Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important aspect in all facets of engineering. It is in particular an important consideration in the structural engineering industry, due to the prominence of the negative impact this industry has on the environment, both on a national and international scale. The problem, however, is that sustainability is a mostly unknown and highly debated topic. It is not only difficult to quantify, but even difficult just to define. In the field of structural engineering it is an especially difficult task to consider sustainability. It is still a very new field of research and difficult to apply. It is therefore important that continued research be done in order for there to be a better understanding of how sustainability should be considered and applied in the context of structures. In an attempt to assess the environmental impact of building structures, there are two basic approaches that are followed. The first, the application-oriented method, is a simple, points-based system. The second, the analysis-oriented method, makes use of detailed indices and factors to quantify the impact. This study aims to develop an analysis-oriented method, specifically designed for the complete life cycle of buildings in the South African environment. This is accomplished by continuing the work that was started by Brewis (2011), and continued by Brits (2012). Brewis developed the approach for the pre-use phase, while Brits developed the approach for the end-of-life phase. Both focussed their application on low-cost housing development. However, the approach is defined for the use of the analysis of a building envelope. The details of developing the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), as well as the approaches for the pre-use phase and the end-of life phase are discussed in Chapter 3. The study develops the use phase of the proposed environmental life cycle assessment for buildings in Chapter 4. It discusses in detail the two main components of the use phase, namely maintenance and operation. While maintenance is concerned with the replacement of building materials in the structure, the operation component is concerned with the energy needs during the use phase. It is determined that the energy use that is directly related to the building envelope is the energy required for the space heating and cooling of the building. This is due to the fact that the thermal properties of the building envelope influence the thermal environment within the building, and thereby impact the use of energy to regulate that thermal environment. In order to make the most use of both of these components within the application of the proposed LCA, it was decided to model a residential building structure that uses consistent energy to regulate the thermal environment within the structure. However, it is not only the objective to use the proposed LCA as an assessment tool, but also as a comparative and optimisation tool. Therefore one component, the external walls, was selected as a variable component. This component was varied to form a total of nine different buildings. These nine buildings were then used in a comparative study in order to try to determine an optimum choice of external walling system, based on the results of the environmental impacts determined in the LCA. It is also used to try to explain exactly how and to what extent the external walling system contributes to the environmental impact, and what useful application value we can gain from this knowledge. The results showed that a minor increase in the materials impact (due to attempts to improve the thermal capacity of the external walls) were in most cases countered by a decrease in the energy impact, which in seven of the eight alternative external walling systems led to a net decrease in environmental impact (EI) categories one to four. It was also found that with the increase of the R-value of the external walling systems, the environmental impact of the building steadily decreased, in terms of four of the five impact categories. The only exception to these trends was found in the fifth impact category: waste generation. The reason for this is the fact that energy impact in this environmental impact category is negligible, and therefore does not contribute much to the net change in environmental impact. