Studien syftar till att belysa gastric by-pass opererade personers upplevelser före och efter operationen. Studien är utformad efter en fenomenologisk ansats och fokus ligger mot fenomenet som är upplevelserna av en gastric by-pass. De medverkande avgränsades till kvinnor och ett inklusionskriterium för att medverka i studien var att de hade genomgått en gastric bypass operation. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi har eftersträvat att få våra intervjuer till ett samtal, där vi som intervjuar är aktiva lyssnare. Bearbetningen av materialet fokuserade på de teman vi fann; Socialt isolerad och rädslan för varaktiga relationer, förväntningar och en svårighet att se skillnad, smärta och värk- operationen som en sista utväg, vården och komplikationer, jag ångrar mig inte och jag är lyckligare idag, den sociala omgivningen samt kroppslig förändring. Studiens resultat visar att det finns upplevelser av en gastric by-pass operation som har inverkan på den psykosociala hälsan. Med stöd av resultatet kan vi dra slutsatsen om att en gastric by-pass operation bidrar till att kvinnorna anser att dem lever ett lyckligare liv. Kvinnorna lever ett lyckligare liv bland annat eftersom dem har en känsla av att passa in i samhället, men operationen kan bidra till en del fysiska komplikationer, som kvinnorna redogör för. / The study aims to highlight the gastric bypass surgery people's experiences before and after surgery. The study is designed with a phenomenological approach and our focus is on our phenomenon, the experience of a gastric by-pass. The participants were limited to women and an inclusion criterion to participate in the study was that they had undergone a gastric by-pass operation. Data collection was done using qualitative interviews. We have strived to make our interviews to a conversation where we are active listeners. The processing of the material focused on the themes we found; Socially isolated and the fear of relationships, expectations and an inability to see the difference, pain and surgery as a last resort, treatment and complications, I don’t regret it and I'm happier today, the social environment and physical change of body. We have found that there are experiences of a gastric by-pass surgery that have impact on the psychosocial health. With the support of the results we can conclude that gastric by-pass surgery helps participants live a happier life with a feeling of fitting into the society, but that the surgery may contribute to complications that woman in the study are telling us about.

Submitted by clediane guedes (clediane@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-17T14:53:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoFernandesDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 6636529 bytes, checksum: 7ae6c1c9fd14e9ad0f0a9829cbfe552f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by clediane guedes (clediane@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-17T15:10:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoFernandesDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 6636529 bytes, checksum: 7ae6c1c9fd14e9ad0f0a9829cbfe552f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T15:10:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoFernandesDeLima_DISSERT.pdf: 6636529 bytes, checksum: 7ae6c1c9fd14e9ad0f0a9829cbfe552f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / O controle de velocidade de PIGs instrumentados ? necess?rio, dentro da ind?stria de petr?leo e g?s, para permitir uma inspe??o de dutos de melhor qualidade e maior seguran?a. Isto s? ? poss?vel quando esses PIGs mant?m uma velocidade baixa durante a opera??o de inspe??o de dutos, na procura de defeitos como corros?o, trincas e amassamentos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma tecnologia para o controle de velocidade de PIGs instrumentados utilizando uma v?lvula by-pass acionada por uma solenoide. Essa v?lvula tem a capacidade de controlar o diferencial de press?o atuante no corpo do PIG. E controlar o diferencial de press?o significa controlar a velocidade desse PIG. Uma bancada de testes foi montada em escala reduzida para simula??o de situa??es de ?tiro? e de acelera??o sofridos pelos PIGs. A bancada permitiu estudar as rea??es das press?es a montante e a jusante da v?lvula by-pass. A l?gica Fuzzy foi utilizada para determinar os tempos de abertura e fechamento dessa v?lvula, com objetivo de controlar o diferencial de press?o. Os testes na bancada mostraram uma redu??o substancial no valor do diferencial de press?o atuante no PIG ap?s a ocorr?ncia do ?tiro?. Tamb?m ocorreu uma redu??o no tempo em que o diferencial de press?o vai ao m?ximo e retorna ao valor de refer?ncia predefinido. