Este estudo trata dos desdobramentos na forma urbana de pequenas cidades causados por novos contornos viários, tendo como estudo de caso as cidades de São Francisco de Assis e Santiago, no oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia está baseada nas medidas de diferenciação espacial - da Acessibilidade e da Centralidade, além da Polaridade - através das quais é possível visualizar o dinamismo do traçado de uma cidade, e as possíveis alterações de sua forma. Através da elaboração de um modelo urbano, com o uso do software Medidas Urbanas, foram feitas as seguintes Análises Espaciais: 1) Efeitos intra-urbanos do contorno viário construído; 2) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de novas conectividades; 3) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de uma distância menor; 4) Efeitos do contorno viário construído em relação aos fluxos de passagem microrregional. Os resultados, através de gráficos comparativos e mapas dos pontos alterados, mostraram uma grande variabilidade, o que vem a reforçar a idéia de complexidade das cidades atuais. Contudo, o estudo apontou alguns padrões, tais como, o limite da influência intra-urbana do contorno (alterações geralmente periféricas), a importância da conectividade das vias de acesso (“Portais da Cidade”), a força da distância Cidade - Contorno e, por último, a importância dos fluxos extra-urbanos para a vitalidade ou estagnação da Cidade. Por fim, esta pesquisa evidenciou a eficácia das medidas de Acessibilidade, de Centralidade e de Polaridade no apoio do estudo dos impactos de novos contornos. / This research is about the changing aspects of the urban form in small towns, when affected by new by-passes roads. The study of case occurs in two cities in the west of Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The methode is based in the measurement of the spatial differences – Acessibility, Centrality and Polarity - with whose it is possible to notice the dynamic of a city structure, and the probablies changings in its form. The construction of an urban model, with the software Medidas Urbanas, guided to the following spatial analyses: 1) Effects of the by-pass as built; 2) Effects of the by-pass, with new connections simulation; 3) Effetcs of the by-pass, with a lower distance simulation; 4) Effects of the by-pass as built, in the microrregional travels. The results, using compared graphics and changing points maps, determined a great variation, wich expose the idea of the complexity in the nowadays cities. Neverthless, the research pointed some patterns out, like the limitation of the by-pass influence (pheripherical changings), the importance of the connection of access lines (“City Door”), the relevance of the distance city-bypass, and the importance of the extra-urban fluxes for the city development or weakness. Finnaly, this paper demonstrated the efficiency of the measurements of Accecibility, Centrality and Polarity to support the studying of the impact of new by-passes.

Este estudo trata dos desdobramentos na forma urbana de pequenas cidades causados por novos contornos viários, tendo como estudo de caso as cidades de São Francisco de Assis e Santiago, no oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia está baseada nas medidas de diferenciação espacial - da Acessibilidade e da Centralidade, além da Polaridade - através das quais é possível visualizar o dinamismo do traçado de uma cidade, e as possíveis alterações de sua forma. Através da elaboração de um modelo urbano, com o uso do software Medidas Urbanas, foram feitas as seguintes Análises Espaciais: 1) Efeitos intra-urbanos do contorno viário construído; 2) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de novas conectividades; 3) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de uma distância menor; 4) Efeitos do contorno viário construído em relação aos fluxos de passagem microrregional. Os resultados, através de gráficos comparativos e mapas dos pontos alterados, mostraram uma grande variabilidade, o que vem a reforçar a idéia de complexidade das cidades atuais. Contudo, o estudo apontou alguns padrões, tais como, o limite da influência intra-urbana do contorno (alterações geralmente periféricas), a importância da conectividade das vias de acesso (“Portais da Cidade”), a força da distância Cidade - Contorno e, por último, a importância dos fluxos extra-urbanos para a vitalidade ou estagnação da Cidade. Por fim, esta pesquisa evidenciou a eficácia das medidas de Acessibilidade, de Centralidade e de Polaridade no apoio do estudo dos impactos de novos contornos. / This research is about the changing aspects of the urban form in small towns, when affected by new by-passes roads. The study of case occurs in two cities in the west of Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The methode is based in the measurement of the spatial differences – Acessibility, Centrality and Polarity - with whose it is possible to notice the dynamic of a city structure, and the probablies changings in its form. The construction of an urban model, with the software Medidas Urbanas, guided to the following spatial analyses: 1) Effects of the by-pass as built; 2) Effects of the by-pass, with new connections simulation; 3) Effetcs of the by-pass, with a lower distance simulation; 4) Effects of the by-pass as built, in the microrregional travels. The results, using compared graphics and changing points maps, determined a great variation, wich expose the idea of the complexity in the nowadays cities. Neverthless, the research pointed some patterns out, like the limitation of the by-pass influence (pheripherical changings), the importance of the connection of access lines (“City Door”), the relevance of the distance city-bypass, and the importance of the extra-urban fluxes for the city development or weakness. Finnaly, this paper demonstrated the efficiency of the measurements of Accecibility, Centrality and Polarity to support the studying of the impact of new by-passes.