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van volhoubaarheid neem al hoe meer toe in alle aspekte van ingenieurswese. In die industrie van struktuuringenieurswese is dit van besonderse belang as gevolg van die prominente negatiewe impak van hierdie industrie op die omgewing, op beide ’n nasionale en internasionale skaal. Die probleem is egter dat volhoubaarheid nog meestal gesien word as ʼn onderwerp wat onbekend en hoogs debatteerbaar is. Dit is nie net moeilik om te kwantifiseer nie, maar selfs moeilik om dit net te definieer. In struktuuringenieurswese is dit veral ʼn moeilike taak om volhoubaarheid in ag te neem. Dit is nog ʼn baie jong studieveld wat moeilik is om toe te pas. Dit is dus van uiterse belang dat verdere navorsing gedoen word sodat daar ʼn beter begrip kan wees van hoe volhoubaarheid op die lewensiklus van strukture toegepas kan word. In 'n poging om die omgewingsimpak van die geboustrukture te evalueer, is daar twee basiese benaderings wat gevolg kan word. Die eerste, die toepassingsgeoriënteerde metode, is 'n eenvoudige, punte-gebaseerde stelsel. Die tweede, die analise-georiënteerde metode maak gebruik van gedetailleerde indekse en faktore om die omgewingsimpak te kwantifiseer. Hierdie studie beoog om 'n analise-georiënteerde metode te ontwikkel, wat spesifiek ontwerp is vir die analise van die volledige lewensiklus van geboue in die Suid-Afrikaanse omgewing. Dit word gedoen deur die voortsetting van die werk wat begin is deur Brewis (2011), en voortgesit is deur Brits (2012). Brewis het die benadering vir die eerste fase (voor-gebruik) ontwikkel, terwyl Brits die benadering vir die finale fase (einde-van-lewe) ontwikkel het. Beide het die fokus van hul toepassings geplaas op lae-koste behuising. Die benaderings is egter gedefinieer vir die algemene analise van ʼn gebou se raamwerk. Die besonderhede van die ontwikkeling van die omgewingslewensiklus analise (OLA), asook die benaderings vir die eerste en finale fases, word in Hoofstuk 3 bespreek. Die studie ontwikkel die gebruiksfase van die voorgestelde omgewingslewensiklus analise vir geboue in Hoofstuk 4. Dit bespreek die twee hoofkomponente van die gebruiksfase, naamlik die instandhouding en bedryf. Terwyl instandhouding gemoeid is met die vervanging van boumateriale in die struktuur, is die bedryfskomponent gemoeid met die energie behoeftes tydens die gebruiksfase. Dit word bepaal dat die energie verbruik wat ʼn direkte verband het met die gebou se raamwerk, die energie is wat nodig is vir die verhitting en verkoeling van die gebou. Dit is te danke aan die feit dat die termiese eienskappe van die gebou se raamwerk die termiese omgewing binne die gebou beïnvloed, en sodoende 'n impak het op die energie wat benodig word om die temperatuur te reguleer. In ʼn poging om die spektrum van die voorgestelde OLA ten volle te benut, is dit besluit om die toepassing daarvan te illustreer op 'n residensiële gebou wat van konsekwente energieverbruik gebruik maak om die termiese omgewing binne die gebou te reguleer. Dit is egter nie net die doel om die voorgestelde OLA te gebruik as 'n assesseringsinstrument nie, maar ook om die OLA se funksie as ’n vergelykende en optimaliseringshulpmiddel te illustreer. Dus is een komponent, die eksterne mure, gekies as 'n veranderlike komponent. Hierdie komponent is gewissel om 'n totaal van nege verskillende geboue te vorm. Hierdie nege geboue is gebruik in 'n vergelykende studie in 'n poging om 'n optimale keuse van eksterne mure te bepaal, gebaseer op die resultate van die omgewingsimpak wat in die OLA te bepaal is. Dit word ook gebruik om te probeer om te verduidelik presies hoe en tot watter mate die eksterne mure bydra by tot die omgewingsimpak, en watter nuttige toepassingswaarde geput kan word uit hierdie kennis. Die resultate het getoon dat 'n toename in die materiaal impak (weens pogings om die termiese kapasiteit van die eksterne mure te verbeter) in die meeste gevalle teengewerk is deur 'n afname in die energie impak. In sewe van die agt alternatiewe eksterne muurstelsels het dit gelei tot 'n netto afname in omgewingsimpak vir kategorieë een tot vier. Dit is ook gevind dat die omgewingsimpak van die gebou stelselmatig gedaal het met die toename van die Rwaarde van die eksterne muurstelsels, ook in terme van kategorieë een tot vier. Die enigste uitsondering op hierdie tendense is gevind in die vyfde impak kategorie: die afval wat gegenereer word. Die feit dat die effek van energie verbruik gering is in hierdie omgewingsimpak kategorie, lei tot die feit dat dit nie veel bydra tot die netto verandering in die omgewingsimpak nie.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de um novo sistema de laje mista com o uso de perfis metálicos de chapa dobrada e isopor seqüencialmente dispostos lado a lado e preenchidos com concreto de armado. A principal motivação para este estudo foi o desenvolvimento de um eficiente sistema de laje fácil e rápida de ser construído, e que fosse econômica. O sistema de laje desenvolvido maximiza o espaço livre útil da construção, eliminando a necessidade de formas e escoras tendo assim como conseqüência direta a minimização das perdas construtivas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os custos do novo sistema de laje são equivalentes aos outros métodos de construção de lajes, mas que outras características como o tempo e as perdas economizadas na fase construtiva