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que ? poss?vel controlar o diferencial de press?o atuante no PIG, assim tamb?m a velocidade, utilizando a l?gica Fuzzy, atuando na abertura e fechamento da v?lvula by-pass proposta. / The speed control of smart PIGs is necessary, in oil and gas industry, for allow a better and safer pipeline inspection. This is possible when those smart it PIGs maintain a low speed while performs a pipeline inspection, in the search for defects as corrosion, cracks and dents. Our objective propose a technology for speed control of smart pigs using a by-pass valve triggered by a solenoid. This valve is able to control the pressure differential applied in PIG ?s body. Once we control the pressure differential, it is possible to control the speed of this PIG . A experimental benchmark was mounted in reduced scale for simulation of the PIG speed excursion situation and acceleration suffered by the PIGs . The experimental benchmark allowed to studying the reactions of the upstream and downstream pressure over the by-pass valve.The Fuzzy logic was used for determine the opening and closing period this valve to control pressure differential. The experimental tests show substantial reduction in pressure differential value over PIG after happening speed excursion. Also, the time necessary for the pressure differential go to maximum and returns to default reference value. The results obtained allow conclude which is possible to controlling pressure differential applied in PIG , thus also the speed, using Fuzzy logic, acting opening and closing period of proposed by-pass valve

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T12:10:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1086505 bytes, checksum: 3027486ccad1b7d94b9d40588aae7f59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T12:10:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1086505 bytes, checksum: 3027486ccad1b7d94b9d40588aae7f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-10-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto MELON de Estudos e Pesquisas, sediado à Fazenda Barreiro, município de Silvânia (GO), utilizando 32 novilhos machos inteiros, de quatro grupos genéticos: Nelore (N), F 1 Canchim x Nelore (CN), F 1 Limousin x Nelore (LN) e F 1 Aberdeen-Angus x Nelore (AN), com idade inicial de 14 meses e peso vivo inicial médio de 333 kg. Os tratamentos experimentais constituíram-se dos grupos genéticos supracitados, submetidos a dietas com e sem adição de gordura protegida. Ambas as dietas foram compostas de feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), farelo de soja, milho (grão moído), melaço em pó, sal mineral e, apenas a uma delas, adicionou-se gordura protegida, na proporção de 5% da MS. Ao longo do experimento, foram feitas quatro pesagens dos animais (inicial, aos 42, 72 e 166 dias de confinamento), cujos intervalos definiram os três períodos de avaliação do desempenho. As variáveis de desempenho avaliadas foram: peso vivo ao abate (PVA), consumo de matéria seca (CMS), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), conversão alimentar (CA), coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS) e coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes (proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, FDN e carboidratos totais). No estudo das características da carcaça, foram avaliados: o rendimento (RC), o pH e a composição centesimal de músculo, gordura e osso da carcaça, bem como o rendimento de cortes primários (dianteiro, ponta de agulha e traseiro especial) e de cortes comercias do traseiro especial (alcatra, filé mignon, patinho, coxão duro, coxão mole, lagarto, contra-filé, capa e aba de contra-filé e músculo), área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura da camada de gordura de cobertura (EGC) e composição química da seção HH. Verificou-se efeito do grupo genético, da dieta e do período sobre CMS, GPMD e CA dos animais, sendo que os grupos genéticos LN e AN apresentaram maiores médias de GPMD (1,50 e 1,57 kg/dia, respectivamente) em relação ao grupo N (1,30 kg/dia), que não diferiu do grupo CN (1,34 kg/dia). O grupo AN teve o maior CMS (2,71%PV; 123,45 g/kg 0,75 ), e o grupo LN apresentou o melhor valor de CA no 3 o período do experimento (7,59 kg MS/kg ganho), diferindo dos demais grupos. A dieta com gordura protegida promoveu menor CMS (2,43%PV; 109,90 g/kg 0,75 ), maior GPMD (1,474 kg) e melhor CA (7,08 g MS/kg ganho), em comparação à dieta sem gordura protegida, que resultou em valores equivalentes a 2,60%PV; 117,69 g/kg 0,75 ; 1,379 kg; e 8,39 kg MS/kg ganho, para estas variáveis, respectivamente. O CMS e o GPMD dos animais foram menores no 3 o período do experimento (103,59 g/kg 0,75 ; 1,18 kg/dia), diferindo significativamente do primeiro e segundo períodos, que apresentaram valores equivalentes a 119,57 e 118,23 g/kg 0,75 para CMS e 1,58 e 1,52 kg/dia para GPMD, respectivamente. O efeito da interação Grupo genético x Período sobre a CA foi evidenciado na menor média do grupo LN (7,59kg MS/kg ganho) em relação aos demais grupos no 3 o período. O coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo (EE) e da proteína bruta (PB) foi influenciado pela dieta, sendo observadas médias de 58,61 vs. 87,39% para o EE e de 51,66 vs. 60,54% para a PB, nas dietas sem e com gordura protegida, respectivamente. O efeito do grupo genético sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE apenas foi observado na menor média do grupo AN, em comparação aos grupos Nelore e CN, não diferindo significativamente do grupo LN. Não foi verificado efeito do grupo genético e/ou da dieta sobre PVA, RC, perdas por resfriamento e pH da carcaça. Observou-se efeito do grupo genético sobre o rendimento de cortes primários, tendo o grupo AN apresentado os maiores rendimentos médios de dianteiro (41,65%) e ponta de agulha (13,90%) e o menor rendimento médio de traseiro (44,45%), em relação aos demais grupos. A AOL sofreu efeito da dieta, tendo sido observadas médias equivalentes a 81,31 e 88,50 cm 2 nas dietas sem e com gordura protegida, respectivamente. A composição centesimal da carcaça foi influenciada pelo grupo genético, tendo sido observada maior porcentagem de músculo (63,62%) e menor porcentagem de gordura (21,65%) no grupo LN, que diferiu dos demais grupos, enquanto o grupo Nelore apresentou a maior porcentagem de gordura (28,28%) e menor porcentagem de músculo (56,76%), não diferindo do grupo AN. A composição química da seção HH sofreu efeito do grupo genético, tendo sido observados os maiores teores de PB nos grupos LN (27,24%) e CN (26,10%) e de EE no grupo Nelore (68,35%), que não diferiu do grupo AN (68,02%). Os menores teores de Ca, P e Mg (2,62; 1,32; e 0,081%) foram observados no grupo Nelore, diferindo significativamente das médias observadas para o grupo CN (4,10; 1,92; e 0,113%). A ração com gordura protegida promoveu os melhores resultados de desempenho e os animais mestiços F 1 Limousin x Nelore foram superiores aos demais grupos genéticos, tanto no desempenho, como nas características da carcaça. / The experiment was carried out in the Melon Institute for Studies and Research, located at the Fazenda Barreiro, county of Silvânia, using 32 steers from four genetic group: Nellore (N), F1 Canchim x Nellore (CN), F1 Limousin x Nellore (LN) and F1 Aberdeen-Angus x Nellore (NA), with an initial age of 14 months and initial live weight of 333 kg. The experimental treatments were the above mentioned genetic groups fed with and without protected fat. Both diets were composed by Brachiaria decumbens grass hay, soybean bran, grinded corn, powdered molasses, mineral salt and, in only one of them, the protected fat was added, in a proportion of 5% dry weight. During the experiment, the animals were weighed four times (initially, at 42, 72 and 166 days of feedlot), and these intervals defined the three evaluation periods of performance. The evaluated performance variables were: live weight at slaughter (PVA), dry matter intake (CMS), daily mean weight gain (GPMD), food conversion (CA), dry matter digestibility coefficients (CDMS), digestibility coefficients of nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, NDF and total carbohydrates) and, in the study of the carcass characteristics, the following xiparameters were evaluated: yield (RC) pH and centesimal composition of muscle, fat and bones of the carcass, as well as the yield of the prime cuts (hindquarter, spare ribs and special forequarter) and of the commercial cuts (rump, mignon filet, “patinho”, hard round, soft round, “lagarto”, contra-filet, “capa”, and “aba of contra- filet” and muscle), loin eye area (AOL), the fat cover layer thickness (EGC) and the chemical composition of the HH section. The effect of the genetic group, of the diet and of the period on the CMS, GPMD and CA of the animals was verified. The genetic groups LN and NA presented the greatest averages of G|PMD (1.50 and 1.57 kg/day, respectively) in relation to the group N (1.30 kg/day) that did not differ from the groups CN (1.34 kg/day). The group NA showed the greatest value of CA in the3 rd period of the experiment (7.59 kg dry weight/ kg gained), which differed from the other groups. The protected fat diet promoted a lower CMS (2.43%PV; 109.90 g/kg 0,75 ), greater GPMD (1.474 kg) and the best CA (7.08 g dry weight/kg gain), compared to the diet without protected fat, which resulted in the values of 2.60%LW, 117.69 g/lg 0,75 , 1.379 kg and 8.39 dry weight/kg gained, for these variables, respectively. The CMS and GPMD of the animals were lower in the 3 rd period of the experiment (103.59 g/kg 0,75 , 1.18 kg/day), differing significantly from the 1 st and 2 nd periods, which presented values of 119.57 and 118.23 g/kg 0,75 for the CMS and 1.58 kg/day and 1.52 kg/day for the GPMD, respectively. The effect of the interaction genetic group x period on CA was shown by the lower mean of the group LN (7.59 kg dry weight/kg gained) in relation to the other groups on the 3 rd