How should nature be written? Writing has long been a way for people to understand nature. Still, we have come to an age that we need to reconceptualize our relation with nature. Nature can no longer be regarded as a passive stage upon which human beings act. How should we understand nature so that nature is made inanimate? I propose that the solution, known as “Schizo-Natural Writing,” can be found in Dung Kai-cheung’s Natural Histories Trilogy. Hong Kong is commonly seen as a city. Correspondingly, when it comes to Hong Kong literature, the term appears frequently will be “city writing”. It is not surprising, given that Hong Kong has always been recognised as a highly-developed city, one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Famous literary works in Hong Kong like Xi Xi’s My City (西西，我城), A Dictionary of Two Cities co-written by Hon Lai Chu and Dorothy Tse Hiu Hong (韓麗珠、謝曉虹，雙城辭典), Wong Bik Wan’s The City of Lost (黃碧雲，失城), just to name some. This phenomenon is closely related to the historical background of Hong Kong. According to Chan (2009), the connection between Hong Kong literature and its cityscape can be dated back to 1950s. Though it does not mean that there are no non-urban writings, those were not in the mainstream. However, in 2000s one of the most influential local writers, Dung Kai Cheung (1967 -), has begun his Natural Histories Trilogy. He is the director in The House of Hong Kong Literature, a folk organisation of local literature. His publication includes, Androgyny: Evolution of a Non-existent Species (1996), a story about a female scientist who went into the wild and sought a nonexistent species, named as androgyny and Atlas: The Archaeology of an Imaginary City (1997), an imaginary archaeology in the future Hong Kong, which has been translated into English. During 2005 to 2010, he published the Natural Histories Trilogy, including firstly, the History of the Adventures of Vivi and Vera (2018, which titled in Chinese, 天工開物．栩栩如真), secondly, the Histories of Time: The Light of Nga Chi (2007, 時間繁史．啞瓷之光) and thirdly, on the Origin of Species: The Rebirth of Bui Bui - The Age of Apprenticeship (2010, 物種源始．貝貝重生 之 學習年代). In the trilogy, Dung Kai-cheung, echoing Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of “nature=industry”, highlighted the productivity of nature, or the naturing of nature. As such, he no longer writes nature. He writes schizo-naturally. I further adopted the term “ecology”, which on the one hand pointed out the close relation between the item produced during the schizo-natural writing; on the other hand, echoed Guattari’s the Three Ecology. In this thesis, there are four parts investigating four types of ecology: mental ecology, social ecology, environmental ecology and spatiotemporal ecology. Through examining the trilogy, love, being standing outside oneself, is advocated to be the way out of the fragmented world. Keywords: Dung Kai-cheung, the Natural Histories Trilogy, nature writing, Gilles Deleuze, Ecology

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T12:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9210555 bytes, checksum: 0f6b9325e8713f3a0eb853586835a009 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-11-30T10:51:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9210555 bytes, checksum: 0f6b9325e8713f3a0eb853586835a009 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T10:51:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9210555 bytes, checksum: 0f6b9325e8713f3a0eb853586835a009 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work, after a brief history and theory of probability, approaches the subject geometric probability. We believe it is an important branch of probability theory and we had the opportunity to present some examples. Initially, we studied the most famous problem in geometric probability, which is the problem of Bu on's needle. After a few years, the application of this problem allowed Allan MacLeod Cormack and Godfrey Newbold Houns eld, Nobel Prize winners in Medicine, the invention and development of computed tomography. This work also presents an interesting way to calculate areas of no elementary gures by using the geometric probability via the Monte Carlo Method. Another topic addressed concerns probabilistic paradoxes. The paradoxes presented are those which are contrary to common sense. / Este trabalho, após uma breve resumo histórico e teórico sobre probabilidade, aborda o tema probabilidade geométrica. Entendemos que esse é um ramo importante da teoria das probabilidades e tivemos oportunidade de apresentar alguns exemplos. Inicialmente, estudamos o mais famoso problema de probabilidade geométrica, que é o problema da agulha de Bu on. Após alguns anos, a aplicação desse problema possibilitou Allan MacLeod Cormack e Godfrey Newbold Houns eld, ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel da Medicina, o invento e desenvolvimento da tomografi a computadorizada. No trabalho também é apresentado uma forma interessante de calcular áreas de guras não elementares usando a probabilidade geométrica através do Método de Monte Carlo. Um outro tópico abordado diz respeito aos paradoxos probabilísticos. Os paradoxos apresentados são aqueles que são contrário ao senso comum.