viabilizam a utilização do novo sistema.O trabalho foi consta de três fases principais: primeiramente uma otimização do estudo dos perfis de chapa dobrada foi conduzida analisando as suas características estáticas e dinâmicas para o sistema de laje. Variáveis como peso, altura, espessura,tensão de escoamento, vão máximo, carga suportada por vão e por espessura da chapa metálica, momento máximo, capacidade de carga, minimização dos custos de fabricação e possibilidades de uso de vãos múltiplos foram validados. Quando a seção do perfil metálico estava definida e otimizada, foi estabelecido um estudo com uma série de 5 (cinco) testes em escala real. O propósito principal dos testes foi obter os estados limites último da seção do perfil adotado associado ao sistema de laje para validação do sistema estrutural. Os testes avaliaram a real aderência entre concreto e perfil metálico e sua influência no estado limite último de flexão, cisalhamento e deslizamento. Outra solução além da aderência química natural do concreto com o perfil metálico envolveram o uso de parafusos auto atarrachantes como conectores de cisalhamento. A fase final compreendeu a comparação dos resultados experimentais com as normas de aço para averiguar a validade dos resultados do sistema de laje mista. / [en] This work presents an investigation of an innovative composite slab system made of a steel deck and a styrofoam plate, side by side, filled with reinforced concrete. The objective of the present study was the development of an efficient composite slab system that is easy to manufacture, erect and also economic.The investigation started with a parametric design study of the steel deck profile.When an optimum steel deck profile was established the investigation proceeded with a series of full-scale- experiments. The tests enable the establishment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states associated with the investigated system.Another aim of the experiments was to investigate the concrete versus steel deck connection. Solutions using only the natural concrete versus steel adherence and others utilising shear connectors made of self-drilling bolts in the steel deck were considered. Finally current steel design codes were used to compare the experimental results and access the accuracy of the composite slab system In this paper a composite slab system developed for low-cost building construction is presented. Results and conclusions from a theoretical and experimental study were summarized below the work. Finally these composite slab systems can be implemented in large scale construction, just by the development of portable rolling equipment that can produce very long and continuous profiles, as required by the construction teamwork.

Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional, para a geração de dados e apresentação de resultados, específico para as estruturas de edifícios. As rotinas desenvolvidas devem trabalhar em conjunto com um sistema computacional para análise de estruturas com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos, contemplando tanto as estruturas de pavimentos; com a utilização de elementos de barra, placa/casca e molas; como as estruturas de contraventamento; com a utilização de elementos de barra tridimensional e recursos especiais como nó mestre e trechos rígidos. A linguagem computacional adotada para a elaboração das rotinas mencionadas é o Object Pascal do DELPHI, um ambiente de programação visual estruturado na programação orientada a objetos do Object Pascal. Essa escolha tem como objetivo, conseguir um sistema computacional onde alterações e adições de funções possam ser realizadas com facilidade, sem que todo o conjunto de programas precise ser analisado e modificado. Por fim, o programa deve servir como um verdadeiro ambiente para análise de estruturas de edifícios, controlando através de uma interface amigável com o usuário uma série de outros programas já desenvolvidos em FORTRAN, como por exemplo o dimensionamento de vigas, pilares, etc. / This work deals with a pre and pos data processing computational system specific for building structures. This computational system has been developed to work together with a finite element program for structural analysis, and it must include elements for flood structures analysis, as bars, plates, membranes and springs; and elements for bracing structures, as 3D-bar and rigid elements. Borland\'s Delphi, a rapid application development environment based on Object Pascal, has been used in this work. The reason for this choice is to provide an easy way to future modifications and additions in the source code. Finally, the developed system should make possible the integration, through user friendly interfaces, with other programs already developed in Fortran, for instance, for designing beams, columns, and others structural elements.

