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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Metabolic and Process Engineering of Clostridia for Biofuel Production

Jiang, Wenyan 14 November 2014 (has links)
No description available.
32

Butanol Production from Biomass

Aleksic, Snezana 20 May 2009 (has links)
No description available.
33

Proteomics and Genomics of Biobutanol Production from <i>Clostridium beijerinckii</i>

Cargal, Timothy Eric 05 October 2015 (has links)
No description available.
34

Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Fermentation by Engineered Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Chang, Wei-Lun 29 October 2010 (has links)
No description available.
35

Production of isopropanol, butanol and ethanol by metabolic engineered Clostridia / Production of isopropanol, butanol and ethanol by metabolic engineered Clostridia

Collas, Florent 14 November 2012 (has links)
Au cours des dernières décennies, la fermentation IBE (isopropanol, butanol and éthanol) a connu un regain d'intérêt en vue de la production de carburants ou de composés chimiques à partir de matériaux renouvelables. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié la production d'IBE avec le producteur naturel Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B593 et avec des souches modifiées de Clostridium. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. En culture discontinue, la souche C. beijerinckii NRRL B593 excrétait 13.2 g/L d'IBE (dont 4,5 g/L d'isopropanol). Afin d'améliorer la production d'IBE, le gène codant pour l'alcool déshydrogénase secondaire (s-Adh) de NRRL B593, ainsi que différentes combinaisons des gènes des enzymes actives de la conversion de l'acétoacétyl-CoA en acétone, c.-à-d. l'acétoacétyl-CoA acétate/butyrate transférase (ctfA et ctfB) et l'acétoacétate décarboxylase (adc), ont été exprimées dans la souche productrice d'ABE (acétone, butanol éthanol), C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Les résultats montrent que la sur-expression des gènes ctfA et ctfB augmentait significativement la productivité et les concentrations finales en IBE tandis que la surexpression du gène adc n'avait qu'un effet limité. Cultivée en discontinu, la meilleure souche, exprimant les gènes adh, ctfA, ctfB et adc a produit 24.4 g/L d'IBE dont 8.8 g/L d'isopropanol avec une productivité de 0.7 g/L h. Cultivée en mode continu à un taux de dilution de 0.1 h-1, la productivité en IBE a été portée à 1.7 g/L h. Puisque le mélange IBE est considéré comme un additif carburant de qualité, les transformants obtenus constituent une avancée réelle vers le développement d'un procédé IBE industriel de production de biocarburants. / Over the past decades, the IBE fermentation (isopropanol, butanol and ethanol) has received a renew interest for the production of fuels or biochemicals from renewable materials. In the present study, we have investigated the IBE fermentation using the natural producer C. beijerinckii NRRL B593 and genetically-modified strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. In batch culture, C. beijerinckii NRRL B593 was found to excrete 13.2 g/L IBE of which 4.5 g/L was isopropanol. To increase IBE production, the gene coding the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (s-Adh) of C beijerinckii NRRL B593 and different combinations of genes coding for enzymes active in acetoacetyl-CoA to acetone conversion i.e. acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc) and acetoacetyl-CoA: acetate/butyrate: CoA transferase subunits A and B (ctfA and ctfB) were expressed in the ABE (acetone, butanol ethanol) producer C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Results showed that the overexpression of the ctfA and ctfB genes significantly increased both speed and extent of the IBE production while the overexpression of the adc gene had only a little effect. In batch culture, the best mutant (expressing adh, ctfA, ctfB and adc) produced 24.4 g/L IBE (of which 8.8 g/L was isopropanol) and displayed an IBE productivity of 0.7 g/L h. Cultivated in continuous mode at the dilution rate of 0.1 h-1, IBE productivity was increased to 1.7 g/L h IBE. As the IBE mix has been considered as a valuable fuel additive, the transformants obtained are a real step forward towards the development of an industrial IBE process for biofuel production.
36