La síntesi de poliéters constitueix un important tema d'estudi per les seves bones propietats físiques i químiques. Així, a més de la seva importància en el camp dels poliuretans, recentment, la polimerització de monòmers epoxídics funcionalitzats ha permès dissenyar polímers d'alta tecnologia amb propietats específiques.El treball de tesi que es presenta estudia la síntesi i caracterització de polièters obtinguts mitjançant un sistema iniciador que es basa en la combinació de la base de poliiminofosfazè t-Bu-P4 amb un compost hidroxílic com el 3,5-di-terc-butilfenol. El t-Bu-P4 es un compost descrit recentment, que es caracteritza per ser una de les bases neutres més fortes que es coneixen. Per aquesta raó, aquest compost està trobant nombroses aplicacions en el camp de la síntesi orgànica i més recentment en la polimerització de monòmers amb excel·lents resultats. No obstant, actualment només hi ha un grup de treball que l'hagi utilitzat per a la polimerització d'oxirans i ho ha fet en el cas del monòmer més senzill, l'òxid d'etilè.En aquest treball, s'ha estudiat la cinètica i el mecanisme de polimerització del fenilglicidiléter, amb aquest sistema iniciador, i s'ha comparat amb altres iniciadors aniònics convencionals. Per això, s'ha estudiat l'evolució del pes molecular del polímers mitjançant tècniques cromatogràfiques de SEC. També s'han determinat el pesos moleculars mitjançant RMN de 1H utilitzant un nou procediment de derivatització dels polímers que permet augmentar considerablement la sensibilitat d'aquesta tècnica. Així mateix, s'ha dut a terme un estudi detallat de la microestructura de tots els polímers obtinguts, determinant característiques com la seva tacticitat, regiorregularitat i naturalesa del extrems de cadena. Per fer això, s'han sintetitzat compostos model, s'han fet seguiments cinètics per RMN, reaccions de derivatització i experiències de correlació bidimensional de RMN. Així mateix, per a investigar la estructura de cadascuna de les cadenes de la distribució de pesos moleculars s'ha utilitzat avantatjosament la moderna tècnica de MALDI-TOF MS. La correlació dels resultats obtinguts, no només ha permès establir el mecanisme bàsic de polimerització, sinó també identificar i avaluar diferents els processos competitius que es produeixen i que no han estat descrits fins ara a la literatura. D'aquestos, cal destacar la formació de unions irregulars i la existència de reaccions de substitució nucleòfila aromàtica quan en el anell aromàtic hi han substituents electroaceptors. També, s'han identificat processos de fragmentació de cadena quan el iniciador es el terc-butóxid potàssic.Finalment, s'ha aconseguit aplicar, amb èxit, aquest sistema iniciador a la polimerització de diferent monòmers funcionalitzats amb potencial aplicació en el camp de la fotònica i l'electro-òptica. / The polyethers synthesis is an interesting subject of study due to the good physical and chemical properties. Therefore, these polymers are widely used in the polyurethanes chemistry and, recently, in the polymerization of functionalized epoxidic monomers to design and obtain Hi-Tech polymers with specific properties.In this present thesis is studied the synthesis and characterization of polyethers obtained through a initiator system which is based in the mixture of phosphazene base t-Bu-P4 and 3,5-di-tert-buthylphenol. The t-Bu-P4 is a recent reported compound, which is one of the strongest neutral bases known. So, this compound have found different uses in the organic synthesis and, recently, in the polymerization of monomers with very good results. There is only one group reporting the polymerization of epoxides using this base, and they polymerized the simplest monomer, the ethylene oxide.We did the kinetic and mechanistic studies to polymerize the glicidilphenilether, with this initiator system, and we have compared the results with those obtained using conventional anionic initiators. Some of these studies are the evolution of the polyethers' molecular weight using GPC techniques. Also, we determined the molecular weights using 1H NMR after a derivatization of the polyethers that can increase the sensitivity with respect to the end-groups. We studied deeply the microstructure of all the polymers obtained, determining the tacticity, regio-regularity and origin of the end-groups. It was done by the model compounds syntheses, the NMR kinetic studies, derivatization reactions and bidimensional correlation NMR experiments. In the same way, we studied the chain structure and the molecular weight distribution using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, a technique with an increasing interest in the polymer field.The correlation of the obtained results has helped us to state a basic polymerization mechanism and to identify and evaluate different competitive processes in the polymerization which are not reported in the literature yet. Two of these competitive processes are the regio-irregular links formation and the aromatic nucleophilic substitution when the monomer has an electron-withdrawing group in the aromatic ring. We have identified a chain fragmentation processes in the polymerization using the potassium tert-butoxide as initiator.Finally, we applied this initiator system to polymerize monomers with different functionalities, obtaining polymers potentially actives in technological fields.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001 / Zhi dao jiao shou: Mo Banghao. 880-03 Includes bibliographical references.