period. The apparent digestibility coefficient of the ether extract (EE) and of the crude protein (PB) were affected by the diet, with means of 58.61 versus 87.39% for the EE and of 51.66 versus 60.54% for the PB in the diets without and with protected fat, respectively. The effect of genetic group on the digestibility coefficient of the EE was observed only at the lower mean of the group NA in comparison with the groups Nellore and CN, that did not differ significantly from the group LN. The effect of the genetic group and, or, of the diet was not observed on the PVA, RC, losses by cold and pH of the carcass. The effect of genetic group on the yield of prime cuts was observed, and the group NA presented the greatest mean yields of the hindquarters (41.65% and spare ribs (13.9%), and the lowest xiimean yield of the forequarter (44.45%), in relation to the other groups. The AOL was affected by the diet and means of 81.31 cm2 and 88.50 m2 were observed on the diets without and with protected fat, respectively. The centesimal composition of the carcass was affected by the genetic group and a greater percentage of muscle (63.62%) and a lower percentage of fat (21.65%) were observed in the LN groups, which differed from the other groups, while the group Nellore presented the lowest percentage of muscle (56.76%), which did not differ from the group NA. The chemical composition of the section HH was affected by the genetic group and the greatest contents of PB in the groups LN (27.24%) and CN (26.10%) and of EE in the groups Nellore (68.35%) were observed, which did not differ from the group NA (68.02%). The lowest contents of Ca, P and Mg (2.62, 1.32 and 0.081%) were observed in the group Nellore; and differed significantly from the means observed for the group CN (4.10, 1.92 and 0.113%). The ration with protected fat showed the best performance results, and the F1 Limousin-Nellore crossbred were better than the other genetic groups, both as to the performance as well as to the carcass characteristics.

The subject of the thesis is to elaborate the search study of the southeastern two-line bypass of the town of Kromeriz in the road section II/432 to the road I/47. The goal of the proposed bypass is both to demonstrate the technical option of its guidance in the specified area and to reserve a space which can be incorporated into the ground plan of Kromeriz. The bypassed communication will especially in the prospective state lead away the transit traffic from the town center of Kromeriz.

One of the main problems to reach good and productive results of sheeps for slaughtering relies on the quantity and quality of available food to such animals feeding. In the northeast, hay is short and of bad quality over drought period and when supplemented by traditional proteinic sources, the production cost is reasonably high. One viable alternative to solve such feeding deficiency is using agribusiness residues such as shrimp s wastes since this byproduct shows good feeding value especially concerning proteins. Such waste can be used to substitute soy in a lot of feeding systems, mainly in the confinement one. This waste presents low production cost decreasing total costs of confinement systems. One of the measures to evaluate the waste effect on sheeps feeding is analyze the performance of such animals under different levels of this waste addition and compare it to the traditional proteinic source (soy bren). This work was aimed at evaluating the Santa Inês sheeps performance fed with protein levels derived from shrimp waste in place of a conventional protein source. / Um dos principais problemas para se atingir bons resultados produtivos com ovinos de corte está na quantidade e na qualidade disponível de alimentos para a nutrição destes animas. Na região nordeste a forragem é escassa e de baixa qualidade nos períodos de estiagem por isso quando suplementados por fontes protéicas convencionais o custo de produção é elevado consideravelmente. Para uma possível melhoria desse problema poderíamos sugeri uma alternativa viável para se contornar esta deficiência alimentar, que é a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais tais como o resíduo de camarão, visto que este subproduto apresenta bom valor nutricional principalmente em proteína. Este resíduo pode ser utilizado em substituição à soja em diversos sistemas de alimentação, principalmente em sistema de confinamento, apresentando baixo custo de produção diminuindo os gastos com sistemas de confinamento. Uma das medidas para avaliar o efeito do resíduo na alimentação de ovinos é analisar o desempenho destes animais submetidos a diferentes níveis de adição deste resíduo e comparando-o com fonte protéica convencional (farelo de soja). Por meio do presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com níveis de proteína oriundas do resíduo de camarão em substituição uma fonte protéica convencional.