A crescente valorização das áreas disponíveis para a construção de edifícios nas grandes cidades tem constantemente elevado a altura das edificações. Nos edifícios altos, a consideração das ações horizontais na verificação da estabilidade da construção passa a ter um caráter essencial. As ações horizontais podem ser absorvidas, basicamente, por dois sistemas estruturais: por uma estrutura composta por pórticos de grande rigidez ou pela combinação de pórticos e paredes estruturais. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação trata da análise tridimensional de estruturas de edifícios altos de concreto armado, considerando a presença de paredes estruturais. Ao longo do trabalho é desenvolvido um modelo computacional em linguagem FORTRAN 90, baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos, para realizar este tipo de análise. O modelo segue as recomendações da NBR6118 (ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, 2007). Conforme esta norma, a não linearidade física é considerada de forma simplificada pela redução da rigidez dos elementos através de um fator fixo, função do nível de fissuração esperado A não linearidade geométrica, por outro lado, pode ser considerada de maneira simplificada ou de forma exata a partir de uma formulação desenvolvida por Argyris et al. (1979). No modelo analisado, foram implementados elementos de pórtico espacial para a representação de vigas e pilares, e de casca poliédrica para as paredes e lajes. Com o objetivo de se obter um sistema computacional eficiente, são utilizados recursos como a hipótese de diafragma rígido nos pavimentos e a subestruturação. Tais recursos permitem diminuir o tamanho do problema a ser resolvido, sem, no entanto, perder precisão nos resultados. O desenvolvimento do modelo computacional permitiu uma análise crítica de casos, confrontando as duas alternativas de sistemas para edifícios altos, ou seja, de pórticos com e sem paredes estruturais. / The on going increase in value of available construction sites in big cities has steadily pushing up the height of new buildings. In high-rise buildings, the consideration of lateral loads when stability is verified gains an essential role. Basically, lateral loads can be carried out by two types of structural systems: by a structure composed of high-stiffness frames or by a combination of these frames and shear walls. In this context, this work focuses on 3D analyses of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings with the consideration of shear walls. A computational model based on the Finite Element Method is developed for the analyses, being the model described in detail in the text. The model follows the recommendations given in the Brazilian code NBR6118:2007. According to this code, physical nonlinearities are considered in a simplified manner by decreasing stiffnesses by a fixed factor, which depends on the expected level of cracking. Geometrical nonlinearities, on the other hand, could be considered either in a simplified manner or in an exact approach from the formulation developed by Argyris et al. (1979). In the developed model, spatial frame elements were implemented to represent beams and columns, while polyedric shells would represent shear walls and slabs. Targeting an efficient computational system, the rigid diaphragm hypothesis for the slabs as well as substructuring procedures were demanded strategies. Such means allowed smaller problem sizes to be solved without putting in jeopardy the results’ precision. It is also presented an analysis confronting the two alternatives of systems for high-rise building structures, i.e., frames with and without shear walls.

