<p>Litteraturstudier visar att det mellan år 1961 och 1970 byggdes 600 000</p><p>flerbostadshus i Sverige, tiden är nu inne för en renovering av dessa byggnaders</p><p>våtrumsstammar. De tekniker som konkurrerar om de stora renoveringsarbetena</p><p>är den klassiska stambytesrenoveringen, Relining och Prefab-badrum. Huvuddelen</p><p>av denna uppsats utgörs av en undersökning av de tre teknikerna men rapporten</p><p>beskriver också problem som kan uppstå vid renoveringar av våtrumsstammar och</p><p>den ger en allmän redovisning för Sveriges byggnadsbestånd.</p><p>Den klassiska stamrenoveringsmetoden, då det gamla badrummet rivs ut och ett</p><p>nytt badrum byggs upp utifrån den gamla stommen, är ett omfattande och</p><p>tidskrävande projekt. För att minimera bland annat kostnader, byggtid och</p><p>byggavfall har man tagit fram nya, mindre tidskrävande tekniker.</p><p>Så sent som år 1990 gjordes den första Relining renoveringen i Sverige. Denna är</p><p>idag intakt vilket tyder på att livslängden för denna typ av renovering är minst 18</p><p>år. Tack vare att rören gjuts får de nya rören varken fogar eller skarvar, vilket</p><p>minskar risken för fuktskador. Efter ett stambyte då man använt sig av Relining</p><p>kan dock en mindre kunnig konsument tro att badrummet är intakt och kommer</p><p>att så vara en lång tid framöver, men eftersom endast ledningarna renoveras, skulle</p><p>detta kunna leda till att ett tätskikt kan fortsätta att läcka utan något ingrepp görs.</p><p>Prefab-badrummen, vars teknik också är ny, bygger på att ett nytt badrum byggs i</p><p>det gamla, vilket minimerar rivningsarbetet. När Rum i Rum AB renoverar</p><p>badrummen använder de sig utav en ventilationsspalt för att eventuell framtida</p><p>fukt ska kunna ventileras ut genom öppningen vid tröskeln in till badrummet.</p><p>Detta är en prisvärd renovering som innefattar ett framtidstänkande, då eventuella</p><p>läckor kan upptäckas direkt så några skador inte hinner bildas. Det finns dock en</p><p>risk för en ”prefab” känsla ges, det vill säga mindre valmöjligheter när det gäller</p><p>utformningen.</p><p>Nu när miljonprogrammet kommer att behöva en stamrenovering anser jag att</p><p>Prefab-badrummen är det bästa alternativet. De flesta av dessa badrum har</p><p>liknande eller till och med samma utformning, vilket skulle gynna den utvecklade</p><p>logistiken som finns inom Prefab-badrummen för att då hinna med all renovering</p><p>som behövs.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>We all have experience of dwelling, which means that everyone can have an opinion about the architecture of the dwelling. Today the building companies do not have time enough to investigate which architecture qualities their clientele ask for in their apartments. JM AB use to call their apartments “generous city apartments”. But do these apartments fulfill the needs of their dwellers? And what would the apartments look like if they were designed according to the wishes of the dwellers? When JM AB get knowledge about the dwellers needs and wishes they can make even better apartments for their future customers.</p><p>The purpose and the objective with this report are to draw up proposals for tenant owner flat. These apartments were designed in view of the dwellers needs and wishes.</p><p>Literature studies were performed and underlie for the apartment proposals and the opinion poll. Literature about planning of dwelling, human needs, use and availability and architectural qualities and esthetics were used.</p><p>A quantitative investigation was performed where polls were carried out to the dwellers in JM AB’s apartments in Jonkoping. The result of the opinion poll explained how the dwellers experience their apartments and if there is any wishes of possible improvements. The majority of the dwellers were satisfied with their apartments, the result of the opinion poll shows that the apartments could be improved, however.</p><p>Taking literature and the result of the opinion poll as a starting point, proposals of apartment planning has been sketched. These sketches resulted in the four final apartments.</p><p>Work has been done on the details to strengthen the architectural quality of the four final apartments. Some of the qualities that dwellers ask for are open planning with a private and introvert part and the hall as a secluded room, bathroom right next to the bedroom and good daylight in the living room. Work has even been done on the apartments to attain to the building standards and the official recommendations that are to create a good living environment. To get an idea of how the apartments will be experienced in the reality the apartments were visualized in 3D.</p><p>The apartments of JM AB are today already well planned and fulfill many of the qualities that the dwellers wish according to the opinion poll. The opinion poll gave new knowledge and wider insight in what the dwellers appreciate. With this knowledge JM AB can further develop their apartments and attain to a higher grade of architectural quality.</p>

