeno do estradiol é mediado pela ativação de receptores presentes nas áreas envolvidas no controle da homeostase energética. Em trabalho prévio de nosso laboratório foi observado que o menor ganho de peso e ingestão alimentar com o tratamento com estradiol em ratas ovariectomizadas está associado à maior expressão de RNAm de CRF no PVN. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa esclarecer a participação do CRF nos efeitos do estradiol no controle da homeostase energética. Para tanto, foram utilizadas ratas Wistar adultas, pesando entre 200-230g, provenientes do Biotério Central do Campus de Ribeirão Preto USP. Todos os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia de ovariectomia bilateral. Em todos os experimentos, houve três grupos de animais: ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX), ratas ovariectomizadas com reposição de estradiol (OVX+E) e ratas ovariectomizadas com dieta pareada ao grupo OVX+E (OVX+DP). Durante os oitos dias de cada experimento, estes animais receberam injeção subcutânea de cipionato de estradiol (10 g/Kg peso corporal, Grupo OVX+E) ou veículo (óleo de milho: 0,2 mL/rata, Grupos OVX e OVX+DP) entre 8h e 10h. Para avaliarmos a participação do CRF nos efeitos da leptina nos animais castrados com e sem reposição de estradiol, foi realizado o tratamento com injeção central de leptina (10g/5L) com e sem injeção central prévia de antagonista de CRF (antisauvagina-30). Observamos que o tratamento com cipionato de estradiol causa a redução na ingestão alimentar e no ganho de peso corporal. Ainda, quando realizamos a administração central de leptina há anorexia, perda de peso corporal, aumento na expressão de UCP-1 no BAT e na ativação neuronal no ARQ. Esses efeitos são revertidos quando realizamos administração central prévia do antagonista de CRF-R2. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o estradiol aumenta a sensibilidade à leptina, sendo este efeito mediado, pelo menos em parte, pelo receptor tipo 2 do CRF. / Energy homeostasis is controlled by neural, endocrine, adipocyte and gut factors. Central nervous system plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis; it receives signals from peripheral factors and it is well established that the hypothalamus contains neuronal populations that express important neuropeptides to the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its action in the control of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been described as an anorexigenic neuropeptide, modulating food intake and energy expenditure. It was shown that CRF synthesis is influenced by leptin, which would act increasing CRF neuron activation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Gonadal hormones also participate in the regulation of food intake, body weight and body composition. Estradiol anorexigenic effect is mediated by specific receptors located in areas involved in the control of energy homeostasis. It was previously demonstrated that the reduction of food intake and body weight gain in ovariectomized treated rats is associated with an increase in CRF mRNA expression in the PVN. The present study aimed to investigate the role of CRF on estradiol regulation of energy homeostasis. Wistar female rats, weighing 200 230g, were bilaterally ovariectomized and divided into three groups: ovariectomized rats (OVX), ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (OVX+E) and ovariectomized rats pair-fed with OVX+E rats (OVX+PF). The animals received daily subcutaneous injections of either estradiol cypionate (10 g/Kg bw, OVX+E) or vehicle (corn oil, OVX, OVX+PF) between 8 10 am, during 8 days. To evaluate the role of CRF on leptins effects we performed intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of recombinant leptin (10g/5L) with or without previous icv treatment with CRF-R2 antagonist (ansauvagin-30). We observed that estradiol replacement in OVX rats induced lower food intake and body weight gain. Leptin icv treatment reduced food intake, body weight gain and increased UCP-1 expression in brown adipose tissue and neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus. These effects were abolished with previous icv administration of CRF-R2 antagonist. In conclusion, our data suggest that estradiol increases central sensitivity to leptin and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by CRF type 2 receptor.
54