Produção de butanol a partir de etanol utilizando óxidos mistos de Mg e Al / Butanol production from ethanol over Mg and Al oxides mixed

Simões, Jana Marimon 30 September 2016 (has links)
Butanol is an alcohol with a number of applications in various industries. It has diverse applications as solvent, and now shown to be an interesting substitute component for gasoline. His achievement is made from oil, but these days, many routes of synthesis from renewable raw materials have been studied, one of them the Guerbet reaction. The present concern about the environment shows the need to obtain such alcohol through a clean route. The use of catalysts is a great way to synthesize cleanly and to facilitate reproducibility. The hydrotalcites are inexpensive catalysts, easy synthesis and numerous applicability. This study aims to investigate and analyze the production of butanol from ethanol using mixed oxides of magnesium and aluminum obtained from hydrotalcites with 4 different molar ratios of magnesium and aluminum. For this, the syntheses were made of magnesium and aluminum hydrotalcites with molar ratios equal to 3, 5, 8 and 10 that were further calcined to obtain mixed oxides. The structures of the synthesized materials were analyzed to confirm the desired formation and to verify the properties there of. Preliminary tests were performed in triplicate between them to choose the most suitable catalyst for an attempt to optimize butanol to obtain varying power parameters like nitrogen flow and the fraction of ethanol. Two of the catalysts obtained poor results and two others obtained similar results in terms of selectivity and yield of butanol. To make the decision between the last two catalysts, stability tests were performed. With the stability test was chosen as the molar ratio of magnesium and aluminum catalyst equal to 5. With this catalyst were made over 8 reactions, according to the planning of the star type experiments. And as a result, for all reactions, it was found that increasing conversion of ethanol depends directly on the temperature increase. It was observed that butanol selectivity behavior directly depends on the ethanol fractions and the nitrogen flow in the reactor feed. Ethylene, ethanol dehydration product was the major main product at elevated temperatures, indicating that this reaction is more favored with increasing temperature than the reactions which lead to the production of butanol. Finally it proposed a reaction system that explains the conversion of ethanol in all observed products. / O butanol é um álcool com diversas aplicações em diferentes ramos industriais. Ele possui várias aplicações como solvente, e atualmente mostra-se um interessante componente para substituição da gasolina. Sua obtenção é feita a partir do petróleo, mas hoje em dia, diversas rotas de sínteses a partir de matérias-primas renováveis vêm sendo estudadas, sendo uma delas a reação de Guerbet. A presente preocupação com o meio ambiente mostra a necessidade de obtenção desse álcool através de uma rota limpa. O uso de catalisadores é uma excelente forma de sintetizar de forma limpa além de facilitar a reprodutibilidade. As hidrotalcitas são catalisadores de baixo custo, de fácil síntese e de inúmeras aplicabilidades. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, investigar e analisar a produção de butanol a partir de etanol utilizando óxidos mistos de magnésio e alumínio obtidos a partir de hidrotalcitas com 4 diferentes razões molares de magnésio e alumínio. Para isso, foram feitas as sínteses das hidrotalcitas de magnésio e alumínio com razões molares iguais a 3, 5, 8 e 10 que posteriormente foram calcinadas para obtenção dos óxidos mistos. As estruturas dos materiais sintetizados foram analisadas para confirmar a formação desejada e para verificar as propriedades dos mesmos. Testes preliminares foram realizados em triplicata para entre eles escolher o catalisador mais adequado para uma tentativa de otimizar a obtenção de butanol variando os parâmetros de alimentação como a vazão de nitrogênio e a fração de etanol. Dois dos catalisadores obtiveram resultados não satisfatórios e os outros dois obtiveram resultados similares em termos de seletividade e rendimento em butanol. Para tomar a decisão entre os dois últimos catalisadores, testes de estabilidade foram realizados. Com o teste de estabilidade foi escolhido o catalisador de razão molar de magnésio e alumínio igual a 5. Com esse catalisador foram realizadas mais 8 reações, de acordo com o planejamento de experimentos do tipo estrela. E como resultados, para todas as reações, verificou-se que o aumento da conversão do etanol depende diretamente do aumento da temperatura. Observou-se que o comportamento da seletividade do butanol depende diretamente das frações de etanol e da vazão de nitrogênio na alimentação do reator. O eteno, produto da desidratação do etanol, foi o principal subproduto em temperaturas elevadas, indicando que esta reação é mais favorecida com a elevação da temperatura do que as reações que levam à produção de butanol. Por fim foi proposto um sistema reacional que explica a conversão do etanol em todos os produtos observados.
37