<p>The background to this final thesis is that our mandator, A-hus, was interested to examine which roof system that would be most appropriate to their types of houses. To investigate this, we first conducted an evaluation of the most commonly used roof systems in Sweden today: decking, board, roof cloth and prefabricated roof cassettes.</p><p>To gather information about the different systems we have conducted interviews with several professionals within the construction industry, done an extensive literature study, and gathered information from the Internet.</p><p>Based on the evaluation of roof systems and the literature, we analyzed advantages and disadvantages of the roof systems from three main perspectives: system characteristics, economics and other characteristics. We found these perspectives to be the most relevant when selecting a roof system.</p><p>The main perspectives comprise three categories which are graded. These grades are then added together for a score for each main perspective and a total score for the three main perspectives. Then we compared the systems and, based on the scores, suggested one roof system as the most suitable for A-hus.</p><p>Our result suggests that the prefabricated roof cassettes probably is the best solution for A-hus, but only if it is possible to standardize the cassettes and still maintain the flexibility to match A-hus’ house types. If this can be realized, the high planning costs, which currently are a major part of the total costs, can decrease. In time, even the high costs for site assembling can decrease. The main advantage with the roof cassettes is the possibility to eliminate almost all moist, which otherwise are complicated to deal with.</p>

<p>Passive houses are a relatively new concept in Sweden and by that it is meant a house without a traditional heating system. The most acknowledged passive house project is the terrace houses in Lindås, Gothenburg, which we have used as a reference. This project concerns a square apartment block. So far, no square apartment block has been built as a passive house in Sweden.</p><p>The common opinion in the construction industry is that it is not economical to build extremely energy efficient houses. With Peab as commissioner our task was to investigate if that is true, if regarding the construction of a multi storey house as a passive house</p><p>Midroc, now owned by Peab, constructed in the block of Preussen in Jönköping during 2004-2005 four houses, with 132 apartments distributed on seven floors. The façade is brick and the core is concrete with wooden exterior walls.</p><p>The amount of energy per house was estimated to120 kWh/m2 and year.</p><p>The four houses were approximated to be 4,5 million SEK more expensive if they were to be constructed as passive houses, which according to our calculation, will be paid off within eleven years. In our opinion the houses could have been constructed as passive ones with defendable economy. Our energy calculation program shows an energy use of 65 kWh/m2yr.</p><p>The windows are extremely efficient and the walls consist of about 450 mm insulation. The central ventilation system was changed into smaller ones installed in each apartment. These are more efficient, makes individual measuring possible and promotes a better indoor environment.</p><p>The houses have to have, in addition to the recycled heating from the ventilation, extra energy during 22 days per year. To manage that need without help from direct electricity, we have ideas of integrating the bedrock heating, which is our base energy resource for producing warm water, with the ventilation system, but we have not analysed how such a system will look like.</p><p>Sun panels of different types have been evaluated but were not considered to be economically profitable if installed in addition to the bedrock heating.</p>

<p>This thesis project is a vision of an identity building in Gothenburg, situated on the pier called Bananpiren. The purpose of the project is to create interest and stimulate discussions around the place and the building.In order to gain inspiration of what such a place can contain and express, a number of similar projects have been analysed, for example the Sydney Opera and the Yokohama International Port Terminal.A number of suggestions was then created and analysed, all of which are presented in chronological order in order to show the rejections and the developed designs that resulted in the final formation to proceed with.The result was finalised in a number of presentation images of the project that can be used by Cullbergs Arkitektkontor AB when presenting the project.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet är en vision till en identitetsbyggnad i Göteborg belägen på Bananpiren. Idén med projektet är att väcka intresse och skapa diskussion över platsen och byggnaden.För att få inspiration över vad en sådan här plats kan innehålla och förmedla har liknade projekt analyserats, till exempel Sydneyoperan och Yokohama international port terminal.Under genomförandet har en mängd förslag testats och analyserats, här redovisas i kronologisk ordning hur de olika förslagen har utvecklats eller förkastats innan vi kom fram till en slutlig utformning att jobba vidare på.Resultatet ledde till att Cullbergs Arkitektkontor AB fick en mängd presentationsbilder över projektet som de kan använda sig av i presentationer av projektet.</p>

No description available.