Direct evidence of brown adipocytes in different fat depots in children

Rockstroh, Denise, Landgraf, Kathrin, Wagner, Isabel Viola, Gesing, Julia, Tauscher, Roy, Lakowa, Nicole, Kiess, Wieland, Bühligen, Ulf, Wojan, Magdalena, Till, Holger, Blüher, Matthias, Körner, Antje 25 February 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Recent studies suggested the persistence of brown adipocytes in adult humans, as opposed to being exclusively present in infancy. In this study, we investigated the presence of brown-like adipocytes in adipose tissue (AT) samples of children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years and evaluated the association with age, location, and obesity. For this, we analysed AT samples from 131 children and 23 adults by histological, immunohistochemical and expression analyses. We detected brown-like and UCP1 positive adipocytes in 10.3% of 87 lean children (aged 0.3 to 10.7 years) and in one overweight infant, whereas we did not find brown adipocytes in obese children or adults. In our samples, the brown-like adipocytes were interspersed within white AT of perirenal, visceral and also subcutaneous depots. Samples with brown-like adipocytes showed an increased expression of UCP1 (>200fold), PRDM16 (2.8fold), PGC1α and CIDEA while other brown/beige selective markers, such as PAT2, P2RX5, ZIC1, LHX8, TMEM26, HOXC9 and TBX1 were not significantly different between UCP1 positive and negative samples. We identified a positive correlation between UCP1 and PRDM16 within UCP1 positive samples, but not with any other brown/beige marker. In addition, we observed significantly increased PRDM16 and PAT2 expression in subcutaneous and visceral AT samples with high UCP1 expression in adults. Our data indicate that brown-like adipocytes are present well beyond infancy in subcutaneous depots of non-obese children. The presence was not restricted to typical perirenal locations, but they were also interspersed within WAT of visceral and subcutaneous depots.
55

Implication des microARNs dans la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes thermogéniques / miRNAs implication in white adipocytes conversion into thermogenic adipocytes

Giroud, Maude 16 November 2015 (has links)
La découverte récente d'adipocytes bruns fonctionnels chez les humains adultes a conduit à envisager leur utilisation afin d’augmenter la dépense énergétique dans de potentiels traitements contre l'obésité et les maladies associées. Par ailleurs, des ilots d’adipocytes bruns, appelés adipocytes "brite" (brown in white), émergent dans le tissu adipeux blanc après une exposition au froid ou une stimulation des récepteurs β3-adrénergiques. En utilisant les cellules hMADS, nous avons identifié plusieurs miARNs régulés pendant le « britening ». miR-125b et let-7i ont des niveaux d’expression plus bas dans les adipocytes « brites ». Des analyses fonctionnelles utilisant un « mimic » de miR-125b ou un inhibiteur ont révélé que miR-125b agit comme un frein sur le « brunissage » des cellules hMADS en altérant leur respiration ainsi que leur contenu mitochondrial. In vivo, nous avons montré que miR-125b et let-7i sont moins exprimés dans le tissu adipeux brun par rapport au tissu adipeux blanc. La stimulation des récepteurs β3-adrénergiques ou l'exposition au froid induit une diminution d’expression des miARNs dans les deux tissus et est associée à l'activation du tissu adipeux brun et au recrutement des adipocytes « brites ». Nous avons constaté que l’injection de miR-125b ou let-7i dans le tissu adipeux blanc sous-cutané inhibait l’expression de gènes du « brunissage » induite par la stimulation de la voie β3-adrénergique. En conclusion, nos observations ont montré que miR-125b et let-7i jouaient un rôle important dans la modulation des adipocytes « brites » et des adipocytes « bruns » en ciblant l’expression de gènes mitochondriaux et en diminuant la biogenèse mitochondriale. / The recent discovery of functional brown adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to increase energy expenditure in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Furthermore, in rodents and humans, islands of thermogenic adipocytes, termed “brite” (brown in white) adipocytes, emerge within white adipose tissue after cold exposure or β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Using hMADS cells, we identified several miRNAs regulated during “britening” including miR-125b and let-7i which showed lower levels in brite adipocytes. Functional analysis using miR-125b mimic or miR-125b inhibitor transfection revealed that miR-125b-5p acts as a brake of the browning of hMADS cells by impairing respiration rate as well as their mitochondrial content. miR-125b and let-7i levels were lower in brown compared to white adipose tissue. In vivo, we showed that both miRNAs levels were down regulated in mice sub-cutaneous white and brown adipose tissues upon β3-adrenergic receptors stimulation or cold exposure, which is associated with BAT activation and brite adipocyte recruitment. We found that injection of both miRNA mimics in subcutaneous white adipose tissue inhibited β3-adrenergic-induced brown adipocyte markers expression. Altogether, our observations showed that miR-125b and let-7i played an important role in the modulation of brite and brown adipocytes function targeting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial gene expression.
56