Otimização da produção de butanol por cepas de Clostridium spp. utilizando hidrolisado lignocelulósico / Optimization of butanol production by strains of Clostridium ssp. using lignocellulosic hydrolysate

Magalhães, Beatriz Leite, 1991- 03 June 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:14:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_BeatrizLeite_M.pdf: 10407212 bytes, checksum: 966f327095d58a7872d7988a852b0612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Atualmente, o maior desafio da indústria de biotecnologia é a produção de combustíveis e compostos de interesse petroquímico, a partir de fontes renováveis, de forma economicamente viável. Dentre estes compostos destaca-se o butanol, um importante precursor químico industrial e com potencial para ser utilizado como combustível. O butanol pode ser produzido a partir de derivados de petróleo ou naturalmente por fermentação de espécies de clostrídio solventogênicas. Este processo fermentativo apresenta como principais produtos acetona, butanol e etanol (ABE), sendo, por isso, conhecido como fermentação ABE. Atualmente, a prática da fermentação ABE em escala industrial apresenta como principais obstáculos o alto custo dos substratos utilizados como matéria-prima e o seu baixo desempenho fermentativo. Neste contexto, o uso de hidrolisado de palha de cana-de-açúcar, um substrato considerado abundante e barato, poderia resolver em parte o problema da viabilidade econômica da fermentação ABE. Porém, para a geração deste hidrolisado, sua fonte de material lignocelulósico deve passar por duas etapas: pré-tratamento e hidrólise. Após este processamento, o hidrolisado gerado se caracteriza por ser uma mistura de hexoses e pentoses, mas também de inibidores de crescimento, o que representa um empecilho para a utilização deste material em uma fermentação. Assim, a busca e seleção de micro-organismos capazes de metabolizar diferentes açúcares e que sejam tolerantes aos inibidores presentes no hidrolisado, é visto como uma estratégia sustentável e barata para viabilizar a utilização de hidrolisados lignocelulósicos para a produção de químicos e combustíveis. Nesse contexto, este projeto visou o estabelecimento de uma condição onde fosse possível a produção microbiológica de n-butanol, a partir de hidrolisado lignocelulósico, com alto rendimento e produtividade. Para isso, o projeto contemplou a seleção de linhagens potenciais, o que resultou na escolha duas linhagens: Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923, devido a sua alta produção de butanol, e Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM 13864, por mostra-se capaz de co-fermentar glicose e xilose e apresentar maior robustez aos inibidores presentes no hidrolisado lignocelulósico. Além disso, foi realizada a otimização do meio e forma de cultivo para a obtenção de uma maior tolerância aos inibidores dos hidrolisados lignocelulósicos. Através desta abordagem, foi possível atingir uma melhora de 8 e 3,3 vezes na produção de butanol pelas linhagens C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum e C. saccharobutylicum, respectivamente. Além disso, com este meio otimizado foi possível a realização do cultivo das linhagens em maiores concentrações de hidrolisado. Por meio de ensaios fermentativos determinou-se que a linhagem C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864 se destaca pela sua melhor performance em hidrolisado lignocelulósico, apresentando alto consumo de açúcar inclusive em altas concentrações deste substrato, sendo portanto a linhagem mais adequada para a fermentação neste substrato. Por outro lado, a concentração de butanol produzida ainda tem muito para ser melhorada indicando que o metabolismo desta linhagem em hidrolisado lignocelulósico precisa ser melhor compreendido. Ao final do trabalho, além da indicação da linhagem e o meio de cultivo