The debate concerning the legitimacy of artistic research that has taken place over the last two decades is notable for the way in which it has drawn attention to rival 'representational' and 'performative' conceptions of thought. In the early stages of the debate, critics such as Durling, Friedman, Elkins and Biggs employed broadly representational arguments in a quasi-legal context of judgment to suggest that processes of artistic research were in some sense unrecognisable when attempts were made to see them through the conceptual lens of 'research'. In contrast to this, advocates of artistic research, such as Haseman, Bolt, Sullivan and Slager proposed that research arising out of artistic practice possessed distinctive qualities - conjoining interests in the experimental, the experiential, and the non-representational, with a set of predominantly transformative aims. Haseman et al have likewise suggested that the concerns of the practitioner-researcher, at least in the context of the arts, are mainly ontological as opposed to epistemological in character - seeking to explore, reframe, or contest existing states of affairs in a broadly performative fashion. Whilst supporters of artistic research often stress the requirement for new ways of thinking to accommodate the specificities of practice-led research, many of the concepts that are employed in an attempt to understand the aims and concerns of artistic research have a long 'process-philosophical' lineage. Process philosophy has been present as a minor current in Western philosophy since as early as 540 BC and through the influence of luminaries such as Dewey and Langer, it has long been associated with education in the arts. Process philosophers typically emphasise both the ontological priority of change and the relational constitution of entities. From the perspective of process philosophy, the world of stable and enduring things arises out of a differential play of interacting forces that admit of multiple and contingent patterns of relation. With this in mind, the contemporary anti-essentialist arguments that are often utilised in the defense of artistic research are positioned in this thesis as examples of process-philosophical thinking, paving the way for an application of the post-structuralist, process-philosophical thought of Gilles Deleuze to the debate concerning the legitimacy of practice-led research. An interesting and long running feature of the legitimacy debate has been the failing of participants on both sides of the discussion to critically engage with their opposition - preferring instead to construct rather idealised, ghostly positions, which ultimately sidestep the specificities of the situation. In an attempt to address the lack of sustained critical confrontation between oppositional voices in the discussion, this thesis attempts a close qualitative engagement with a prominent skeptical position. To this end, the work of Michael Biggs and Daniela Büchler is interrogated from a conceptual, aesthetic and relational perspective, revealing its Wittgensteinian and Kantian roots, and subjecting them to critical scrutiny from the perspective of Deleuzian thought. Biggs and Büchler, have developed a markedly critical voice in the legitimacy debate, importing the early hostility towards practice-led research that arose out of a predominantly North American design community into the context of UK, Dutch and Australian discussion. Biggs and Büchler are much cited within the literature on artistic and practice-led modes of research and they have been influential in the framing of policy. The critique of Biggs and Büchler that is developed in this thesis begins from the observation that their work embodies a broadly conservative emphasis upon representation and recognition, and that it is expressive of what Deleuze describes as the 'dogmatic image of thought'. It is argued here that Biggs and Büchler's resistance to the affective and the performative is pervasive, serving to colour their approach to philosophy, art and aesthetics and to place them at odds with the largely material-experiential, and transdisciplinary interests of many artistic researchers. With this in mind, a series of aesthetico-conceptual strategies are employed in order to problematise Biggs and Büchler's position and to stage an encounter between a process-pragmatism of the left (as typified by the philosophy of Deleuze), and a linguistic-pragmatism of the right (as typified by the philosophy of Wittgenstein). This thesis makes a number of claims to knowledge. Primarily it aims to demonstrate that the justification of artistic research need not be separatist or isolationist in character, but that in demonstrating the overlap between traditional and non-traditional forms of research we need not dispense with artistry or neglect the artefact's performative work. In this sense it aims to show how characteristics sometimes considered specific to practice-led research have a more generalised, if somewhat understated presence in the context of more traditional modes of enquiry. In a similar vein, it aims to demonstrate how a broadly traditional, written thesis might be explored in the spirit of practice-led enquiry - drawing attention to a range of textual, imaginative, conceptual and speculative devices that might enable us to explore the intensities of a problem space, and to investigate the ways in which aesthetic devices might also perform active work in the context of an argument. Ultimately this results in a questioning of the separation of artefact and argument that is characteristic of much discussion of practice-led research. Methodologically the thesis is distinctive in its sustained critical engagement with a single oppositional voice, which is also intended, through a process of extrapolation, to problematise a more generalised positivistic current of thought emanating primarily from the discipline of design. Lastly, the philosophical critique of the Wittgensteinian underpinnings of Biggs and Büchler's position also facilitates a contribution to Deleuze studies - addressing the breadth of Deleuze's concept of relation and critically interrogating the thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein - the philosopher for whom Deleuze seemed to harbour the strongest antipathy, but of whom he was also the most reticent to speak. Whilst it is clear that there has been much interest in the potential application of Deleuze since the inception of the legitimacy debate, and whilst it is clear that the employment of Deleuze as primary theorist in practice-based-research projects is in the ascent, to date there has been little work that is explicitly focused upon the resonance of Deleuzian thought with respect to the productive context, or the legitimacy of the practice-based PhD.