One of the main problems to reach good and productive results of sheeps for slaughtering relies on the quantity and quality of available food to such animals feeding. In the northeast, hay is short and of bad quality over drought period and when supplemented by traditional proteinic sources, the production cost is reasonably high. One viable alternative to solve such feeding deficiency is using agribusiness residues such as shrimp s wastes since this byproduct shows good feeding value especially concerning proteins. Such waste can be used to substitute soy in a lot of feeding systems, mainly in the confinement one. This waste presents low production cost decreasing total costs of confinement systems. One of the measures to evaluate the waste effect on sheeps feeding is analyze the performance of such animals under different levels of this waste addition and compare it to the traditional proteinic source (soy bren). This work was aimed at evaluating the Santa Inês sheeps performance fed with protein levels derived from shrimp waste in place of a conventional protein source. / Um dos principais problemas para se atingir bons resultados produtivos com ovinos de corte está na quantidade e na qualidade disponível de alimentos para a nutrição destes animas. Na região nordeste a forragem é escassa e de baixa qualidade nos períodos de estiagem por isso quando suplementados por fontes protéicas convencionais o custo de produção é elevado consideravelmente. Para uma possível melhoria desse problema poderíamos sugeri uma alternativa viável para se contornar esta deficiência alimentar, que é a utilização de resíduos agroindustriais tais como o resíduo de camarão, visto que este subproduto apresenta bom valor nutricional principalmente em proteína. Este resíduo pode ser utilizado em substituição à soja em diversos sistemas de alimentação, principalmente em sistema de confinamento, apresentando baixo custo de produção diminuindo os gastos com sistemas de confinamento. Uma das medidas para avaliar o efeito do resíduo na alimentação de ovinos é analisar o desempenho destes animais submetidos a diferentes níveis de adição deste resíduo e comparando-o com fonte protéica convencional (farelo de soja). Por meio do presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com níveis de proteína oriundas do resíduo de camarão em substituição uma fonte protéica convencional.

This master’s thesis deals with drawing Winter change to replace an existing capacity-inconvenient crossroad. This crossroad is located near by city Kuřim and it has free branchs – II/386 connecting on theroad I/43.Thisinterchangesolvesconnectionfromthaplanned bypass of the city Kuřim. This by-pass road will connect to road R43. An precondition preservativ of the existing road I/43 in the current position to get drawing of the innterchasecheaper. Intersection is designed to enable branching in all directions crossing.