Este estudo trata dos desdobramentos na forma urbana de pequenas cidades causados por novos contornos viários, tendo como estudo de caso as cidades de São Francisco de Assis e Santiago, no oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia está baseada nas medidas de diferenciação espacial - da Acessibilidade e da Centralidade, além da Polaridade - através das quais é possível visualizar o dinamismo do traçado de uma cidade, e as possíveis alterações de sua forma. Através da elaboração de um modelo urbano, com o uso do software Medidas Urbanas, foram feitas as seguintes Análises Espaciais: 1) Efeitos intra-urbanos do contorno viário construído; 2) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de novas conectividades; 3) Efeitos do contorno viário, com a simulação de uma distância menor; 4) Efeitos do contorno viário construído em relação aos fluxos de passagem microrregional. Os resultados, através de gráficos comparativos e mapas dos pontos alterados, mostraram uma grande variabilidade, o que vem a reforçar a idéia de complexidade das cidades atuais. Contudo, o estudo apontou alguns padrões, tais como, o limite da influência intra-urbana do contorno (alterações geralmente periféricas), a importância da conectividade das vias de acesso (“Portais da Cidade”), a força da distância Cidade - Contorno e, por último, a importância dos fluxos extra-urbanos para a vitalidade ou estagnação da Cidade. Por fim, esta pesquisa evidenciou a eficácia das medidas de Acessibilidade, de Centralidade e de Polaridade no apoio do estudo dos impactos de novos contornos. / This research is about the changing aspects of the urban form in small towns, when affected by new by-passes roads. The study of case occurs in two cities in the west of Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The methode is based in the measurement of the spatial differences – Acessibility, Centrality and Polarity - with whose it is possible to notice the dynamic of a city structure, and the probablies changings in its form. The construction of an urban model, with the software Medidas Urbanas, guided to the following spatial analyses: 1) Effects of the by-pass as built; 2) Effects of the by-pass, with new connections simulation; 3) Effetcs of the by-pass, with a lower distance simulation; 4) Effects of the by-pass as built, in the microrregional travels. The results, using compared graphics and changing points maps, determined a great variation, wich expose the idea of the complexity in the nowadays cities. Neverthless, the research pointed some patterns out, like the limitation of the by-pass influence (pheripherical changings), the importance of the connection of access lines (“City Door”), the relevance of the distance city-bypass, and the importance of the extra-urban fluxes for the city development or weakness. Finnaly, this paper demonstrated the efficiency of the measurements of Accecibility, Centrality and Polarity to support the studying of the impact of new by-passes.

This thesis is focused on the construction of traffic communications and their influence over the surroundings. The introduction of the work shows reasons leading to the increase of an importance of the road transportation and it appreciates a transport policy and an urban planning. Further work describes transport from the view of public finance and there are mentioned specialities of appraisals of transport projects. Main theme of this thesis deals with construction of peripheral by-pass road around Prague. It concerns on the north-west part of the by-pass road because there are two possibilities of the route location, the south version is supported for a long time, the north version was suggested as an alternative route few years ago because of its better impacts to surrounding environment.

Omega 3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been shown to protect against sudden cardiac death following myocardial infarction and reduce the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. At the inception of this study, there was one clinical study that reported n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) following CABG. As AF is a very common arrhythmia and as there are no safe and effective means of preventing AF, we designed this study to further validate the findings of the previous study in a more robust study design. In addition, this study also aimed to evaluate the cellular changes that underpin the beneficial anti-arrhythmic effect of n-3 PUFA.The outcome of this study shows that n-3 PUFA does not reduce the risk of AF following CABG. However, short term supplementation with n-3 PUFA reliably increases the membrane incorporation in phospholipids and results in alteration in the expression levels of cardiac calcium handling proteins phospholamban and ryanodine receptors. In addition, such incorporation in animal (rat) ventricular myocytes leads to changes in the rate of decay of the systolic calcium transient and an increase in the amplitude of the caffeine induced calcium transient thereby indicating a greater activity of SERCA. These findings needs further evaluation but is clearly interesting as the clinical situations where n-3 PUFA have been shown to be anti-arrhythmic are situations where cellular calcium overload is the main mechanism of arrhythmogenesis.