otimizado para a produção de n-butanol a partir de hidrolisado lignocelulósico, geraram-se dados e resultados básicos que poderão ser empregados na produção de butanol em escala industrial / Abstract: Nowadays the production of fuels and petrochemical compounds from renewable sources with high yield and productivity is one of the biggest challenges of the biotechnology industry. Among these petrochemical compounds, butanol stands out as an important industrial chemical and because of its potential to be used as an alternative fuel. Butanol can be produced either from petroleum derivatives, as naturally by anaerobic fermentation using solventogenic clostridia. This fermentation process is known as ABE fermentation because it has as main products acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE). Currently, the main obstacles to butanol production on industrial scale are the high cost of substrates and the low fermentation performance. In this context, the use of hydrolysate from sugarcane straw, considered an abundant and cheap substrate, could solve in part the problem of the economic viability of the ABE fermentation. However, for the generation of this hydrolyzate, the row material needs a pre-treatment step followed by hydrolysis. After this processing, the generated hydrolyzate is characterized by being a mixture of hexoses and pentoses sugars and by the presence of certain inhibitors of growth, which represents an obstacle to the use of this material in a fermentation. Thus, the search and selection of microorganisms able to metabolize different sugars and tolerant or resistant to the inhibitors present in the hydrolyzate, is seen as an inexpensive and sustainable strategy to enable the use of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates as feedstock for the production of biochemicals and biofuels. Then, the project had as aim the establishment of a condition where the microbiological production of n-butanol is possible, from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, with high yields and productivities. To achieve this objective, the project contemplated the screening of potential strains, resulting in the selection of strains: Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923, outlined by its high butanol production, and Clostridium saccharobutylicum DSM 13864, outlined by its capacity of co-fermenting glucose and xylose. In addition, it was performed the culture medium optimization to obtain a greater tolerance to lignocellulosic hydrolyzate. Through this approach, it was possible to achieve 8 and 3.3-fold improvement in the production of butanol by the strains C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum and C. saccharobutylicum, respectively. Moreover, with this optimized medium, it was possible to perform the cultivation of these strains in higher concentrations of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Through fermentation tests, it was determined that C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864, among the others strains tested, has the best performance in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate, with a high sugar consumption even at high concentrations of these substrate, being the most suitable strain for the fermentation at this substrate. On the other hand, the concentration of butanol produced still can be improved, indicating that much remains to be elucidated about the metabolism of this strain in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate. At the end of the work, in addition of the optimization of the culture cultivation and the indication of the most adequate strain for fermentation in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, all the data and basic results generated can be used for the butanol production on industrial scale / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular
38