<p>The sealing of hard jointed rock by grouting involves several complicated mechanical systems. The result is a complex coupled system of hydro- logical and mechanical precesses. In order to determine the higher order effects of the resulting system the fracture deformations must be assessed. This requires a model that mimics the mechanical behaviour of not only fractures under normal load but also the entire rock mass system. This model indicates that there are two dominant regimes involved; a permeation regime and a high pressure regime.</p><p>The pressure limit that separates permeation grouting from high pressure grouting can then be found to be closely related to the in situ stress. In the high pressure regime the deformations may be large but very situation-dependent. The principal deformational eigenmodes of some boundary conditions are considered. The analysis indicates that the usage of high pressure grouting can be both benficial to the operation as well as increase the inflow of water to the excavation.</p>

<p>Water repellent agents, today mainly consisting of alkylalkoxysilanes, are often used on concrete to prolong the service life of the structure. This is accomplished by protecting the reinforcement bars from chlorides or by changing the moisture content inside. When the concrete is treated with a water repellent agent the properties of the surface layer turn from hydrophilic to hydrophobic and thereby water droplets are stopped from entering, still allowing water vapour to pass through. This property change can reduce chloride ingression and stop heavy rain from penetrating through the surface layer.</p><p>This thesis presents results concerning how the moisture transport and fixation in the surface layer of the concrete is affected by a water repellent treatment. It also presents an investigation in which the effective penetration depth and the factors that influence it are studied. The methods used covers uni-dimensional transport of moisture using the so called cup method, measurements on moisture fixation using climate boxes with saturated salt solutions, penetration depth by cracking samples and spraying water on them, and field tests in a harsh tunnel environment.</p><p>The moisture diffusion coefficient for a water repellent treated concrete is close to constant and not nearly as dependent on the relative humidity (RH) as for untreated concrete. Unlike untreated concrete, where capillary suction plays an important role for the moisture transport at high RH, the vapour transport is the dominant transport mechanism even at high RH for water repellent treated concrete.</p><p>The moisture fixation is affected by a water repellent treatment and the effect is clearest at high moisture levels. There is, however, a certain amount of moisture present in a concrete treated with a water repellent agent. It can also be seen that the main reason for this is that the capillary porosity is affected by the treatment to a relatively high degree while the gel porosity to a large extent remains unaffected.</p><p>The three most important factors for the penetration of any water repellent agent into concrete is time, porosity and degree of saturation. An empirical equation is derived that gives an idea on how much these factors affect the efficient penetration depth of the water repellent agent.</p><p>Measures prolonging the service life of a concrete structure will lead to savings of natural resources and thus both economical and environmental savings for the community. The aim with the PhD-project is to develop explanation models to the promising results that have been obtained from the empirical research during the last decade and by doing this also create a better knowledge about when and how to apply a water repellent agent in order to benefit as much as possible from the product. The results presented in this Lisenciate thesis will be used as input in these models in the planned second phase of this project.</p>