L’altération du métabolisme postprandial des lipides et l’inflammation chronique associée apparaissent comme des éléments majeurs de la physiopathologie de l’obésité. L’implication de l’absorption intestinale d’endotoxines bactériennes du microbiote au cours de la digestion des lipides a été mise en évidence. Cependant la modulation de ces phénomènes par différentes quantités de lipides différemment structurés reste mal caractérisée, notamment chez les obèses. Nous avons mis en place un protocole clinique, en cross-over randomisé, visant à étudier chez des sujets normo-pondérés et obèses les conséquences de la digestion de matière grasse consommée, soit sous forme tartinée en différentes quantités (10 g ou 40 g), soit sous forme finement émulsionnée (40 g) sur le métabolisme postprandial des lipides et des endotoxines. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que l’augmentation plasmatique des chylomicrons, suite à une augmentation de la quantité de matière grasse ingérée, était plus précoce et plus importante chez les normo-pondérés que chez les sujets obèses, avec la sécrétion de plus gros chylomicrons suite à 40 g. Lorsque 40 g de matière grasse est émulsionnée, nous montrons qu’elle aboutit à un pic de triglycérides des chylomicrons plus précoce et plus élevé, reflétant une absorption facilitée des lipides, et de manière plus marquée chez l’obèse. Nous montrons aussi que cet état émulsionné aboutit à une β-oxydation plus élevée des lipides exogènes sur la journée, sans différence de perte fécale. Une endotoxémie postprandiale est également observée suite aux différents repas. L’accumulation postprandiale d’endotoxines, notamment présentes dans les chylomicrons, augmente avec la quantité de matière grasse tartinée en corrélation avec l’aire sous courbe des chylomicrons chez les obèses. En complément, l’absorption lipidique in vitro par des cellules Caco-2 était plus importante suite à l’incubation de milieux de lipolyse d’émulsions stabilisées par du caséinate que de la lécithine. Enfin, un test de digestion a été réalisé avant et après une chirurgie de by-pass gastrique pour identifier si une diminution drastique de l’absorption lipidique modifiait l’endotoxémie. Suite à l’opération, les patients sont davantage exposés aux endotoxines après la prise d’une émulsion au petit-déjeuner. En revanche, la LBP, protéine de transport des endotoxines proinflammatoire, diminue significativement à jeun et en postprandial suite à l’opération. L’ensemble de ces travaux démontrent qu’en plus des effets de la quantité de lipides ingérée sur la lipémie et l’absorption d’endotoxines associée, la structure de la matière grasse joue un rôle important dans la modulation du devenir métabolique des acides gras. La structuration des lipides alimentaires pourrait donc être spécifiquement adaptée afin d’optimiser le métabolisme lipidique postprandial, notamment chez des personnes obèses. / The alteration of postprandial lipid metabolism and associated chronic inflammation emerge as major elements in the obesity pathophysiology. The involvement of the intestinal absorption of endotoxin from microbiota during lipid digestion was recently highlighted. However, the modulation of these phenomena by different amounts of differently structured lipids remains poorly characterized, especially in obese people. We developed a cross-over randomized clinical study to explore in normal weight and obese subjects the consequences of fat digestion, consumed either spread on bread in different amounts (10 g or 40 g) or finely emulsified (40 g), on postprandial metabolism of lipids and endotoxins. We have demonstrated that the increase in plasma chylomicrons, after increase in the amount of fat ingested, was earlier and greater in normal-weight than in obese subjects, with the secretion of larger chylomicrons after consumption of 40 g of spread fat. When 40 g of fat is emulsified, we show that it leads to an earlier and higher peak of chylomicron triglycerides, reflecting facilitated absorption of fat, and more significantly in obese subjects. We also show that emulsified fat results in higher β-oxidation of exogenous lipids over the day, with no difference in fecal excretion. Postprandial endotoxemia was also observed in response to different meals. The postprandial accumulation of endotoxins, present in chylomicrons, increases with the amount of spread fat ingested and it is correlated with the area under the curve of chylomicrons in obese subjects. In addition, the in vitro lipid absorption by Caco-2 cells was greater following incubation with lipolysis media of emulsions stabilized by caseinate than lecithin. Finally, a digestion test was conducted before and after gastric bypass surgery to identify whether a drastic reduction in lipid absorption altered metabolic endotoxemia. After surgery, patients are more exposed to endotoxins in the morning after emulsion consumption at breakfast. However, LBP, a proinflammatory protein transporting endotoxins, significantly decreases after surgery. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that in addition to the metabolic effects of dietary fat intake on lipemia and associated endotoxemia, the fat structure also plays an important role in the modulation of further fatty acid handling. Structuring of dietary lipids could thus be specifically adapted to optimize postprandial lipid metabolism, especially in obese people.