Vliv obvyklé pokojové teploty na BMI, resp. prevalenci obezity vybraného vzorku populace / An influence of usual room temperature on BMI or obesity prevalence in a population sample

BEDNAŘÍKOVÁ, Renata January 2017 (has links)
The main aim of the diploma thesis is to determine if BMI (Body Mass Index) in humans is related to the indoor room temperature. Lower room temperature can lead to the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), thereby increasing energy expenditure. Because the thermal comfort is individual to some extent, the task is to determine whether there is a correlation between BMI and the frequency of perceived thermal discomfort. The research was attended by 202 respondents in the age range of 3 to 27. All were measured and weighed, and then the temperature habits were recorded through questionnaire. A group of students underwent more detailed data collection. For the evaluation of the data was used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and regression analysis, for determining the influence of the room temperature, data were weighed by the coefficient of the thermal insulation during the night. The results showed that BMI, respectively the percentile BMI class of respondents in-creases with increasing average bedroom night temperature. Results are less clear for the age categories with no dependency between BMI and room temperature in the youngest age category, significant correlation in adolescent females and adult men, but not signifi-cant correlation in adolescent males and adult females. Evaluation of 87 responses from adolescent and adult respondents to the question regard-ing the frequency of subjective cold feeling showed that the more they felt the coldness in their dwellings, the lower was percentile BMI class and BMI in different age groups. Based on these results we can state that the room temperature during sleep is another sig-nificant factor influencing BMI and lowering the temperature in the homes could lead to the reduction of population obesity.
57

Efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana nos tecidos adiposos branco e marrom: aumento da expressão gênica e proteica pan-PPAR em camundongos obesos / Pleiotropic effects of telmisartan in white and brown adipose tissues: enhanced pan-PPAR gene and protein expression in obese mice