A crescente valorização das áreas disponíveis para a construção de edifícios nas grandes cidades tem constantemente elevado a altura das edificações. Nos edifícios altos, a consideração das ações horizontais na verificação da estabilidade da construção passa a ter um caráter essencial. As ações horizontais podem ser absorvidas, basicamente, por dois sistemas estruturais: por uma estrutura composta por pórticos de grande rigidez ou pela combinação de pórticos e paredes estruturais. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação trata da análise tridimensional de estruturas de edifícios altos de concreto armado, considerando a presença de paredes estruturais. Ao longo do trabalho é desenvolvido um modelo computacional em linguagem FORTRAN 90, baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos, para realizar este tipo de análise. O modelo segue as recomendações da NBR6118 (ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, 2007). Conforme esta norma, a não linearidade física é considerada de forma simplificada pela redução da rigidez dos elementos através de um fator fixo, função do nível de fissuração esperado A não linearidade geométrica, por outro lado, pode ser considerada de maneira simplificada ou de forma exata a partir de uma formulação desenvolvida por Argyris et al. (1979). No modelo analisado, foram implementados elementos de pórtico espacial para a representação de vigas e pilares, e de casca poliédrica para as paredes e lajes. Com o objetivo de se obter um sistema computacional eficiente, são utilizados recursos como a hipótese de diafragma rígido nos pavimentos e a subestruturação. Tais recursos permitem diminuir o tamanho do problema a ser resolvido, sem, no entanto, perder precisão nos resultados. O desenvolvimento do modelo computacional permitiu uma análise crítica de casos, confrontando as duas alternativas de sistemas para edifícios altos, ou seja, de pórticos com e sem paredes estruturais. / The on going increase in value of available construction sites in big cities has steadily pushing up the height of new buildings. In high-rise buildings, the consideration of lateral loads when stability is verified gains an essential role. Basically, lateral loads can be carried out by two types of structural systems: by a structure composed of high-stiffness frames or by a combination of these frames and shear walls. In this context, this work focuses on 3D analyses of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings with the consideration of shear walls. A computational model based on the Finite Element Method is developed for the analyses, being the model described in detail in the text. The model follows the recommendations given in the Brazilian code NBR6118:2007. According to this code, physical nonlinearities are considered in a simplified manner by decreasing stiffnesses by a fixed factor, which depends on the expected level of cracking. Geometrical nonlinearities, on the other hand, could be considered either in a simplified manner or in an exact approach from the formulation developed by Argyris et al. (1979). In the developed model, spatial frame elements were implemented to represent beams and columns, while polyedric shells would represent shear walls and slabs. Targeting an efficient computational system, the rigid diaphragm hypothesis for the slabs as well as substructuring procedures were demanded strategies. Such means allowed smaller problem sizes to be solved without putting in jeopardy the results’ precision. It is also presented an analysis confronting the two alternatives of systems for high-rise building structures, i.e., frames with and without shear walls.

A crescente valorização das áreas disponíveis para a construção de edifícios nas grandes cidades tem constantemente elevado a altura das edificações. Nos edifícios altos, a consideração das ações horizontais na verificação da estabilidade da construção passa a ter um caráter essencial. As ações horizontais podem ser absorvidas, basicamente, por dois sistemas estruturais: por uma estrutura composta por pórticos de grande rigidez ou pela combinação de pórticos e paredes estruturais. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação trata da análise tridimensional de estruturas de edifícios altos de concreto armado, considerando a presença de paredes estruturais. Ao longo do trabalho é desenvolvido um modelo computacional em linguagem FORTRAN 90, baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos, para realizar este tipo de análise. O modelo segue as recomendações da NBR6118 (ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, 2007). Conforme esta norma, a não linearidade física é considerada de forma simplificada pela redução da rigidez dos elementos através de um fator fixo, função do nível de fissuração esperado A não linearidade geométrica, por outro lado, pode ser considerada de maneira simplificada ou de forma exata a partir de uma formulação desenvolvida por Argyris et al. (1979). No modelo analisado, foram implementados elementos de pórtico espacial para a representação de vigas e pilares, e de casca poliédrica para as paredes e lajes. Com o objetivo de se obter um sistema computacional eficiente, são utilizados recursos como a hipótese de diafragma rígido nos pavimentos e a subestruturação. Tais recursos permitem diminuir o tamanho do problema a ser resolvido, sem, no entanto, perder precisão nos resultados. O desenvolvimento do modelo computacional permitiu uma análise crítica de casos, confrontando as duas alternativas de sistemas para edifícios altos, ou seja, de pórticos com e sem paredes estruturais. / The on going increase in value of available construction sites in big cities has steadily pushing up the height of new buildings. In high-rise buildings, the consideration of lateral loads when stability is verified gains an essential role. Basically, lateral loads can be carried out by two types of structural systems: by a structure composed of high-stiffness frames or by a combination of these frames and shear walls. In this context, this work focuses on 3D analyses of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings with the consideration of shear walls. A computational model based on the Finite Element Method is developed for the analyses, being the model described in detail in the text. The model follows the recommendations given in the Brazilian code NBR6118:2007. According to this code, physical nonlinearities are considered in a simplified manner by decreasing stiffnesses by a fixed factor, which depends on the expected level of cracking. Geometrical nonlinearities, on the other hand, could be considered either in a simplified manner or in an exact approach from the formulation developed by Argyris et al. (1979). In the developed model, spatial frame elements were implemented to represent beams and columns, while polyedric shells would represent shear walls and slabs. Targeting an efficient computational system, the rigid diaphragm hypothesis for the slabs as well as substructuring procedures were demanded strategies. Such means allowed smaller problem sizes to be solved without putting in jeopardy the results’ precision. It is also presented an analysis confronting the two alternatives of systems for high-rise building structures, i.e., frames with and without shear walls.

Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional, para a geração de dados e apresentação de resultados, específico para as estruturas de edifícios. As rotinas desenvolvidas devem trabalhar em conjunto com um sistema computacional para análise de estruturas com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos, contemplando tanto as estruturas de pavimentos; com a utilização de elementos de barra, placa/casca e molas; como as estruturas de contraventamento; com a utilização de elementos de barra tridimensional e recursos especiais como nó mestre e trechos rígidos. A linguagem computacional adotada para a elaboração das rotinas mencionadas é o Object Pascal do DELPHI, um ambiente de programação visual estruturado na programação orientada a objetos do Object Pascal. Essa escolha tem como objetivo, conseguir um sistema computacional onde alterações e adições de funções possam ser realizadas com facilidade, sem que todo o conjunto de programas precise ser analisado e modificado. Por fim, o programa deve servir como um verdadeiro ambiente para análise de estruturas de edifícios, controlando através de uma interface amigável com o usuário uma série de outros programas já desenvolvidos em FORTRAN, como por exemplo o dimensionamento de vigas, pilares, etc. / This work deals with a pre and pos data processing computational system specific for building structures. This computational system has been developed to work together with a finite element program for structural analysis, and it must include elements for flood structures analysis, as bars, plates, membranes and springs; and elements for bracing structures, as 3D-bar and rigid elements. Borland\'s Delphi, a rapid application development environment based on Object Pascal, has been used in this work. The reason for this choice is to provide an easy way to future modifications and additions in the source code. Finally, the developed system should make possible the integration, through user friendly interfaces, with other programs already developed in Fortran, for instance, for designing beams, columns, and others structural elements.

The subject of the diplom thesis is strengthening of building structures. The thesis is focused on strengthening of reinforced concrete compression of rod structures with concrete cover. The thesis consists of three parts. The first one is theoretical treatise on strengthening not only concrete compression of rod structures. The second part describes creating computer program of calculating concrete rod element rectangular overview which is made stronger with concrete cover using method of limit transformation. The third part consists of the static calculation strengthening of the concrete column rectangular overview with using concrete strengthening cover.

Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed. / Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)

В работе на основе анализа мероприятий для обеспечения надежности строительных конструкций при особых воздействиях, а также анализа конструкций, воспринимающих динамические нагрузки и анализа факторов, обеспечивающих их надежность на стадии проектирования, с учетом основных положений расчета строительных конструкций по предельным состояниям проведен расчет по предельным состояниям; представлена классификация нагрузок; проведен анализ возможностей и функций ПК «Лира-САПР» и обзор теорий и критериев прочности и устойчивости, заложенных в ПК; проведен учебный расчет гипотетического здания производственного объекта на воздействие ударной волны от взрыва железнодорожного вагона со взрывчатым веществом. / In the work, based on the analysis of measures to ensure the reliability of building structures under special influences, as well as the analysis of structures that perceive dynamic loads and the analysis of factors ensuring their reliability at the design stage, taking into account the main provisions of the calculation of building structures for limit states, a calculation for limit states was carried out; the classification of loads is presented; an analysis of the capabilities and functions of the PC "Lira-CAD" and a review of theories and criteria of strength and stability inherent in the PC; a training calculation of a hypothetical building of a production facility on the impact of a shock wave from an explosion of a railway car with an explosive was carried out.