Desempenho de reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo para a produção de butanol e etanol a partir de águas residuárias / Performance of fixed bed anaerobic reactors to the butanol and ethanol production from wastewater

Silva, Douglas Batista da, 1988- 02 September 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Ariovaldo José da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T23:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_DouglasBatistada_M.pdf: 2490257 bytes, checksum: 46f41b6961223169590146af18566274 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A crescente demanda por fontes de energia renováveis vem direcionando esforços e interesses por pesquisas focadas no desenvolvimento de biocombustíveis, a partir da digestão de resíduos provenientes de atividades agrícolas e agroindustriais. Neste contexto, a digestão anaeróbia pode ser direcionada para a produção e aproveitamento de subprodutos intermediários com alto valor agregado, como, por exemplo, etanol e butanol. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente no tratamento de água residuária, visando à produção biológica de butanol e etanol a partir de uma cultura mista de micro-organismos selvagens. Foram utilizados dois reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo, com volume total de 3,77 litros. O primeiro reator foi mantido em condição acidogênica e o segundo em condição solventogênica. Os reatores foram operados em cinco diferentes etapas com tempo detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 2, 4 e 12 h e alimentados com água residuária sintética preparada para resultar em DQO em torno de 500 mg L-1, 1.000 mg L-1, 4.000 mg L-1 e 12.000 mg L-1, tendo como principal fonte de carbono sacarose. Além disso, foram avaliadas duas condições de temperaturas diferentes, ambiente (variando de 25ºC a 30ºC) e controlada (35ºC). Em cada etapa também foi avaliada a influência do efeito da recirculação do biogás no desempenho dos reatores, operando-os por um período de 30 dias sem recirculação de biogás e 30 dias com recirculação de biogás. Os resultados mostraram que a suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio no preparo do afluente auxiliou no aumento da capacidade de tamponamento do sistema e a recirculação de biogás favoreceu a estabilidade nos valores de pH durante todo o período experimental nessa condição. A variação crescente do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e da concentração de matéria orgânica (DQO) conduziu a um aumento na concentração de ácidos voláteis totais (AVT) e na concentração de produtos intermediários resultante da fermentação da sacarose. A concentração média de AVT variou de 89,3 mg L-1 da etapa I para 147,0 mg L-1 na etapa II, quando houve aumento do TDH e da DQO afluente. A variação da temperatura não influenciou a produção de AVT, na etapa III na qual a temperatura foi variável a concentração média de AVT detectada no efluente foi 546,0 mg L-1 e na etapa IV, com temperatura mantida em 35°C a concentração média de AVT no efluente foi 530,4 mg L-1. O melhor desempenho na produção de etanol foi verificado no reator solventogênico, com o pH em torno de 4,5, quando mantido com temperatura controlada a 35°C, TDH de 4 horas e taxa de carregamento orgânico (TCO) de 24 g DQO m-3d-1, sem recirculação de biogás. Nessa condição a concentração média de etanol detectada no efluente foi de 929,52 mg L-1. A produção de etanol não correspondeu ao aumento da TCO aplicado na etapa V, mantendo a concentração média de 993,35 mg L-1 na fase com recirculação de biogás. Butanol foi detectado em concentrações muito baixas, é provável que as condições de pH, tipo de reator e a estratégia de inoculação foram inadequadas para viabilizar a rota metabólica de produção de butanol / Abstract: The growing demand for renewable energy sources has been directing efforts and interests by research focused on the development of biofuels from waste digestion from agricultural and agro-industrial activities. In this respect, anaerobic digestion can be directed to the production and use of intermediates by-products with high added value such as, for example, ethanol and butanol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic fixed bed and upward flow in the treatment of wastewater, aiming to organic production of butanol and ethanol from a mixed culture of wild microorganisms. We used two anaerobic fixed bed, with a total volume of 3.77 liters. The first reactor was kept in acidogenic condition and the second in solventogenic condition. The reactors were operated in five different stages with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2, 4 and 12 h fed synthetic wastewater prepared to result in COD around 500 mg L-1, 1,000 mg L-1, 4,000 mg L -1 and 12,000 mg L-1, the main carbon source sucrose. In addition, we evaluated two different conditions of temperature, environment (ranging from 25 ° C to 30 ° C) and controlled (35 ° C). At each step was also evaluated the influence of the effect of recirculation of the biogas reactor performance, operating them for a period of 30 days without recirculation of the biogas and 30 days with biogas recirculation. The results show that supplementation of sodium bicarbonate in the preparation of the influent assisted in increased system capacity and buffering biogas recirculation favored stability in pH during the entire experimental period in this condition. The increasing variation of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the concentration of organic matter (COD) led to an increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the concentration of intermediate products resulting from the fermentation of sucrose. The average concentration of AVT ranged from 89.3 mg L-1 from step I to 147.0 mg L-1 in step II, when an increase of the HDT and the influent COD. The variation in temperature did not affect the production of AVT in step III in which the temperature varied from the mean concentration in the effluent was detected AVT 546.0 mg L-1 and stage IV with temperature maintained at 35 ° C the concentration AVT average of the effluent was 530.4 mg L-1. The improved performance in ethanol production was observed in solventogênico reactor with pH around 4.5, when kept at a temperature controlled at 35 ° C for 4 hours and TDH organic loading rate (TCO) 24 g COD m-3d-1, without recirculating the biogas. In this condition average ethanol concentration was detected in the effluent 929.52 mg L-1. Ethanol production did not correspond to the increase in TCO applied to the V phase, keeping the average concentration of 993.35 mg L-1 in phase with biogas recirculation. Butanol was detected at very low concentrations, it is likely that the conditions of pH, type of reactor and inoculation strategy have been inadequate for enabling the metabolic pathway of butanol production. Keywords: anaerobic digestion, solventogenic, butanol and ethanol / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
39