Aline Penna de Carvalho 15 July 2014 (has links)
Receptores ativadores de proliferação perixossomal(PPARs) são fatores de transcrição envolvidos com a oxidação dos ácidos graxos e proliferação celular, mediando diversas vias, o que representa uma estratégia promissora para enfrentar as características da síndrome metabólica. Existem três isoformas de PPARs(PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama), que são diferencialmente expressos em diferentes tecidos.No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana, um anti-hipertensivo, bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina e agonista parcial PPAR gama, no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) e marrom (TAM) em camundongos obesos induzido por dieta.Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão (standard-chow, 10% da energia proveniente de lipídios) ou com uma dieta com alto teor lipídico (high fat, 49% de energia proveniente de lipídios) durante 10 semanas. Em seguida, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: SC, SC-T, HF e HF-T (n=10). O fármaco foi administrado (10mg/kg de dieta) durante 4 semanas para os grupos SC-T e HF-T.O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, perfil de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, resistência insulínica, diminuição do gasto energético, comprometimento do metabolismo da glicose e distribuição anormal da massa adiposa. Além disso, a obesidade ocasionou diminuição da expressão de PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama noTAB e TAM, resultando na inadequação da captação de glicose e termogênese insuficiente. Por outro lado,a ativação das três isoformas de PPARs, a melhora do perfil inflamatório das adipocinas, o aumento da sensibilidade à insulina e a melhora da captação de glicose, foi vistaapós o tratamento com telmisartana. A ativação dos PPARs no TAB trouxe muitos benefícios. No TAM, resultados surpreendentes foram que a telmisartana provocou o aumento da expressão do recepetor adrenérgico beta 3 (RAβ3), induzido pela ativação de PPARbeta/delta e maior termogênese comaumento da expressão da proteína desacopladora1 (UCP1). Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que telmisartanaaumenta a expressão gênica e proteica PAN-PPAR no TAB e TAM em camundongos obesos induzidos por dieta. Nossas observações mostram que, apesar do grupo HF-T ter reduzido a ingestão energética, os efeitossão explicados pela ativação PAN-PPAR da telmisartana, causando a ativação da termogênese e resultando num balanço energético negativo. / Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in fatty acids oxidation and cell proliferation, mediating different pathways, representing a hopeful strategy to deal with the characteristics of metabolic syndrome. There are three isoforms of PPARs (PPAR alpha, beta / delta and gamma) that are differentially expressed in different tissues. The present study, aimed to evaluate pleiotropic effects of telmisartan, an anti-hypertensive, angiotensin receptor blocker AT1 and PPAR gamma agonist in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice fed a standard diet (standard-chow, 10% of energy from lipids) or a high fat diet (high fat, 49% of energy from lipids) for 10 weeks. Afterwards, groups were subdivided into: SC, SC-T, HF and HF-T (n=10, each). Treatment with telmisartan (10 mg/Kg BM, in the diet) was maintained for 4 weeks. The HF group showed overweight, hypertension, adipokine pro-inflammatory profile, insulin resistance, decreased in energy expenditure, flawed in glucose metabolism and abnormal distribution of adipose mass. Furthermore, obesity caused reduced expression of PPARalpha, beta/delta and gamma in WAT and BAT, resulting in unproductive glucose uptake and insufficient thermogenesis. On the other hand the activation of the three isoforms of PPARs, the improvement of the inflammatory profile, increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose uptake was observed after treatment with telmisartan. The activation of PPARs in BAT provided many benefits. In BAT, surprising new findings show that telmisartan caused sympathetic activation with beta-3 adrenergic receptor (RAβ3), induced activation PPARbeta /delta and increased thermogenesis with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), that it is a target gene of PPARalpha. In conclusion, our results show for the first time telmisartan increases the gene and protein expression PAN-PPAR in WAT and BAT in diet-induced obese mice. Our observations demonstrate that, although the HF-T group have reduced energy intake, the effects are explained by the PPAR-PAN activation of telmisartan, causing the activation of thermogenesis through maintaining sympathetic stimulation and increased expression of UCP1, resulting in a negative energy balance.
58

Efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana nos tecidos adiposos branco e marrom: aumento da expressão gênica e proteica pan-PPAR em camundongos obesos / Pleiotropic effects of telmisartan in white and brown adipose tissues: enhanced pan-PPAR gene and protein expression in obese mice