<p>New road infrastructure projects are important and constitute of large investments that have to serve the society for a long time. The investments have to be durable at the lowest life cycle cost and the pavements have to sustain loads from increasing traffic intensity and heavy traffic loads. In Sweden less than 1 ‰ of the national road network consists of concrete pavements. In parts of Europe and in the U.S., on the other hand, concrete roads are used to a large extent for highways as well as rural roads. To encourage the competition between different road materials in Sweden, the tools for designing robust concrete pavements have to be brought forward. In order to emphasize plain concrete pavements as an alternative in road construction, the design must also be competitive.</p><p>The current Swedish design method for concrete pavements is straightforward but offers no flexibility when designing roads with, for instance higher traffic loads. The method calculates concrete thicknesses on the conservative side since only a limited number of parameters are treated. Modern methods that take into account many more parameters in the design are being developed internationally. For a new Swedish design method, these parameters have to be established for actual conditions in Sweden. Also, the design has to be flexible and meet the demands from contractors and clients for a wider use.</p><p>The aim of this project is to develop a new design method for plain concrete pavements that is more flexible than today. A new design method is also intended for the Swedish Road Administrations’ (SRA) computer based public design guide, PMS Objekt.</p><p>Information for a new design method has been assembled mainly by investigating two newly developed design methods, VENCON2.0 in the Netherlands, and the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in the USA. Comparative calculations between the Swedish design method and the MEPDG are presented. The comparison is made on the level of input parameters and highlights the advantageous aspects of a semi-mechanistic design procedure where the functional properties of a concrete pavement are calculated incrementally over the design period.</p><p>Plain and lean concrete, separately, but also the in composite beams, have been studied in flexural fatigue testing. The results show that Tepfers’ fatigue criterion is valid for both plain and lean concrete when subjected to flexural fatigue loading. The results also show that the fatigue strength of composite beams of plain and lean concrete is mainly dependent on the strength of the lean concrete but that Tepfers’ fatigue criterion is applicable. The bond between plain in lean concrete is found to be strong and fatigue resistant, making the composite section able to accommodate higher stresses. The bond nevertheless contributes to the risk for reflection cracks in the plain concrete wear layer and a recommendation to focus on stresses in the bottom of the lean concrete is formulated. Also, well distributed expansion joints in the lean concrete are necessary.</p><p>A new project for measuring temperature gradients for use in concrete pavement design is also presented. This is done with means of concrete prisms placed in the pavement and are done in order to establish actual temperature gradients for various locations in Sweden. Also, the nonlinear gradients that act in the pavement as well as the negative temperature gradients will be analysed for the use in the design.</p><p>Finally, the thesis outlines a new design method for Swedish conditions. The method is possible to develop gradually and is based on FE-analysis for fast computations. In the design, stresses from traffic and temperature loads are calculated simultaneously in a number of critical locations in the concrete slab. The method will also make it possible to alter design features as slab lengths and widths, with various connections between the slabs. </p>

<p>Production of one family houses has over time developed successfully in Sweden and producers have managed to reduce the production costs and industrialize the production process. The development has however not been that successful when it comes to high-rise buildings. There are many attempts made, but no one has really managed to create a product that can persuade the market. The systems used are not flexible and cannot cope very well with variations in the design. The aim of this work has been to develop and evaluate the idea of prefabricated high-rise buildings within the outlines of a scientific research. By understanding the problems that the building sector experiences today it will be possible to identify the solutions that are needed tomorrow. The main objective has been to develop new technologies and system concepts for buildings. Concepts that are highly flexible and respect the ambitions of the architect and technologies that will facilitate a more effective building process and address relevant key issues in building physics and building construction for cost reduction and a sustainable performance. Aside from the actual production cost it is also important to consider the lifecycle cost of the building. The production cost represents only a fraction of the total lifecycle cost of a building.</p><p>A background research has been made to understand the building process and its problems, this information served for the formulation of a building concept. The work has been interdisciplinary and has not been limited to only one single point of view. Because of the nature of the method the work has resulted in new construction techniques. The initial idea of the prefabricated high-rise building has during the course of this work developed to a complete building concept. The Symphony Concept as it is called is about industrial prefabricated buildings that are assembled on site and is based on the idea of large and flat building elements with a very high degree of prefabrication. To evaluate the concept technology detailed researches have been made in different fields. The detailed researches made in this thesis regards the strength of sheet metal studs embedded in stiff insulation blocks, hazards connected with plastering on light weight constructions and fire protection of light weight constructions. The experiences from these researches are then applied in the building concept. Theory was put to practice with the construction of an experimental building called the Research Tower. The purpose of this pilot-project was primary to evaluate the construction technology and secondary to evaluate the properties of the building concept.</p><p>To be able to find methods for production of sustainable, cost-effective and attractive high-rise buildings it is necessary to have a holistic view. A holistic concept that takes into consideration the whole building process will yield time- and cost-efficient production while it will also make it possible to achieve better quality. The detail researches shows that embedding of the sheet metal profiles in the rigid insulation blocks will increase the buckling load of the stud and that the thickness of the plastering layer and the material properties of its substrate will affect the strains in the plastering layer and the moisture stored in it. Regarding the fire protection it could be stated that the Symphony outer wall construction protected with a double layer of gypsum board can maintain segregation of the fire up to 60 min as long as the gypsum boards do not crumble. In the production of the pilot projected it could be stated that the fact that the whole building was designed by one homogenous team with information about all details, made it possible to foresee many problems. The production of elements even in the temporary experimental production facility proved to be fast and economic, even with untrained labour force and the elements could be prefabricated to a very high level with facades that are plastered before assembly.</p>