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from lager beer shows tolerance to isobutanol.

Gerebring, Linnéa January 2016 (has links)
The development of biofuels has received much attention due to the global warming and limited resources associated with fossil fuels. Butanol has been identified as a potential option due to its advantages over ethanol, for example higher energy density, compatibility with current infrastructure and its possibility to be blended with gasoline at any ratio. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a producer of butanol. However, butanol toxicity to the host limits the yield produced. In this study, four strains of yeast isolated from the habitats of lager beer, ale, wine and baker ́s yeast were grown in YPD media containing isobutanol concentrations of 1.5 %, 2 %, 3 % and 4 %. Growth was measured to determine the most tolerant strain. Gene expression for the genes RPN4, RTG1 and ILV2 was also measured, to determine its involvement in butanol stress. The genes have in previous studies seen to be involved in butanol tolerance or production, and the hypothesis was that they all should be upregulated in response to butanol exposure. It was found that the yeast strain isolated from lager beer was most tolerant to isobutanol concentrations of 2 % and 3 %. It was also found that the gene RPN4 was upregulated in response to isobutanol stress. There was no upregulation of RTG1 or ILV2, which was unexpected. The yeast strain isolated from lager beer and the gene RPN4 is proposed to be investigated further, to be able to engineer a suitable producer of the biofuel butanol.
40

Metabolic engineering strategies to increase n-butanol production from cyanobacteria

Anfelt, Josefine January 2016 (has links)
The development of sustainable replacements for fossil fuels has been spurred by concerns over global warming effects. Biofuels are typically produced through fermentation of edible crops, or forest or agricultural residues requiring cost-intensive pretreatment. An alternative is to use photosynthetic cyanobacteria to directly convert CO2 and sunlight into fuel. In this thesis, the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was genetically engineered to produce the biofuel n­-butanol. Several metabolic engineering strategies were explored with the aim to increase butanol titers and tolerance. In papers I-II, different driving forces for n-butanol production were evaluated. Expression of a phosphoketolase increased acetyl-CoA levels and subsequently butanol titers. Attempts to increase the NADH pool further improved titers to 100 mg/L in four days. In paper III, enzymes were co-localized onto a scaffold to aid intermediate channeling. The scaffold was tested on a farnesene and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) pathway in yeast and in E. coli, respectively, and could be extended to cyanobacteria. Enzyme co-localization increased farnesene titers by 120%. Additionally, fusion of scaffold-recognizing proteins to the enzymes improved farnesene and PHB production by 20% and 300%, respectively, even in the absence of scaffold. In paper IV, the gene repression technology CRISPRi was implemented in Synechocystis to enable parallel repression of multiple genes. CRISPRi allowed 50-95% repression of four genes simultaneously. The method will be valuable for repression of competing pathways to butanol synthesis. Butanol becomes toxic at high concentrations, impeding growth and thus limiting titers. In papers V-VI, butanol tolerance was increased by overexpressing a heat shock protein or a stress-related sigma factor. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates several strategies to improve butanol production from cyanobacteria. The strategies could ultimately be combined to increase titers further.

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