Aline Penna de Carvalho 15 July 2014 (has links)
Receptores ativadores de proliferação perixossomal(PPARs) são fatores de transcrição envolvidos com a oxidação dos ácidos graxos e proliferação celular, mediando diversas vias, o que representa uma estratégia promissora para enfrentar as características da síndrome metabólica. Existem três isoformas de PPARs(PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama), que são diferencialmente expressos em diferentes tecidos.No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da telmisartana, um anti-hipertensivo, bloqueador do receptor AT1 da angiotensina e agonista parcial PPAR gama, no tecido adiposo branco (TAB) e marrom (TAM) em camundongos obesos induzido por dieta.Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão (standard-chow, 10% da energia proveniente de lipídios) ou com uma dieta com alto teor lipídico (high fat, 49% de energia proveniente de lipídios) durante 10 semanas. Em seguida, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: SC, SC-T, HF e HF-T (n=10). O fármaco foi administrado (10mg/kg de dieta) durante 4 semanas para os grupos SC-T e HF-T.O grupo HF apresentou sobrepeso, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, perfil de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, resistência insulínica, diminuição do gasto energético, comprometimento do metabolismo da glicose e distribuição anormal da massa adiposa. Além disso, a obesidade ocasionou diminuição da expressão de PPARalfa, beta/delta e gama noTAB e TAM, resultando na inadequação da captação de glicose e termogênese insuficiente. Por outro lado,a ativação das três isoformas de PPARs, a melhora do perfil inflamatório das adipocinas, o aumento da sensibilidade à insulina e a melhora da captação de glicose, foi vistaapós o tratamento com telmisartana. A ativação dos PPARs no TAB trouxe muitos benefícios. No TAM, resultados surpreendentes foram que a telmisartana provocou o aumento da expressão do recepetor adrenérgico beta 3 (RAβ3), induzido pela ativação de PPARbeta/delta e maior termogênese comaumento da expressão da proteína desacopladora1 (UCP1). Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que telmisartanaaumenta a expressão gênica e proteica PAN-PPAR no TAB e TAM em camundongos obesos induzidos por dieta. Nossas observações mostram que, apesar do grupo HF-T ter reduzido a ingestão energética, os efeitossão explicados pela ativação PAN-PPAR da telmisartana, causando a ativação da termogênese e resultando num balanço energético negativo. / Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in fatty acids oxidation and cell proliferation, mediating different pathways, representing a hopeful strategy to deal with the characteristics of metabolic syndrome. There are three isoforms of PPARs (PPAR alpha, beta / delta and gamma) that are differentially expressed in different tissues. The present study, aimed to evaluate pleiotropic effects of telmisartan, an anti-hypertensive, angiotensin receptor blocker AT1 and PPAR gamma agonist in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice fed a standard diet (standard-chow, 10% of energy from lipids) or a high fat diet (high fat, 49% of energy from lipids) for 10 weeks. Afterwards, groups were subdivided into: SC, SC-T, HF and HF-T (n=10, each). Treatment with telmisartan (10 mg/Kg BM, in the diet) was maintained for 4 weeks. The HF group showed overweight, hypertension, adipokine pro-inflammatory profile, insulin resistance, decreased in energy expenditure, flawed in glucose metabolism and abnormal distribution of adipose mass. Furthermore, obesity caused reduced expression of PPARalpha, beta/delta and gamma in WAT and BAT, resulting in unproductive glucose uptake and insufficient thermogenesis. On the other hand the activation of the three isoforms of PPARs, the improvement of the inflammatory profile, increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose uptake was observed after treatment with telmisartan. The activation of PPARs in BAT provided many benefits. In BAT, surprising new findings show that telmisartan caused sympathetic activation with beta-3 adrenergic receptor (RAβ3), induced activation PPARbeta /delta and increased thermogenesis with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), that it is a target gene of PPARalpha. In conclusion, our results show for the first time telmisartan increases the gene and protein expression PAN-PPAR in WAT and BAT in diet-induced obese mice. Our observations demonstrate that, although the HF-T group have reduced energy intake, the effects are explained by the PPAR-PAN activation of telmisartan, causing the activation of thermogenesis through maintaining sympathetic stimulation and increased expression of UCP1, resulting in a negative energy balance.
59

Participação do fator liberador de corticotrofina nos efeitos do estradiol no controle da homeostase energética / The role of corticotropin-releasing factor on estradiol effects on regulation of energy homeostasis