This diploma thesis is focused on methods of using cement kiln by-pass dust in building materials technology. By-pass dust was treated to remove chlorides and could then be used as other constituent to various types of cements in the amount of 0–5 wt. % according to ČSN EN 197-1. The properties of dusts before and after chloride removal were examined and after incorporating modified by-pass dust into the cement, the properties of fresh and hardened cement pastes and mortars were studied. It was found that modified by-pass dust after incorporation into cement fulfill requirements of ČSN EN 197-1.

The main Target of this diploma is to find some reconciliation with cooperation of turbine and ejector. This work is containing informations about this mechanisms and also its historical development. The merits of this diploma thesis is thermodynamics calculation and proposal of main parameters and proportions of the turbine and the ejector. After this it is follow by the calculation of whole system of the turbine and ejector in consequence with calculation of turbine with by-pass regulation and also comparison of power output with ejector and with by-pass technology.

Searching study for by-pass of villages Myslotín, Ondřejov, Ústrašín which is part of relocation of I/34 (international road E551). Comunnication is situated in exravilan and it will connect to planned bypass of Pelhřimov. Content of work is three variants processing with detail analysis of advantageous one.

The present thesis is concerned with the construction of by-pass road of the town Roudnice nad Labem and its potential impacts. It briefly describes traffic situation in Roudnice and possible solutions of traffic issues of the town. Theoretical section of the thesis defines a cost-benefit analysis and other assessment methods used for civic projects. The thesis also focuses on external cost and the contribution traffic brings in general as well as with respect to the particular area. The data acquired have been used for drawing a project CBA which addresses the matter of civic efficiency of the construction.

A obesidade tem sido associada com a insuficiência cardíaca, e indivíduos obesos apresentam uma forma de cardiomiopatia caracterizada por dilatação ventricular esquerda, e hipertrofia ecêntrica, atribuída à sobrecarga volêmica. A disfunção ventricular tem sido descrita, sendo que a maioria dos estudos descrevem anormalidades da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. O presente estudo foi desenhado para se determinar o efeito da obesidade sobre a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo e o impacto da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre esta função.104 pacientes agendados para cirurgia bariátrica foram incluídos, 74 mulheres e 30 homens. Idade média de 38,8 ± 11,44 anos. Oitenta e um pacientes eram obesos mórbidos ( IMC maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) e 23 pacientes eram obesos graves ( IMC entre 35 e 39,99 kg/m²) com pelo menos duas co- morbidades associadas. A análise ecoDopplercardiográfica estrutural e funcional foi realizada previamente e após 6 meses do procedimento cirúrgico. Encontramos que indivíduos obesos tinham aumento da espessura septal do ventrículo esquerdo, do diâmetro atrial esquerdo e da massa ventricular esquerda. Além disso, apresentavam uma incidência maior de disfunção diastólica no pré-operatório. Observamos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica causou impacto nas velocidades do fluxo mitral, nas velocidades do fluxo de veia pulmonar e no Doppler tissular, mas não causou impacto nos outros parâmetros ecoDopplercardiográficos de análise da função diastólica. Como conclusões, obtemos que a perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica melhora a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo em indivíduos obesos. O fato do paciente ser hipertenso, diabético ou ser portador de outras co- morbidades, não esteve relacionado a uma maior incidência de disfunção diastólica. Os parâmetros ecoDopplercardiograficos de análise da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo devem ser utilizados em associação para uma melhor avaliação desta função. / Obesity has been associated with heart failure, and individuals with severe obesity have been recognized to have a form of cardiomiopathy attributed to chronic volume overload, characterized by left ventricular dilation, and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Impairment of cardiac function has been reported, with most studies reporting abnormal diastolic function.The present study was designed to determinate the effect of obesity on left ventricular diastolic function and the impact of weight loss after bariatric surgery on this function. One hundred and four patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were enrolled, 74 women and 30 men. Baseline mean age was 38.8 ± 11.44 years. Eighty- one patients were morbid obese (B.M.I. maior ou igual 40 kg/m²) and 23 were severe obese (B.M.I from 35 to 39.99 kg/m²), with at least two associated co-morbidities. Structural and functional echoDopplercardiographic analysis were performed before and 6 months after the bariatric surgery. We found that obese individuals had higher septal wall thickness, left atrial diameter, left ventricular mass and a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction before the surgery than after. It was observed that weight loss had an impact on mitral flow velocities, on pulmonary vein flow velocities, and on tissue Doppler imaging, but had no impact on the other diastolic echocardiographic parameters. Weight loss after bariatric surgery had improved cardiac diastolic function. Being hypertensive, diabetic or having another associated co-morbidity was not related to a higher incidence of diastolic dysfunction. The diastolic echoDopplercardiographic parameters should be used in combination for a better diastolic evaluation.