Le by-pass gastrique Roux-en-Y (BPG) est une chirurgie de l'obésité qui induit des améliorations spectaculaires de l'homéostasie glucidique indépendamment de la perte de poids. Un mécanisme proposé pour expliquer ces améliorations est une augmentation de la production intestinale de glucose (PIG) qui induit des effets bénéfiques sur l'organisme (satiété, amélioration de la sensibilité hépatique à l'insuline). Cette augmentation de la PIG, retrouvée chez la souris ayant subi un BPG simplifié, est également responsable des effets bénéfiques des régimes enrichis en protéines via l'inhibition des récepteurs mu-opioïdes (RMO) par les peptides. Nous avons donc testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle les effets bénéfiques du BPG dépendraient d'une inhibition des RMO par les protéines alimentaires et nous avons également testé le rôle causal de la PIG dans ces améliorations métaboliques. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé un by-pass duodéno-jéjunal (BDJ), ie un BPG sans restriction gastrique, chez des souris sauvages (WT), des souris invalidées pour le gène du RMO (MOR-/-) et des souris dépourvues de PIG (I-G6pc-/-). Chez les souris obèses, Le BDJ induit une forte perte de poids (–30%), en partie expliquée par une malabsorption lipidique, ainsi qu'une amélioration des paramètres glucidiques dépendante de cette perte de poids. Au contraire, chez la souris de poids normal, le BDJ n'induit ni perte de poids ni malabsorption mais améliore la tolérance au glucose. Les effets sont les mêmes chez les souris WT, MOR-/- et I-G6pc-/- ce qui montre que les récepteurs mu-opioïdes et la PIG ne semblent pas avoir de rôle causal dans les améliorations du métabolisme énergétique et glucidique après BDJ / Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure (GBP) is an obesity surgery that induces dramatic glucose homeostasis improvements independently of weight loss. A proposed mechanism to explain these glucose homeostasis improvements is an increase in intestinal glucose production (IGP) that induces beneficial effects on metabolism (satiety, improved liver insulin sensitivity). This increase in IGP is found in mice that have undergone a simplified GBP and is also responsible for the beneficial effects of protein-enriched diets through the inhibition of mu-opioid receptors (MOR) by alimentary peptides. We therefore hypothesized that the beneficial effects of GBP could depend on MOR inhibition by dietary proteins and we also tested the causal role of IGP in these metabolic improvements. For this purpose, we performed a duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery (DJB), ie GBP without gastric restriction, in wild-type mice (WT), in mice lacking MOR gene (MOR-/-) and in mice lacking IGP (IG6pc-/-). In obese mice, DJB induced a rapid and substantial weight loss (-30%), partly explained by fat malabsorption, and weight loss-dependent improvements of glucose homeostasis. In contrast, in the non-obese mice, DJB did not induce weight loss nor malabsorption but improved glucose tolerance. Effects were similar in WT, MOR-/- and I-G6pc-/- mice showing that mu-opioid receptors and IGP did not appear to have a causal role in glucose and energy metabolism improvements after DJB

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Sunanda Dissanayake / Construction of by-pass lanes at rural intersections typically has been considered a low-cost safety improvement. Safety analysis utilizes two common approaches to evaluate treatment effectiveness: before-and-after study and cross-sectional study. This research performed paired sample t-test statistical analysis to estimate changes in total of crash frequency, crash rates, EPDO crash frequency, and EPDO crash rates at intersections, three to five years after adding a by-pass lane compared to identical time period before the by-pass lane was added. Crash data between 1990 and 2011 were obtained from Kansas Crash and Analysis Record System (KCARS) maintained by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT). In order to perform a cross-sectional study, intersections with by-pass lanes were compared to intersections with no countermeasures; crash data were obtained for more than 1,100 intersections in the state of Kansas. According to before-and-after study, addition of by-pass lanes improves safety at unsignalized rural intersections; crashes and their severities are reduced after adding by-pass lanes. But, these reductions are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. However, when considering intersection related crashes, a statistically significant reduction in crash rates is happened after adding by-pass lanes at 3-legged intersections. In cross-sectional study, crashes and their severities are lower at 3-legged intersections with the by-pass lanes versus 3-legged intersections without the by-pass lanes. However, these reductions are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. When considering 300 feet intersection crash box, statistically significant reductions are happened at 4-legged intersection. In contrast, crashes and their severities increased at 4-legged intersections with the by-pass lanes, but these changes are not statistically significant under 95% confidence level. The Crash Modification Factors were calculated to evaluate safety effectiveness of adding by-pass lanes at unsignalized rural intersections. The calculated CMFs less than 1.0, indicate a reduction in crashes after implementation of by-pass lanes. Finally, this study concluded that expected crashes at intersections with by-pass lanes are lower than intersections without by-pass lanes.