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2004. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-160).

Applied research project (D. Min.)--School of Theology and Missions, Oral Roberts University, 2004. / Includes abstract and vita. Translated from Korean. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-202).

No description available.

金元之際的中原知識階層所處的是一個大動盪的時代，一方面漫天戰火奪去了無數生 靈性命，破壞了政治、社會秩序；一方面蒙古接替女真，成為中原新的統治者。由於 起初蒙古人並未大幅施行漢法，因此這已不是單純的朝代更替，而是整個政治、經濟 、社會制度的轉變。處於此一時間的中原知識階層他們如何自處、有那些一般性質、 如何協助蒙古可汗治理中原並保存漢文化，這些問題便是本論文探討的核心所在。 本論文研究的時間範圍是從衛紹王即位的大安元年（一二０九）至元世祖建國號為元 的至元八年（一二七一），共計六十二年。凡在大安元年以後去世，並在垤元八年以 前已有所成的中原士人（亦即成長在原金朝統治區域內的土人），恂是本論文研究的 對象。 法國年鑑學派史學家布勞岱將歷史分為三個層次﹕最表層是短期「事件」；中層是持 續較長的「時間」；最底層是綿延可達數世紀的「長時期」。就社會的結構而言，「 事件」只是在社會表面的人文現象；「時期」是數十年就可能改變的社會中層結；「 長時期」則是灴易改變的社會深層結構。就本論文的研究主題而言，金元之際中原知 識階層的言論、作為、以及當時個別的政、經、社結構屬於「時間」的層次；秦、漢 以後古代中國的政、經〉社模式則屬於「長時間」的層次。本論文的研究係從「事件 」層次著手，而逐漸突顯出屬於「時間」的中層社會結構，至於「長時間」層次的探 討，僅略有所及。 金元之際蒙古、西域、中原三大文化和他們的承傳者，彼此間相互的激盪，而中原文 化並未佔盡優勢，但對於元初政體的建構亦有其不可忽視的貢獻。

本論文研究目的，乃希望透過對清末民初的外蒙情勢，以及在外蒙中國、俄國、日本 等國際勢的抗衡，分析、探討，讓吾人瞭解外蒙脫離中國轉為蘇俄附庸的共產國家的 歷史背景。 在參考資料方面，以中文資料（其中包括英、日翻譯本）為主，加以英、日文資料來 補充。但在現實環境的限制下，蒙文資料的蒐集十分困難，而且本人的蒙文造詣不深 ，故不得不參考西方學者及日本學者相關翻譯本和著作。而本文研究方法上，主要是 採用歷史學的架構，予以分析、比較、綜合，尤其因資料上的史事記載有所不同，所 以經由分析比較，加以推論，最後提出定論。 本文研究內容，除緒論和結論之外，共四章十一節。概分為民族主義之抬頭﹕俄國的 策動以及中國的失策激起蒙古人的民族意識。革命集團之誕生及其活動﹕蘇俄十月革 命對外蒙部分民族主義者的影響，及與蘇俄共黨及第三國際人士的接觸，以擴張其革 命力量，其結果遂組成臨時政府。外來勢力之變化﹕首先探討中國內部之宜皖戰爭， 以至引起在外蒙外來勢力的變化，即白俄溫琴在日本的支持之下占領庫倫，嗣後蘇俄 赤軍藉口討伐白黨而侵入外蒙，並在蘇俄的指使之下建立人民政府。保守勢力之衰退 ﹕由於神權及封建特權之限制，青年團之組織及其在政治上所扮演的角色之影響，且 保守派與急進派雙方激型之鬥爭，至使保守勢力逐漸衰退，而以活佛哲布尊丹巴之逝 世為最明顯之象徵。 結論則是闡述，十九世紀末開始抬頭的蒙古民族主義，在俄國慫恿之下，並一九一０ 年清廷對蒙政策的轉奱，以及一九一九年徐樹錚的武力撤治而被激起，加上蘇俄十月 革命的影響，終致外蒙出現革命集團。嗣後在第三國際的支使以及赤軍的武力援助下 ，建立人民政府。再經過數次流血肅清民族主義者，以及蒙人的精神領袖活佛哲布尊 丹巴的逝世，最後成立了附庸蘇俄的「蒙古人民共和國」。