Paula Beatriz Marangon 16 May 2011 (has links)
A homeostase energética é controlada por fatores neurais, endócrinos, adipocitários e intestinais. O sistema nervoso central (SNC) recebe sinalização de fatores periféricos e exerce uma função fundamental no controle da homeostase energética, estando bem estabelecido que existem populações neuronais que expressam neuropeptídeos que medeiam efeitos específicos na ingestão e/ou gasto energético. O fator liberador de corticotrofina (CRF), além de seus efeitos no controle da atividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, tem sido descrito como potente neuropeptídeo anorexígeno, modulando a ingestão alimentar e o gasto energético. Foi observado que a síntese de CRF é influenciada pela leptina, que atuaria aumentando a ativação de neurônios produtores de CRF no núcleo paraventricular (PVN). Os hormônios gonadais também participam na regulação da ingestão alimentar, do peso e da composição corporal. O efeito anorexígeno do estradiol é mediado pela ativação de receptores presentes nas áreas envolvidas no controle da homeostase energética. Em trabalho prévio de nosso laboratório foi observado que o menor ganho de peso e ingestão alimentar com o tratamento com estradiol em ratas ovariectomizadas está associado à maior expressão de RNAm de CRF no PVN. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa esclarecer a participação do CRF nos efeitos do estradiol no controle da homeostase energética. Para tanto, foram utilizadas ratas Wistar adultas, pesando entre 200-230g, provenientes do Biotério Central do Campus de Ribeirão Preto USP. Todos os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia de ovariectomia bilateral. Em todos os experimentos, houve três grupos de animais: ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX), ratas ovariectomizadas com reposição de estradiol (OVX+E) e ratas ovariectomizadas com dieta pareada ao grupo OVX+E (OVX+DP). Durante os oitos dias de cada experimento, estes animais receberam injeção subcutânea de cipionato de estradiol (10 g/Kg peso corporal, Grupo OVX+E) ou veículo (óleo de milho: 0,2 mL/rata, Grupos OVX e OVX+DP) entre 8h e 10h. Para avaliarmos a participação do CRF nos efeitos da leptina nos animais castrados com e sem reposição de estradiol, foi realizado o tratamento com injeção central de leptina (10g/5L) com e sem injeção central prévia de antagonista de CRF (antisauvagina-30). Observamos que o tratamento com cipionato de estradiol causa a redução na ingestão alimentar e no ganho de peso corporal. Ainda, quando realizamos a administração central de leptina há anorexia, perda de peso corporal, aumento na expressão de UCP-1 no BAT e na ativação neuronal no ARQ. Esses efeitos são revertidos quando realizamos administração central prévia do antagonista de CRF-R2. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o estradiol aumenta a sensibilidade à leptina, sendo este efeito mediado, pelo menos em parte, pelo receptor tipo 2 do CRF. / Energy homeostasis is controlled by neural, endocrine, adipocyte and gut factors. Central nervous system plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis; it receives signals from peripheral factors and it is well established that the hypothalamus contains neuronal populations that express important neuropeptides to the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its action in the control of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), has been described as an anorexigenic neuropeptide, modulating food intake and energy expenditure. It was shown that CRF synthesis is influenced by leptin, which would act increasing CRF neuron activation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Gonadal hormones also participate in the regulation of food intake, body weight and body composition. Estradiol anorexigenic effect is mediated by specific receptors located in areas involved in the control of energy homeostasis. It was previously demonstrated that the reduction of food intake and body weight gain in ovariectomized treated rats is associated with an increase in CRF mRNA expression in the PVN. The present study aimed to investigate the role of CRF on estradiol regulation of energy homeostasis. Wistar female rats, weighing 200 230g, were bilaterally ovariectomized and divided into three groups: ovariectomized rats (OVX), ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (OVX+E) and ovariectomized rats pair-fed with OVX+E rats (OVX+PF). The animals received daily subcutaneous injections of either estradiol cypionate (10 g/Kg bw, OVX+E) or vehicle (corn oil, OVX, OVX+PF) between 8 10 am, during 8 days. To evaluate the role of CRF on leptins effects we performed intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of recombinant leptin (10g/5L) with or without previous icv treatment with CRF-R2 antagonist (ansauvagin-30). We observed that estradiol replacement in OVX rats induced lower food intake and body weight gain. Leptin icv treatment reduced food intake, body weight gain and increased UCP-1 expression in brown adipose tissue and neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus. These effects were abolished with previous icv administration of CRF-R2 antagonist. In conclusion, our data suggest that estradiol increases central sensitivity to leptin and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by CRF type 2 receptor.
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Importância do tecido adiposo marrom na ativação da termogênese induzida pela injeção central do C75, um inibidor da ácido graxo sintase / Importance of brown adipose tissue in the activation of thermogenesis induced by central injection of C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor

Priscila Cassolla 13 August 2012 (has links)
C75, um inibidor sintético da ácido graxo sintase, causa anorexia e perda de peso em roedores, mas os mecanismos envolvidos com esses efeitos ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi que o tecido adiposo marrom (TAM), um órgão com importante função no controle da termogênese, poderia estar envolvido nos efeitos mediados pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase. Para isso, ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de cânula no ventrículo lateral direito seguido, ou não, pela desnervação simpática cirúrgica do TAM. Sete dias após, C75 (150 g/7,5 L), cerulenina, um inibidor natural da ácido graxo sintase, (150 g/7,5 L) ou RPMI (veículo) foi administrado nos animais com privação alimentar de 24 horas. Foi demonstrado que uma única injeção intracerebroventricular de C75 reduziu a ingestão alimentar no primeiro dia e induziu perda de peso por dois dias. Além disso, as análises de telemetria mostraram que o C75 promoveu um rápido aumento na temperatura corporal interna, maior taxa de estoque de calor de 30 minutos a 6 horas da administração, e um aumento na dissipação de calor por 4 horas. A desnervação do TAM atenuou os efeitos do C75 sobre a regulação térmica bem como seu efeito sobre o peso corporal e a ingestão alimentar. Em paralelo, o C75 induziu aumento na temperatura do TAM (até 8 horas após a injeção), no conteúdo de noradrenalina e na atividade da citocromo c oxidase mitocondrial e da expressão do RNAm da UCP-1 no tecido. Todos esses efeitos foram abolidos com a desnervação simpática do TAM. Tal como o C75, a cerulenina, também induziu um aumento na temperatura corporal interna e do TAM, o qual também foi abolido pela desnervação do TAM. A atividade locomotora espontânea não foi alterada por nenhum inibidor da ácido graxo sintase. A imunohistoquímica para c-Fos revelou que o C75 aumentou o número de células imunorreativas a c-Fos na área pré-óptica, núcleo paraventricular, dorsomedial do hipotálamo, ventromedial do hipotálamo, locus coeruleus e rafe pálida, regiões que estão envolvidas com a regulação central da temperatura. Estes dados sugerem um papel do TAM no aumento da temperatura corporal evocado pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase e provêm novos mecanismos para explicar a hipofagia e o aumento do gasto energético observados com a administração desses compostos. / C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, causes anorexia and weight loss in rodents, but the underlying mechanisms are not totally known. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this work was that brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ with important role for control of thermogenesis, could be involved in the anti-obesity effects of fatty acid synthase inhibitors. To address this issue, Wistar rats were submitted to cannula implant into right lateral ventricle and following, or not, by surgical sympathetic denervation of BAT. Seven days later, C75 (150g/7.5L), cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase inhibitor, (150 g/7.5 L) or RPMI (vehicle) was administered in 24h-fasted animals. It was demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular injection of C75 decreased the food intake on the first day, and induced weight loss for two days. Furthermore, telemetry analyzes shown that the C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature, a higher heat storage rate from 30 minutes until 6 hours of injection, and an increase in heat dissipation for 4 hours. The BAT denervation attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of C75 as well as its effect on body weight and food intake. In parallel, C75 induced an increase in BAT temperature (up to 8 hours of the injection), higher content of norepinephrine, and an increase in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase and mRNA expression of UCP-1 in the tissue. All these effects were abolished by sympathetic denervation. Like C75, the central administration of cerulenin also induced an increase in the BAT and core body temperature, which was also abolished by BAT denervation. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered by any fatty acid synthase inhibitor. The immunohistochemistry for c-Fos revealed that the C75 increased numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in preoptica area, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe pallidus, regions which are involved in the central thermoregulation. These data implicate a role for BAT in the fatty acid synthase inhibitors-evoked increase in body temperature and provide new mechanisms to explain hypophagia and increased energy expenditure observed with the administration of these compounds.

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